^05       THE   V8i*lA 

Weldon  N.  Edwards 

and 

Marmaduke  J.Hawkins 
Libraries 


^ 


Purchased  by 


TRINITY  COLLEGE  LIBRARY 

May.  1921 


f 


THE 

ANNUAL  REGISTER, 

AND 

VIRGINIAN  REPOSITORY, 

FOR 

The  Year    1800. 


The  advantages  of  History  are  of  three  kinds  :— 
"  It  amufes  the  fancy — it  imtwoves  the  underflanding— 
"  and,  it  Itrengthens  virtue." 


^'^JTTr 


isxaxL   I  III  iiiii  iwniiiiiafTTOiin— -iTManfiix; 


^ROM    7'HE    JiLANDIORD    PRESS. 


SOLD  BY  ROSS  AND  DOUGLAS,  PETERSBURG, 

AN© 

BY  ALL  TH2  BOOKSELLERS  IN  VIRGINIA,  ETC. 


PREFACE. 


THE  favourable  reception  given  to  the  fit  ft  attempt 
atlbmething  like  a  Register  for  the  Year  i8co, 
has  induced  the  Editor  to  lay  before  the  Public  a  volume 
more  enlarged,  and  rather  more  methodical  in  its  ar- 
rangement—but he  does  not  expedl  that  to  give  com- 
plete fatisfadlion  toothers,  when  he  himlelf  is  conlci- 
ou8  of  its  defe«ils.  Amongfl  many  inconveniences  with 
which  he  has  had  to  contend,  was  much  ill  health,  both 

in  his  own  perfon,  and  in  thofe  of  his  workmen 

This,  with  his  diftance  from  any  ready  help,  and  the 
difficulty  he  found  in  obtaining  the  necelfary  intelligence, 
have  prevented  its  appearance  in  the  month  of  January, 
as  he  wiflied  and  expeoled. 

But  as  every  misfortune  is  faid  to  bring  along  with 
it  fonie  alleviating  circumflances,  the  book,  in  fadl,  has 
gained  by  the  accidental  delay.  The  Kditor  has  had 
an  opportunity  of  inlerting  icveral  important  articles 
relative  to  the  late  Election  of  a  Prefident,  which  other- 
wife  would  have  been  defered  till  next  volume — indeed 
he  could  nut  with  any  propriety  pafs  over  a  tranfa6lioa 
which  fo  highly  intereftcd  the  feelings  of  the  new,  and 
attracted  the  fcrioiis  attention  of  the  old  world— 
*'  When  the  fword  hung  fufpended  by  a  hair." 

If  fmall  matrers  may  be  compared  to  great,  in  order 
to  (hew  our  Readers  the  nature  of  the  woik,  the  En- 
glifli  Annual  Regider  for  the  year  1799  was  not  publifli- 

cd  in  September  lall As  a  Record  of  what  is  pajl^ 

it  is  not  necelfary  it  (hould  appear  exactly  on  the  fir/l 
day  of  the  new  year  like  an  x^hnanack — And  it  may  ea- 
lily  be  ima2,ined,  that  it  takes  ^omc  time  atid  trouble  to 
arrange  and  prepare  materials  even  for  ib  fmall  a  work 
as  theprefcnt. 

la  the  arrangement  of  the  materials  which  compofe 

this  little  volume,  it  was  the  Editor's  objc<5l  to  combine 

hillorical    inflruclion,    with   a    collection    of  the  local 

events  and  occurrences  of  the  year.     His  hiflorical  ex- 

A  tracts 


[  I.  ] 

tracTs  are  taken  from  the  beft  authorities,  and  are  ic- 
Icrtcd  with  a  View,  that  the  people  of  iliis  couutiy 
might  ihtre'.jy  I'uiin  a  judgement  of  the  nature  of  the 
coriupt  and  toterinj;  Governments  i>f  "Europe,  and 
learn  from  thtni,  lo  appreciate  the  advantages  which 
ihey  enjoy  ;  and  taking  example  fio  u  the  awful  fctn^s 
now  acting  in  that  part  oi^  the  world,  to  chcrifh  an>l 
Jiipport  a  form  of  Government  founded  on  the  princi- 
ples of  jjftiee  o.id  natural  right. 

Oa  a  review  of  the  materials  which  he  had  collected, 
he  ptrccived  that  he  had  as  many  as  would  make  a 
\ery  thick  OC:l:avo  volume,  all  of  them,  in  his  opiniOi,, 
\vorihy  of  prcfcrvation,  tiihcr  for  yfe  or  entertaiii- 
m^nt — His  chief  labour,  tlieieibre,  has  been,  to  re- 
ject a  great  many  o(  thefe  articles,  and  (o  lo  contract 
diid  cc/Uiprtl's  others,  as  to  bring  tbe-m  into  fwch  a  coui- 
pafs  as  he  tiiought  would  ht  the  fize  uf  his  book,  and 
enable  him  to  fell  it  at  a  moderate  price. 

It  is  eafy  to  Cce,  that  the  Editor  had  in  contempla- 
tion a  puhlication  fnnjlar  to  the  En^lnii  Annual  Rc- 
gifher,  in  which  fhould  be  rec-oided  the  principal  Adis 
of  both  the  General  and  StateGovernmenis,  the  Nation- 
al Accounts,  c^c. — to  iniert  every  article  tending  to  en- 
courage Agriciihure,  Commerce,  and  IManuiaciurts, 
all  ufeful  inventiont  and  difcoveries,  the  molt  ren^ark- 
ai>k  occurrences  of  the  year,  &c,  thefe  to  be  enlivened 
wi;h  choice  Poetry,  remarks  on  new  Publications,  and 
hiiloricai  cxi-rifls  an<i  details. 

Such  a  woik,  if  executed  with  calmnefs  and  impar- 
tiality, it  is  evident,  wouKi  be  boui  a  ufeiul  and  enter- 
taining publication — Several  Genvlemen,  who  are  of 
t!iis  opinion,  and  who  w.ih  i'uch  a  fcheais  cairicd  inio 
cKccurioii,  have  fugge-!cd  to  tiie  Editor,  eiriierio  pub- 
iifh  a  Ur^^e  /olume  annually,  or  a  Xmaller  one  haif- 
yca.ly — E;chcr  way,  tor  fuch  a  work,  there  would  ;  c 
an  abni\daiice  of  ma;-trials,  in  an  age  when  ever/ 
wetK,  almod  eveiy  day,  produces  fomcthuig  new  and 
wonderful. 

VVhelhcr  this  idea  will  he  carried  into  execution,  will 
depend  on  certain  concurring  circutnitau.es,  and  upon 
the  reception  which  the  prefent  volume  fliaM  recesvt. 
LviLc  as  It  ia  in  iis  appearance,  and  iinpcricci  as  it  n'.ay 

fcem 


[  III  ] 

l3eTT>  to  thofe  v-  ho  are  acoul>omed  to  confuh  that  ]MY 
aamired  work  publifhed  in  London,*  the  Editor  bopcs 
that  the  unavoidable  caufes  of  irs  delay  will  plead  his 
excLife  ;  and  that  the  local  iifernlnefs  of  the  arncks 
Nvhich  it  contains,  will  recommend  it  to  the  notice  oi  a 
dirccrning  pnblic. 

In  the  following  paaes,  two  leading  principle?  are 
meant  to  be  openly  and'decidedly  inculcated — laniely, 
the  importance  of  a  religious  and  moral  conduft  ;  and, 
the  Ib'perior  excellence  of  a  Republicaa  form  ol  Go- 
vernment. 

The  KJitor  thinks  it  right  at  once  to  difp'ay  his 
colours,  and  avowedly  to  declare  his  lentiments  —  in 
order,  that  thofe  who  expe^  tc^tin.l  ot'ier  principles  in 
this  book,  by  reading  tbefe  few  lines,  muy  lave  both 
their  time  and  rbeir  money. 

In  what  is  now  called  '^  the  ^^c  of  PvcapTn,"  a  dn- 
/"-r  .1/o;-.v^;»  is  but  an  unthankful  offi<  e.  The  roan  who 
only  ta!k«5  of  Rehg-on,  fuhjects  himfcif  to  the  cb.arge 
of  hvpocrif/;  and  if  iie  attempts  to  inculcare  i%  he  is 
accnfed  o"  piefnmptic:n — On  tins  fubie-it,  therefore,  the 
10  !iror  svill  be  veryconcife — In  a  i''ew  words,  he  wonld 
humbly  plead  the  canfe  of  that  belief  in,  and  reliance 
on,  the  (TOO  Inefs  and  pi'ovidence  of  an  all-feeing,  al!- 
dircfting  Deity,  which  gives  dignitv  to  the  individnai, 
an:!  fafe^y  to  the  comniunity  ;-J-  vvhi(h  is  a  balm  of  com- 
fort to  the  pu^r,  and  is  a  check  and  coutroul  on  tj,- 
A    2  ri-b 

*  '"l'.}i)'the  Anim;d  Rec;ifier,  by  the  rcflriftions  laid  upon 
the  Prefr,  in  EnHniid,  has  lately  been  obliged  to  oniit,  or  very 
fit  jhdy  notice,  cer'ain  political  ful)jefls  and  events,  and  alrh,-)' 
it  contains  many  articles  that  are  unintere?.ir!g;  to  an  American 
:  reader,  yet,  the  importance  cf  its  hiftorical  chapters,  and  the 
nu.Tiber  ©f  curious  and  literan^  articles  whi'-h  it  a  ^nually  pr--- 
fents  to  view,  renders  it  a  v/ork  highly  uieial  in  a  Gendeniaft's 
library. 

t  The  fr  Mowing  ajiecdote  is  related  of  Dr.  Franklin,  -whore 
bull,  long  a'jo,  fhould  have  idled  one  of  the  vacant  niches  in  the 
C\pit->1  at  Richmond  : — A  younj;  man,  one  of  th.-?  j^r  y  Phllof.- 
phy,  after  ]>ouring  out  a  number  of  flippant  remarks  deroga- 
tory of  all  religion,  turned  to  the  Dr.  with  a  look  of  felf-ap- 
pr^,ba':ioi»,  and  alk'd  his  opinion  1—It  is  lest  to  beliae,  faid  the 
Philofopher  —  The  opinion  of  this  truly  great  mai,  afrer  the 
experience  of  80  years,  fhould  out\veigh  the  ha<ly,  511-judg'd  af- 
fertions  of  a  million  of  pretenders  to  phdofopny. 


rich If  the  word  of  one  who  has  feen  and  ftit  much 

of  the  world  could  obtain  any  credit,  he  would  aflurc 
his  readers,  that  the  man,  the  family ,.  the  community^ 
or  the  nation,  who  oblerves  a  religious  and  moral  con- 
du<ft,  will,  eventually,  be  found  not  only  the  moll 
kappy,  but  alio  the  mod  profperous. 

But  he  docs  not  plead  for  poIiticalWeWgion — that  kind 
of  religion  which  has  exalted  Kings,-  and  Popes,  and 
Cardinals^  and  Dignitaries  to  high  places,  to  riot  on  the 
liaru  earnings  of  a  deluded  ])eople,  and  which,  more 
than  all  the  writings  of  Aihictls  and  Infidels,  has  de- 
pre^fcd,  and  almoft  annihilated,  true  relinrion — that  re- 
ligion, which  the  Kings  and  Dfefpots  of  Europe,  at  the 
•rxpence  of  fo  much  blood  and  treafiire,  are  Hill  en- 
deavouring to  fopport — that  religion,  called  the  Pro. 
teftanr,  which  the  EngliOi,  in  the  war  of  1756,  fpenfi 
fo  many  millions  to  protect — nor  //w  religion,  the  Pop- 
iHi,  which  the  fame  nation,  in  the  war  of  1793,  has 
expended  fo  many  more  millions  to  reft^ore  I  * 

In  this  country,  and  in  thefe  tteming  times,  it  is 
impoflible  for  ar^y  Writer,  or  Editor,  to  avoid  Politics. 
— Indeed,  that  man  muft  have  a  cold  heart,  or  an  emp- 
ty head,  who  can  look  on  unmoved  by  what  is  now 
palTing  in  the  world..  Every  man  has  his  bias;  and 
every  man  who  beholds  the  wonderful  changes  tak- 
ing place  in  opinions,  ia  fyftems,  and  in  empires, 
mufl  be  afftc^ed.  Whether  the  Editor  has  fubjc£ted' 
hi.  bias  to  the  dictates  of  candour  ind  impartiality,  at 
leaft,  to  the  rules  of  decency  and  good  manners,  th« 
Vublic— the  difpaflionate  Public — will  pronounce.  •\r 

Religion  and  Politics  are  ihe  two  great  engines  by 
which  mankind  have  been  agitated,  and  deceived,  and 

cn- 

•  •'  Neither  Proteftant  nor  Papift  !— Of  what  religion  arc- 
you  then?"— Look,  my  friend,  into  the  5th  and  6th  chapters  of 
k'athew,  and  behold  the  fimple,  unadBlterated  tenets  of  the 
true  Religion. 

■\  With  every  good  American,  it  muft  be  cauVe  of  vexation,, 
to  obferve  the  unbounded  abiife  and  iUiberality  v/hich  daily  pour 
from  many  of  the  preffes  on  both  fides  of  tlve  queHion— One 
would  think,  that  Peter  Porcupine  had  fpread  his  poisfonous 
mantle  over  the  whole  continent,  and  infeaed  the  general  mafs  ! 

c-uch  extravagant  liceatioufnefs,  if  it  does  not  tend  finally  to 

annihilate  the  Liberty  of  the  Prefs,  as  it  has  done  in  Europe, 
■\.  at  leaft  greatly  imbitter  its  fweets. 


cuiiaveci,  from  the  carlicft  t'imcs. — It  is  not  farprifing, 
that  adiverriry  oi  opinion  (hould  arile  on  liietaphyfical 
lubjects — The  being  and  attributes  of  the  Deity,  pre- 
dellination  or  free  will,  philofophical  neccllity  or  hu- 
man volition,  the  beginning  of  eternity,  &c.  cannot  be 
brought  to  mathematical  deinonftration  by  all  the  (kill 
of  human  learning— But,  one  Ihould  think,  that  the 
fcicnce  ot  Government,  after  the  experience  of  five  or 
Ox  thoufand  years,  could  not  be  fo  very  abltrufe  and 
myfterious  a  lubje<St —  nor  would  it,  but  for  the  folly 
and  knavery  of  men.  To  a  plain,  unprejudiced,  un- 
fophifticated  undcvllanding,  can  there  be  a  doubt  whe- 
ther one  man  fhould  rule  a  million  by  his  mere  will  and 
plcafurc,.  or,  that  the  million  (hould  govern  themfelvcs 
upon  the  principles  of  equity  and  jufticc  ?  —  There 
would  not,  but  for  ignorance  on  one  fide,  and  cunning 
on  the  other.*  In  a  word,  whether  a  Kingly  or  a  Re- 
publican form  of  Government  is  the  mod  eligible,  the 
mofl  rational,  and  the  molt  conducive  to  the  happinefs 
of  the  people  ? 

If  the  question  wa«  to  come  fairly  before  the  bar  of 
Keafon,  it  v^rould  not  admit  of  a  moment's  hcfitation-— 
but,  unfortunately,  pride,  ambition,  ancient  partialities 
and  modern  antipathies,  and  Emolumettt^  often  more, 
powerful  than  all  thofe  together,,  come  in"  to  puzzle 
the  will,  and  perplex  the  underllanding." — When  one 
man  gets  a  million  a  year  for  being  a  King,  another 
ten  thoufand  a  year  for  being  a  Bifhop,  and  others  thou- 
fands  a  year  for  being  a  Lord  of  the  Bed-chamber,  a 
Groom  of  the  Stole,  a  iVIalter  of  the  Hounds,  a  Yeor. 
man  of  the  Scullery,  &c.  &c.'J*no  wonder  fo  many  men, 
are  fouud  eager  to  maintain  fo  lucrative  a  craft] 

But 

*  What  a  degraJlno^  piaure  does  the  hiflory  of  the  world- 
prefcnt  to  our  ailonifiied  view— a  very  fmall  proportion  of  man- 
kind,  who  were  knaves,  deceiving  and  dominetring  over  all 
the  reft,  who  were  fools!  —  The  ntw  Philofophers  fay  they 
will  mend  this  matter—  Yes,  that  they  will— when  Godwin  ef- 
tablifhes  the  pcrftctabUity  of  human  nature  .' 

•  Whoever  looks  at  the  English  Re.l-Buok,  if  he  can  main- 
tain the  gravity  of  his  mufcles,  will  not  be  furprized  that  there 
are  fo  many  ftreniious  advocates  for  Monarchy  with  all  its  trap- 
pings— indeed,'  witHo\tt  its  truppings,  there  would  be  very  little 
tonienticn  abcn:  if  >\    3 


L     VI     J 

But  all  cannot  be  of  one  opinion;  divcrfity  is  the  or- 
der of  Nature,      it  is  to  be  acknowledged,  that  there 
are  good  men  nvIio  adopt  tlie  monarchical  fyllem  mere- 
ly upon  principle  ;  and   fucli    men    arc   entuled    to  oiu* 
refpect,  however  thty  may  difi'er  from  us  in  lenrimcnc 
— But  the  greaisil  misfortune  to    the   caule  of  Liberty 
is,  that  many  men,  particularly  thofe  of  property,  take 
refuge    under   the    wino^s  of  Kingly   power,    dilgufteJ 
Nviih   the   tumults  and  diforuers  of  Democracy.     This 
h  a  rock  which  the  Americans,  in    the  navigating  of 
their-  political  baik,  would   do  well  to  avoid — it  is  the 
more  dangerous,  becaulc    it   is  a.  popular  one,     Dc/wo- 
cracyy  or  the  Will  of  the  People,  is  unqueflionabiy  the 
iirft  principle  and  ground- work  of  the  American  Con- 
ilitutioR  ;  but,  as  foon  as  the  people  have  fultilled  their 
grand,   ineilimable  privilege   of  chufing  thi^ir  Repie- 
lentatives,  then    it   becomes  Republ:canij}n^  or  a  fyllem 
marked  and  bounded  by  certain  known  and  definite  re- 
gulations.    The  Democracy    here   deprecated,  coiilllts 
in  a  confufion  of  fyilem,    of  ill-timed  interferences  of 
one  body  with  another,  and  of  violent  andunnecelTary 
exertions  of  the  people,  &:c. — It  is  this  Democracy,  thac 
is  kindled  and  euilamed  by  cunning  and  ambitious  men, 
Nvho  firll  raile  themielves  on  the  Hioulders  of  the  mob, 
and  then  trample  on  their  rights,  under  the  pretext  of 
redoring  order  and  good  government — It  is  this  Demo- 
cracy, that,  fooner  than  any  other,  will  become  a  prime 
eagine  in  the  hands  oi  foreign  emifTaries,  tirit  to  divide 
the  people,  and  vlien  reduce  them  to/c^rf/>«  obedience. 

One  would  think  that  the  geographical  iituation  of 
the  American  States  would  keep  them  clear  of  that  de- 
ftrutSlive  and  all-devouring  vortex,  European  politics, 
and  that  an  ocean  3000  miles  broad,  would  protect 
them  from  infult  and  danger.  Of  what  import,  ir  may 
be  aftied,  is  it  to  the  nations  of  Europe,  whether  joha 
i^dams  or  Thomas  Jefferfon  prelides  at  the  head  of  the 
American  government  ?  —  The  Connecticut  preicnfions 
can  neither  open  nor  Ihnt  the  Scheldt ;  nor  can  this 
Georgia  claims  either  obftrutl  or  facilitate  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Baltic— Bui  it  is  the  baneful  nature  of  the 
Kin^'y  fyrtem  ever  to  intermeddle  with  the  alfairs  of 
oth^r  nations—The  hiltory  of  Europe  is  full  of  ir— A- 

jBcnofl  innumerable  iaiUnces  fufficc  it  tome w lion,  that 
^  bviili 


[      VII      ] 

both  tlie  profligate  Charles  and  the  bicvottefi  James  of 
Ei)gland  were  ))etirK)ners  of  Fiance,  wliich  count rv, 
tiir  lately,  litld  Swtderi  in  her  pay — At  prelent,  Rullia 
eiclicr  pays  or  overawes  both  Sweden  and  Dennjark — 
tiiu  infamous  partitiiui  of  Poland  is (iill  nelh  iii  uur  minds 
— and  EnglaiKl,  amiait  all  her  incumbrances  and  dit- 
hculties^  is  gr  ifping  either  at  conqucji  or  irjlheixd  in 
every  country  in  the  wurld  I 

•  It  is  the  peivadiuii;,  prevailino;  ambition  of  the  two 
ri^al  nations,  t>vANCt  and  England,  that  will  lon^ 
be  endeavouring  to  exert  itielf  over  and  in  the  coun- 
cils of  t/?is   country — They    are    ihe    Sylla  and  CluniUdis 

of  America ^ut  it  is  from  the  laft-mentioncd   of 

thefe  Powers  that  ihe  American  Union  is  in  moll  dan- 
j>;cr,  and  has  moft  lo  t'ear.  The  bitter  recollections  of 
llie  American  llevolutioii,  the  rooted  hatred  which  WiQ 
holds  for  Kepubiicaa  principles,  and  her  iniatiable  tliirlt 
atiei' to^/iw^c-/ art/ dominion,  will,  for  a  lon^- time,  ren- 
der her  a  dangerous  enemy.  —  A^ainit  an  enemy  fo 
powerful  and  ent^rprifing,  poffeiTcd  of  innumerable 
means  either  of  Coriubixn  or  Coriquaft^  the  people  (>f 
thefe  States  cannot  be  loo  muck  on  their  guard— Let 
them  remember,  that  their  befi  guard  is  Union;  and 
thdt  whilit  they  a^t  towards  England  agreeably  to  the 
rules  of  ju(lic«,  they  iliouid  ever  be  vigilantly  and  jca- 
louflyon  the  watch  to  counterac;  her  machinations,  or 
check  vjr  ambition.  -^^ 

Uuihiickled  by  a  Monarchy,  a  Nobilitv,  and  an  Hier- 
arciiy,  America,  at  prelent,  is  divided  between  two 
great  interdls,  the  Agricuhuial  and  Commercial. — 
Ajif/iculture  and  Commerce  are  faid  to  be  intimately 
allied,  and  ro  dej)end  on  the  mutual  aiTillance  of  each 
other  — We  beiicvt  ihey  do — but  the  latter  fliould  al- 
ways be  fubordinatc  lo  the  former.  In  chat  tonnirv 
where  agriculture  predominates,  the  people  will  have 
the  beit  chance  of  maintaining  their  independence  — 
where  the  latter  prevails,  they  will  fmk,  by  rapid  Heps, 
inLo  a  ftate  oi  luxury,  venality,  and  fuljeclion. 

It 

*  Let  it  he  underftoorl,  th?.t  the  v.ritcr  of  tl'is  article  makes 
a  Tvide  diftinrtion  beivve?n  ti^  people  of  England  and  their 
Rulers  —  V/hila  he  difaprivovf s,  nav  ahhoiR  what  feems  to  be 
t-ie  amoitifus  and  tyrannical  conduiTi  of  the  latter,  he  think?;  he 
ci.:;  ;*r;-vex  c;^oagh  applaud  the  geidu:?  niid  virtue^  ox  ti;t  i'^rmei. 


[  viii  ] 

It  is  with  nations  as  with  individuals;  they  mufl 
firlt  be  in  a  ftate  of  probation,  and  acquire  wiidom  by 
cxijeriencc— But  no  people  ever  began  the  bufinefs  of 
Government  with  fo  much  advantage  as  tlie  Americans 
With  the  whole  hiftory  of  the  world  before  them,  and 
the  awful  example  of  perturbed  Europe  preftnt  to  their 
view,  they  have  in  their  hands,  be  it  for  good  or  for 
evil,  the  importantexperiment  of  R.epresentati VE 
Republicanism — with  them  it  is  to  be  proven,  wh«- 
tiicr  it  be  a  real,  fubftantial  good,  or  only  an  idle 
dream,  a  fanciful  theory. 

Shall  it  be  faid,  that  what  the.  power  of  Great  Bri- 
tain could  not  achieve  in  a  fierce  and  bloody  war,  was, 
in  a  few  years,  effeded  by  petty,  perfonal  !  roils,  pe- 
cuniary inteicfls,  and  provincial  antipathies?  —  Shall 
the  Federal  chain  fo  foon  be  broken,  and  Republican- 
ifm  become  the  theme  of  Arilh)cratical  derifion? — Shall 
it  be  faid  with  Monarchical  fcorn,,that  thev virtue  of  the 
Americans  depended  on  the  exiltence  of  one  Man, 
and  that  when  Walhington  ceaft^d  todiredt,  they  would 
fink  into  dil'cord,  anarchy,  and  difunion  >- 

What  the  Greeks,  and  Romans,  and  other  nations- 
have  tried  in  vain,,  fhould  be  a  leiTon  to  the  people  of 
thefe  countries,  to  examine  with  caution,  and  to  decide, 
with  prudence,  neither  adopting  rafhly,  nor  expunging- 
precipitately — Abfolnte  perfe^Vion  is  not  to  be  found  in 
this  world;  we  muft  deal  with  human  nature  ts  it  is,. 
not  as  STC  wifh  it  to  be,  and  what  it  never  will  be-^ 
The  lefier  evil  mufl  give  way  to  the  greater  good  ;  the 
wifli  of  the  minority  mull  yield  to  the  voice  of  the  ma- 
j  )rity — The  eifervefcences  of  Zeal  have  often  been  as 
fatal  as  the  machinations  of  Malignity  — On  one  fide 
They  have  *'  the  turbulent  Ocean  of  Democracy,"  on 
the  other  "  the  calm  fea  of  Defpotifm" — Republican- 
ifm  is  a  goodly,  regular  fabric,  flanding  halfway  bcr 
tween  the  lawlefs  rage  of  the  Mob  and  the  arbitrary 

will  of  the  Sovereign^ If  after  a    fair  experiment, 

they  perceive  that  their  labour  is  in  vain,  and  that  the 
ereat  Political  Panacea  is  not  to  be  found,  they  know 
the  alternative — if  they  cannot  be  freemen,  l:t  them 
be  ftaves— they  caji  gei  a  King  a:  any  lime. 


A    N 
EXPLANATORY  and  APOLOGETIGAt. 

PREFACE 

TO     THE 

ALMANACK. 


L  RINTERS  and  Pkinces  have  long  been  in  thf  hallt  of 
fpeaking  and  writing  in  the  imperative  ftyle  plural,  as,  we  do 
tbit,  WE  ordei-  that,  and  fo  forth.  If  any  of  our  Federal  read- 
ers fliould  be  offended  at  the  Printer  preceding  the  Prince,  let 
them  recoiled,  that  this  is,  asyet,  aRepublican  country,  and  that 
both  of  them  are  often,  very  ofcen,  mifchievous  charaders.  It 
is  true,  they  don't  much  like  fighting  in  their  own  proper  per- 
fons,  but  often,  too  often,  they  are  the  caufe  of  much  blood 
being  flied  by  others. 

Be  it  knov.n  then  to  all  the  good  people  of  this  Common- 
wealth, that  the  Printer  hereof  v/ill'defcend  from  his  impera- 
tive chair,  and,  for  a  little  while,  condefeend  to  talk  like  a 
common  Citizen,  in  the  f.rft  perfon  fnigular. 

When  Urban 's  .slmanack  made  its  firft  appearance,  it  na- 
turally attracted  the  attention  of  all  the  Critics  in  that  line  of 
literature,  and  two  grand  faults  were  found  with  it,  namely, 
that  it  had  too  much  religion,  and  too  little  weather.  —  To  do 
the  Sovereign  People  *  julUce,  there  was  fome  truth  in  the  firfl 
remark;  the  book  was  rather  dull  for  a  winter  evening's  a- 
muie.nent;  and  however  good  the  thing  may  be  in  itfelt,  it  is 
not  right  to  cram  religion  down  a  man's  throat  whether  he  will 


•    "  Sovereign  People" 1  believe  this  very  emphatical  ex- 

preffion  was  firft  made  ufe  of  by  that  fuperior  genius  Mirabeau^ 
at  the  beginning  of  the  French  Revolution— —Edmund  Burke» 
•when  he  faw  things  thro'  another  metlium,  and  got  a  penfion  of 
3  or  4oocl.  a  year,  called  the  people   "  the  fwinifti  multitude" 

And  Fenno,  the  compeer  and  fucceflbr  of  Porcupine,  whilfl 

he  was  Printer  to  the  Senate,  and  pnblilhed  his  libels  within  a 
few  doors  of  their  chamber,  had  the  boldnefs  to  liken  the  Fe- 
deral Government  and  the  difterent  States,  to  "  a  fow  with  her 

farrow  of  pigs  !" Here   was  the  liberty  of  the  prefs  with  a 

vengeance — Where  was  the  Sedition  Law  then,  or  was  it  only 
Kiade  to  punilh  the  blackgaardilm  of  one  Party  ?- — In  London,, 
for  an  exprelfion  half  as  grofs  upon  the  King  or  Government, 
the  Printer  would  foon  have  found  himfeU'  incloled  wuhiu  the 
ftrong  walls  cf  Newgate. 


[     X     ] 
or  not — befides,  there  Is  no  law  fcr  fuch  doings  in  this  country  j 
now,  in  England,  a  man  mull  fwallow  the  'i'rinity,  the  Athan- 
ahan  <  reed,  the  3y  Articles,  &c.  at   one  gulp,  or  woe  be   to 
both  his  tempor.d  and  Ipiritiial  concerns.   * 

To  remedy  the  hrll  complain*^,  there  v/as  no  great  difficulty 
— with  one  daili  of  my  pen,  I  Twejjt  the  whole  pack  of  Saints, 
^'artyr.s,  and  Virgins  out  of  the  Calendar! — "Ladies  and  Gen- 
tlemen (laid  I  to  them  very  civilly  —  putting  the  Virgins  fore- 
moft)  yon  lee  there  is  no  bufmei's  for  yon  here  ;  here  there  arff 
neither  images,  nor  ilirines,  nor  cathedrals,  nor  votaries- 
Heaven  knows  it  was  not  worth  your  whiles  to  leave  your  fnug. 
births  at  home,  to  crofs  the  Atlantic  ocean  for  all  the  profit, 
or  honour  either,  you  have  got  in  this  country. — G'"d  help  yen, 
j>oor  emigrants,  I  don't  knov/  where  you  can  now  frjourn,  un- 
lets   it  be  among  the  Chickifaws  and  Catabaws,  who  live,  or 

rather  wander,  lome  hundreds  of  miles  beyond   the  Chio. 

Now,  as  I  gave  you  a  decent  welcome  to  my  table  — and  would 
liave  kej)t  you  there,  if  my  mafters  had  been  fo  pleaf-^d— the 
only  requelt  I  have  to  make  of  you  is,  that  you  wiil  be  fo  kind 
as  take  this  vile  Ague  and  Fever  along  with  you,  and  drop  it 
in  one  of  the  lakes  on  to'ther  fide  of  the  mountains—If  yon  do, 
I  Iball  pray  for  you,  and  t«  you,  ail  the  days  of  my  life." 

On  the  fubjeft  of  Religion,  I  have  only  to  add,  that  I  have 
retained  a  iew  of  the  capital  Saints,  juft  tofhew  that  there  were 
lucn  a  people  once  npon  a  time,  and  to  put  fome  folks  in  mind 

wJien    they   may  expeft   a   merry  day By  the  bye,  I  never 

could  learn  the  reafon,  why  thefe  holy  men  are  placed,  as  one 
may  lay,  at  the  very  head  of  orr  drinking  parties — It  is  faid, 
indeed  (but  I  don't  pretend  to  vouch  for  the  truth  of  the  report, 
as  it  has  too  much  the  appearance  of  scandal  J  that  both  St.An- 
drevi  and  Si.  Patrick  were  fond  of  a  little  whifkey  in  the  morn- 
ing ;  and  r^Ir.Gihb'm  has  given  us  to  underftand,  that  St. George 
was  not  fo  holy  a  man  as  John  Bull  imagined  h'm  to  be. — ^ 
Be  this  as  it  rnay,  I  can't  conceive  hew  the  two  jfohns,  who 
were  laid  to  have  been  remarkubiy  I'ober  {.^aints,  iiappened  to 
be  of  the  Frarernity.  —  The  only  v,-ay  I  can  account  fcr  fo  cu- 
rious a  connection  is,  that  with  all  their  outward  fanAity,  like 
fome  of  our  modern  Parfons — in  the  old  country — they  liked, 
"  under  the  role",  goou  eaiing  and  drinkiiig  as  well  as  their 
neighlx'iirs. 

I'o  remove  the  fecond  complaint,  I  fcon  found  a  much  mere 
ferious  undertaking- -it  was  the  more  dilhcult,  becauie  uncx- 

pefted 

*  Take  a  peep  into  the  Englifh  ftatute  book  (it  only  con- 
tains about  ICO  folio  volumes)  and  lee  how  the  rod  of  CGcleii- 
altical  Pov^er  is  held  over  the  People  in  that  country,  and  yet  it 
is  perfeft  freedom  when  compared  with  the  Popiih' countries— . 
Lt  would   api>ear,  that  the  old  nations   had   too  much  religion, 

and  that  fome  of  the  new   ones   nave  too  Uitlc. Is  there  no 

mediuin  ? 


[  x^  1 

•p^^ed.  It  never  entered  into  my  head,  that  "the  moil  erl^yht- 
ened  nation  in  the  world"  would  h<ive  aik'a  me  to  roreteh  ail 
ti-.e  gulls  and  ftorms  of  the  enluing  year  !  —  1  couid  not  help 
thinKing  the  requcil,  or  rather  comniand,  a  lirtie  unrealon.ibte 
— but  there  is  no  accounting  for  the  whims  of  your  very  i.u- 
fible  people;  and  fo,  right  or  wrong,  I   mull  obey  ;  1  mufl  ne  a 

Loiijuvor,  nolens  volens,  as  the  fa)  ing  is. Well,  what    n-as 

to  bo  done  ?  —  Haac  briggs,  a  plain  honeit  Qiiaker,  declarcti  he 
never  made  a  gull  or  a  Itorm  iu  all  ids  life  ;  and  tiie  otii^r  /jrar- 
gazers   faid,  that  as  I  was  no  cuftomer  of  theirs,    th^y    ^v  ould 

lia^e  nothing  to  do  with  it I  rua  from  one  end  of  ih'j  lowu 

to  the  other,  in  a  hot  day,  poi)pi-.ig  my  head  in-.o  evoy  optn 
door,  and  begging  of  every  one  1  law,  to  foretv.l  nie  next 
3  ear's  weather—Nobody  knew  ai>  thing  of  the  m.>.  •  r — Even 
liie  jViayor,  who,  by  virtue  of  his  ofiice,  is  by  niucn  the  wifc.t 

r.ia.i  in  the  community,  could  tell  noc'ning  about  h In  fliov;, 

1  was  completer*  pos"d--a3  the  inun  in  the  piay  fa^s,  "  I'faiiii 
ic  u  as  a  pu/./iit-r." 

In  this  dilemma,  I  luc\lly  caft  my  thoughts  on  the  capita), 
the  city  on  the  kill- — Surely,  f.iid  1,  llrikiug  die  paini  of  n-y 
right  hand  on.  my  forehead,  if  there  are  any  weathei-wil'e  men 
in  the  nadon,  there  the^  miiit  be,  and  thither  wilt  I  go—  -Iso 
fooner  faid  than  done  —'1  lluiT'd  niyfelf  into  the  llage-wa;,goa 
for  Richmond,  and,  in  little  more  than  48  hours,  was  furnn;.- 
ed  with  *'  as  pretty  an  allwrlmeut  of  weather,"  as  any  Alinan- 
ack-maker  in  tlie  16  Unitevl  States  v;f  America,  with  the  weiLer.i 

Territory  into  the  bargain Not  fatisucd  with  this  expedition, 

1  fent  olf  a  fpecial  melTenger  (as  1  could  not  go  myi'elf  )  to  Ra- 
leigh, the  capital  ciiy  of  North  -  arolina,  and  got  from  thence 
another  parcel;  by  whicli  means  I  have  become  p olVeired  of  a 
"  weli-ati'-irted  Itock"  botli  from  die  Aorth  and  fnmi  the  Souti.. 
— And  having  now  got  into  the  right  track,  next  year,  I  am 
determined,  for  the  iatisfadijn  of  my  cuilomers,  to  have  wea* 
tlier  f.-om  tjie  Eaii  and  from  the  well,  and  every  poinc  of  tiie 
compafs. 

It  is  not  \ZTy  decent  for  a  man  to  blow  his  own  trumpet— 
y^t,  mediinkj,  I  do  defcvve  w'eii  of  :he  Couiitry. 

Now,  other  Printers  would  iiave  done  ail  '^his  in  f.lence,  flily 
pretendii;g  it  be  their  own  cieveraels  * — -wherei.:;  I  freely  owii 
my  obligadons  to   other  heads— I  let  every   man  have  his  due- - 

I  would  "'  give  die  Devil  hii;  due" Betides,  it  anfwerii  two 

good  purp'des — In  the  lirft  plice,  it  ihews  the  Tuper-'-nty  of  my 
candor- — In  the  next  place,   if  it  diould  happen,  that  ibnie   of 

the 

*  A  Printer  in  a  neighbouring  town  has  very  induflrioufly 
borrowed  almoil  the  wii  ;le  of  our  this  >ear's  Calendar,  without 
laying,  by  your  leave  I:;aac  Briggs,  or  with  yom-  pcrmi.Tion 
/  i lie r  Urban;  even  Nrigloaur  S/jng^-am  is  thru. I  ;..  to  nil  up 
a  barren  title-page  ! — 1  here  iii  (lineviiing  .u  an  -.IS  bock  aoout 
modelly,  decency,  &c. 


the  frofts  iand  fnows  do  not  fall  exaftly  in  their  right  places,  re- 
member. Citizens,  it  is  none  of  my  fault— let  the  wife -acres  of 
Richmond  and  Raleigh  anfwer  for  their  miftakcs — it  is  enough 
for  me  to  be  at  the  trouble  of  printing  them. 

But,  notwithftanding  the  putting  out  of  the  Saints,  and  the 
putting  in  of  the  weather,  I  am  not  vain  enough  to  fiippofe, 
particularly  in  tliefe  combuiluous  times,  that  all  the  world  will 
be  pleafed  with  my  work — A  French  writer  has  fomewhere  faid, 
"  Parbleu,  dit  le  meimier,  eft  bien  fou  du  cerveau, 
••  Qui  pretend  conteuter  toutle  monde  ell  fon  pere." 
"Which,  in  plain  Englilh,  is  as  much  as  to  fay,  "  he's  a  great 
fool  who  thinks  he  can  pleaie  every  body"  —  And  a  celebrated 
Poet,  who  well  knew  the  imperfections  of  human  nature,  has 
laid,        *'  Whoe'er  expeils  a  faultlefs  piece  to  lee, 

*'  Expefts  what  never  was,  and  ne'er  will  be." 

I  can  only  fay,  that  1  will  do  the  bell  in  my  power  to  pleafe 
the  Public,  by  giving  them  much  good  advice,  acoUeilion  of 
comical  fiories  and  anecdotes,  a  number  of  wife  layings  and 
ufeful  tables,  and  the  very  beft  weather  that  can  be  had  on  the 
continent — Over  and  above  all  thefe  good  things,!  will  introduce 
them  X9  the  heathen  Gentry,  to  Jupiter  and  Juno,  i^:ercury  and 
Venus,  &c.  *  who  were  very  great  folks  in  their  time,  and  with 
whom,  if  they  fliould  hapjjen  again  to  come  into  power,  it 
would  prudent  to  be  acquainted  f  —  Stranger  things  have  come 
to  pafs  ;  as  one  fyflem  goes  out,  another  comes  in  its  place— 
The  Whale  muft  have  have  a  tub  before  it  of  iome  fafliion  or 
other — Even  Mr.  Harper's  tubs  amufed  for  a  while  ! 

Now,  all  this  and  a  great  deal  mere,  may  be  had  for  a  very 
fmall  price  indeed—for  nine-pence,  a  man  will  get  what  may 
be  of  iervice  to  him  all  the  days  of  his  life  ;  whilft  that  fum 
will  fcarccly  get  me  as  much  bread  as  will  ferve  mv  breakfaft. 

^ -uch  goad  may  this  cheap  book  do  the  Sovereign  People  — 
and  if  there  be  any  efficacy  in  a  Printer's  bleffing,  I  give  them 
tbat  into  the  bargain — fincerely  praying,  tViat  peace,  and  plenty, 
and  liberty,  may  be  the  portion  of  us  all  this  year,  and  everj 
year  during  the  century— at  the  end  of  tiiat  period,  methinlis, 
the  ycungeil  and  the  ftouteft  of  us  now,  will  then  be  far  beyond 
the  reach  of  either  hunger  or  thirft,  of  ficknefs  or  forrow. 

O. 

♦  ^■r.  Gibbon  fliews  a  confiderable  partiality  for  thefe  gen- 
try; he  calls  them  "the  elegant  ^H•thology  of  the  Greeks;" 
and  feems  as  if  he  would  have  no  obje(5llon  to  their  once  mor« 
«'  ruling  the  roaft." See  Cotton's  'i'ravefty. 

I  '■  Wit  going  into  the  Pantheon  during  the  meiidiau  fplen- 
dor  ©f  the  Popilh  religion,  made  a  very  low  bov/  to  the  ftatuc 
of  Jupiter — "  Remember,  ^  afLer  Jupiter  (faid  he)  if  ever  you 
come  into  power  again,  that  I  took  notice  of  you  when  in  ad« 
verfity." 


HISTORICAL    DOCUMENTS. 


FROM 

THE  LIFE  OF  VOLTAIRE, 


TIRED  of  the  lazy  and  fyci-phantic  life  vvLich 
I  was  obliged  to  lead  at  Paris,  and  meeting 
with  a  young  lady  who  happ-tneti  to  think  nearly  as 
1  did,  In  the  year  1733^  we  took  the  refolution  to 
go  and  rj:jend  iome  years  in  the  country,  there,  far 
irom  the  tninult  and  corruption  of  Courts,  to  culri- 
vatcJier  underflanding,  and  increafe  her  knowledge. 

This  lady  was  the  Marchionefs  de  Cliatelet,  who, 
of  all  the  women  in  France,  had  a  mind  the  mofl 
capable  of  all  the  branches  of  Science.  Her  fa- 
ther, the  Baron  de  Breteuil,  had  taught  her  Latin, 
which  file  underflood  perfectly  ;  flie  knew,  by  rote, 
the  mofl  beautiful  pallages  in  Virgil,  Horace,  and 
Lucretius,  and  all  the  writings  of  Cicero  were  fa- 
miliar to  her.  Seldom  has  there  been  united  in  tlio 
lame  perfon,  fo  much  jufhiels  of  difcernment  and 
elegance  of  tafte,  joined  to  fo  ardent  a  deiire  for 
information. 

At  Cirev,  on  the  borders  of  Champagne,  we 
fought  onlv  inftruvSiion,  and  troubled  not  "ourfelves 
>vith  The  follies  of  the  world — but,  after  having 
fpcnt  fix  years  in  our  retreat,  we  were  obliged  to 
go  to  Biullels,  where  the  family  of  the  Ci.arelets 
liad  long  been  embroiled  in  a  law-luit  with  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Honbrooks.  I  had  the  pleafure  of  ter- 
minating rlie  law-fuit,  by  which  the  two  families 
had  been  ruining  each  other  with  law  expences  for 
iixty  years,  and,  by  an  amicable  accuaiir.odacion,  I 
B  gained 


2  VOLTAirxK.- 

gaiije<1   226.OCO  livres   in  ready  money  to  the  Maf- 
(jui?  dii  Charclcr. 

While  at  BrulTl-ls,  in  the  year  1740,  the  iron-  - 
lifarted  Frederi -k  William,  the  unpol-.fhed  King  of 
Pruflia,  died  at  Berlin.  His  (on,  who  has  lince 
gained  (i>  (iivnilar  a  reputation,  had  held  a  regular 
correfpontieiKe  with  me  feveral  year-;.  The  world 
never,  perhaps,  btlield  a  father  and  Ton  who  lefs  re- 
fembled  each  other  than  thefc  two  Monarchs. 

The  father  was  an  abfolnte  Goth,  a  Vandal,  \vho 
thought  of  no  other  thing,  during  his  whole  re'gn, 
than  amaflihg  money,  and  maintaining,  at  the  lealt 
pofTible  expence,  the  finelt  army  in  Europe.  Never 
were  rnhjcih  poorer,  or  King  more  rich.  He  bought 
up,  at  a  low  price,  the  eflates  of  a  ^^reat  part  oi  his 
Nobility,  wht)  foon  devoured  the  little  money  they 
got  for  them,  mofl  of  which  returned  to  thelloyal 
colFers  by  means  of  heavy  taxes,  All  the  King's 
lands  were  farmed  out  to  tax-gatherers,  who  held 
the  double  office  of  Judge  and  Excifeman  ;  inlbnuich, 
that  if  a  tenant  did  not  pay  on  the  very  day  appoint- 
ed, he  put  on  his  [udge's  robe,  and  condemned  ti)c 
poor  delinquent  to  pay  double  th.e  fum.  It  muf*  a'.(b 
be  obfervetl,  that  if  this  fame  Excifeman  did  not  pay 
by  the  lafl  day  of  the  month,  the  day  following  he 
M'a*.  himfelf  obliged  ro  pay  treble  to  the  King  I 

Did  a  man  kill  a  hare,  or  lop  a  tree,  or  any  other 
trifling  offence,  he  was  inftantly  condemned  to  pay 
a  fine  to  the  King — Money  !  Money  I — Was  a  poor, 
deluded  girl  found  guilty  of  making  a  child,  the  fa- 
ther, or  the  mother,  or  fortje  other  relation,  was 
obliged  to  pay  a  fum  of  money  to  h's  M^jeiry  !  * 

The  Raronefs  of  Kniphaufen,  who  ar  that  time, 
^▼as  the  richefl  widow  in  Berlin,  that  is  tfs  f;^v,  /be 
had  between  3  and  400I.  a  year,  was  accufed  of  h^v- 

*     His  flier* f^or,  the   rreat  Frederick   as   he  i.-  fotr.etimes 
Cy^Ued,  purfusd  ^  difi'er«*iit  fyflen^ — He  did  not  care  how  mz-'' 
ny  children    were   g-otten   in  his  dominion?:,  rcr  after  what, 
fafhion.  provided   h'i   got   foldierr.   enough— The   virtue   of 
chaftity  w?v:-,  no":  ia  very  ^dgh  repute   with  his  Majefly.— — ^ 
See  MQQre  i^id  othtr  traveilers. 


I 


voit.'Irf:.  3 

ing  macic  a  child  tUindcflincly  in  the  fccorsd  year  of 
her  v;i>-io\vhoo':!.  His  Alajefiy  was  cracioiifly  pleaf- 
f  d  to  write  her  a  letter  with  bis  own  Kf)yal  hand, 
informing  her,  tliar  it  was  iieccffary,  if  (lie  meant  to 
.jirefervc  her  ciiara<i:ler,  ro  fend  liim  30,0:0  livres, 
-(:2'5ol.) — S!ie  v/as  obiig-cd  to  borrow  the  film,  and 
N\  as  luined  I 

His  Majefty  had  an  Ambafnidor  at  tbe  Hague, 
wlii'ie  name  wasl.nfius;  and  certainly  of  ail  tbe 
Ambafiadors  that  ever  appertained  to  lloyalry,  be 
was  paid  the  worO.  Tbis  poor  man,  that  he  migljt 
be  able  to  keep  a  iire,  had  cn»-  down  f  ^n'jc  bviflics  in 
the  Royal  domain.  His  next  difpatches  brougbt  J)im 
word,  tbat  the  Kin?;,  his  gracious  Sovereign,  had 
mulcted  iiim  a  year's  f'alary  ;  and  Liiiiii^,  in  a  tit  c{ 
defj^air,  cur  b.is  tbroat  with  the  only  razor  he  iiad  ! 
—An  old  valet  nnhappily  laved  Ijis  life — I  afterwards 
met  his  Excellency  at  the  Hague,  and  gave  him  aims 
at  tbe  gate  of  the  Palace,  wh;:re  this  wretched  Am- 
hafTadorhad  formerly  lived, 

it  was  by  fiuh  means  tl  a*-  he  acquired  120  tnilli- 
ons  of  crowns  (15  millions  flerling)  all  cafked  rp  in 
barrels,  honp'fl  with  iron,  and  deporued  in  double 
vaulted  cellaTf?, 

This  Monarch  y\fe(\  to  w  alk  from  hi'  palace  cloth- 
ed in  an  old  blue  coat,  wit!i  Lirge  Cf>ppcr  buttons 
half  way  down  b's  thighs,  and  when  he  bought  a 
new  one,  which  was  bat  fcldom,  thefe  buttons  were 
made  to  ferve  again.  It  was  in  ti»is  drefs,  with  ^ 
large  rufty  hat  and  patched  boots,  and  armed  with  a 
liuge  cane,  rUat  his  Majeliy  Tallied  forrli  every  day 
to  review  his  regiment  of  giants,  Tliefe  giants 
>vere  hi.s  grcared  nelighr,  and  for  whom  lie  went  to 
the  heavicft  expellee.  The  men  \yho  ficod  in  the 
front  rank  were  none  of  them  lefs  than  7  feet  high, 
and  he  fent  to  purchafe  them  from  every  part  of 
Europe.  Tliev  were  afterwards  made  Heiduques  iiy 
the  new  King  to  a'tend  the  f>iieen"s  coach.  As 
they  walked  on  each  Tide  of  an  old  ill  fltapen  coach, 
in  ordt-r  ro  keep  it  fron\  falling,  theie  Heiduqnes 
could  ihake  hands  with  each  other  over  the  roof. 

A  2.  Aftef 


4  VOLTAIRE, 

After  his  Majefly  had  been  graciouf.y  pleafcd  to 
review  his  giants,  he  ulcd  to  walk  thro*  the  towi., 
\vhen  every  bo;!y  fled  from  before  him.  If  he  liap- 
pcned  to  meet  a  womarit  lie  ileriily  demanded,  why 
ihe  Haid  idling  lier  time  in  tbc  llrects—'*  Get  konie,. 
ye  lazy  b — h  !  an  honed  woman  lias  no  bufintis  o- 
ver  the  thre^.  old  of  her  own  door"  —  \>hich  words 
he  would  accompany  with  a  bc^x  <n  the  ear,  a  kick 
en  the  b — ddc^  or  fonie  llrokes  on  the  (lioulders  with 
his  hnoecane  1- — Nor  did  this  gracious  Monarch  treat 
the  hoiy  Minidprs  of  Religion  in  a  more  gentle  ftile, 
if  ever  he  caught  them  wasidering  near  to  his  parade. 
— The  bai.c  fight  of  his  cane  was  more  terrifying  to 
them,  than  the  ibund  of  the  Inquifitiou  is  to  an 
uuprorec^ed  heretic  i 

in  fhort,  Turkey  is  a  Republic  when  compared 
to  the  deipotiuii  ex.erciled  by  Frederick  William  of 
Pruh'ia  ! 

.  We  may  eafily  imagine,  what  wonld  be  the  wrath 
of  a  Vandal  like  this,  to  find  he  had  a  (on  endowed 
\yith  wit,  fenfe,  and  good  breeding;  who  was  eager 
m  the  acqviifitiou  of  knowledge,  who  made  verlcs, 
and  afterwards  let  them  to  mufic.  If  his  Majesty 
caught  h.is  fon  with  a  book  in  his  hand,  he  rudely 
took  it  from  him,  and  threw  it  into  the  fire  ;  or 
playing  on  the  fiute,  he  broke  it  into  pieces  ;  and  he, 
often  treated  the  Prince  as  he  did  the  unfortunate 
women  aiid  preachers  when  he  caught  them  near  to 
his  parade. 

The  Prince,  at  length  weary  of  the  attentions  of 
fo /t//i(i  a  father,  determined  to  elope,  witl:out  well 
knowing  whether  to  fiy,  to  France  or  to  England— 
His  father's  economy  deprived  him  of  the  power  of 
travelling  even  in  the  flile  of  an  Englifli  tradelmao, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  borrow  a  fmall  Turn  of  money. 
— Two  young  gentlemen,  both  very  amiable,  were 
lo  accompany  him.  One  named  Kat,  the  txnly  ion. 
of  a  brave  Officer  ;  the  other  Keir,  who  had  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  ilie  Baioneis  Kniplianfen,  who 
bad  to  pay  30,000  livrcs  for  making  a  child  wi'.houc 
his  Majelly's  pcrmiihon,  as  before  mentioncc.     The 

d«/ 


VOLTAttie.  b 

«?ay  artel  hour  were  appointed  ;  but  the  jealous  Mon- 
arch iTctting  intelligence  oi*  the  affnir,  the  Prinze 
And  his  two  companions  were  arreted,  and  lent  to 
jprifon. 

At  firft,  the  Kincr  believed  that  tlie  Princefs  Wil- 
helmina,  his  daughter,  was  concerned  in  tlie  plot  ; 
and  as  he  was  re"markable  for  dilpatch  in  the  exe- 
cutive branch  of  judice,  he  inilautiy  proceeded  to 
kick  her  out  of  a  large  window,  which  ieachedfro:n 
the  floor  to  the  cielinj^.  Tiie  f)vicen  Mother,  wlio 
happened  to  be  preCent  at  this  kingly  exploit,  wiih 
grcdi  djfnculiy  faved  her  dauj^lutr,  by  catching  hold 
of  her  petticoats  atthe  inouictu  fhe  was  going  out  ot" 
the  window.  The  Princefs  received  a  violent  con- 
tufion  on  her  bieafl,  theuKirkof  whicli  remained 
>vith  her  during  life,  and  which  Ihe  did  me  the  hcu- 
our  of  fliesving  io.ne  years  afterwards- 

The  Prince  had  a  fort  of  miftrels,  the  daughter  of 
a  fchool-mafter.  This  girl  played  tolerably  well  on 
the  harpfichord,  and  the  Prince  accompanied  her 
with  his  Hute  ;  he  thought  he  he  was  in  love,  but  he 
was  mifirikcn — However,  the  King  exrended  his 
Royal  authority  over  this  mifgudcd  girl,  by  canfuig 
her  to  be  paraded  by  the  public  hangman,  and 
afterwards  wliip'd  in  the  Prince's  prefence  !  —  TIis 
Majefty  then  iei^  his  fon  to  the  citadel  of  Cultnii, 
fiiuated  in  the  midft  of  an  unwholeiome  mat  ft  ;  here 
he  was  clolely  confined  for  fix  mor^ths,  in  a  fort  of 
dungeon;  at  the  end  of  which  time,  his  Roval  fa- 
ther was  gracioufly  pleafed  to  allow  him  afoldier  as 
an  attendant. 

This  foldier,  who  was  young,  handi'bme,  and  play- 
ed upon  the  flute,  had  more  ways  than  one  of  amuf- 
ing  the  Prince — So  many  fine  qualities  njade  his  for- 
tune ;  and  1  fmcc  knew  him,  at  once  Valet  de  Oiani- 
bre  and  Prime  MiniAcr,  with  all  the  pcrtnefs  and 
infolence  w  liich  two  luch  prime  polls  may  be  lup- 
pofed  to  inlpire 

WhiUl  the  Prince  was  in  the  citadel  of  Cuflrin,one 

xnorniHg  an  Officer  entered  his  apartment  weeping, 

accompanied  by  four  grenadiers.     Frederick  had   no 

B  3  deubt 


6  VOLTAIRE. 

dcubt  he  was  going  to  be  made  a  hea<? /Iicrter— ihe 
OlEccr,  i\\\\  in  rears,  ordered  the  oreiiadj<^rs  to  take 
the  Prince  re  rhe  witiow,  and  liolci  ins  head  out  of  lE 
by  fcrte,  that  lie  mig,hr  behold  the  <xtcuiion  of  his 
i'r  eric  Kat  upon  a  {i-i.ilV-ul  built  for  the  nirpoie. — 
'Jhe  render-hearted  Monarch  /Ic-od  prei'enc  at  this 
exhibinon,  as  he  had  btcL  at  tlic  j>oor  girl's  wliip- 
pu>}-r  bout  ! 

Kelt,  the  orrer  ccnfidant,  had  fled  into  Holland, 
Nvhfc-iher  the  Kirg  dilparciied  his  niiiuury  nu-ifengtrs 
to  ieize  hin*.  Luckily  he  eicaped  by  a  niinure,  e;n- 
liarked  ur  Poirugal,  abd  lijcie  icn^air.ed  i  li  the 
ctcuh  i)f  the  niofl  tendcr-hcarrtd  £rederi\.li  William, 
Ki:jg  of  Pri'.fTa. 

Bur  iu  WvTs  nor  his  IN'Iajefty^s  intention  to  have  f'Op- 
ped  ijLie  ;  it  v.-^s  his  dciigrj  ;o  i^avc  beheadtdtbe 
Prill.. L  alio.  He  (-oijiltiercd,  li.at  he  iiad  thiee  oil'tir 
{ons,  liwt  one  oF  wlioin  wrote  veries,  or  pla>cdoa 
the  llutc,  and  that  they  were  (ufficienr.  to  maintain 
the  ^naudr^ir  of  the  Pruflian  ti'rons.  JMtrafnrea  Nvtre 
actordiiigiy  conceited  la  n;aki  him  iLiTtr,  as  rhe 
CzaiosN  111 ,  ^]dt(\  Ton  of  Peter  i.  ha-.i  beure  iuiieref;*, 

Ic  is  iK.iver',  clt-ar,  from  aiiv  rs-gular  laws,  either 
hninan  or  diviu**,  r'nat  a  ncsn  rrii>uhi  have  his  head 
Jtiuch  olr'  bccauiciK'  liad  a  ^vi/h  to  iraveh  Bm  xh'w 
leRder-i;eatted  Kuiir  had  f<-iind  jujiges  in  PiuFJa.  c- 
cuilly  as  learned  ard  cqnitaide  as  ti  e  Ri.fhan  cx- 
jo.ind<frs  of  law — Btfides,  his  o\fn  pa.'cmai  autho- 
jitv,  in  cal'e  t)f  need,   uould,  at  aii)  rin>e,  iidfice. 

The  Ci^-unt  tJti^cntlorf,  whom  I  lince  ki.ew  in  Sax- 
ony, declared  to  me,  that  it  was  with  great  d  iTicuhy 
iudted,  that  he  could  prevail  with  the  King  not  to 
behead  his  Ion  I — This  is  the  fame  Sckendorf  who 
cosnmaiidcd  tiic  armies  of  Bavaria,  aiid  of  whom  the 

Prince 

*•  See  the  inrercftinjr  hiftory  of  the  Czar  Peter  I.  v/hp 
v/as  one  df.Y  v,  jTrcut  muu,  and  the  nexc  a  fcrocicus  favage— 
^ee  alfo  the  Life  ef  that  moll  iUuilrloiis  Lud  m:!!  nutuifi-. 
tein  t  niprefs  Caihcrine  IL  during  whofe  rei;;^n  tw^i  i*i-»^«. 
fcrtful  and  Inhuman  game  vvas  played  in  more  infiances  than, 
one.— Inlhefe  inilruaivc  Hiitoviesthe  American  reader  wiU 
ciicovcr  the  methods  taken  to  cbbain  a  tlirone,  and  ho^r  Id, 
kci-p  pofeiHon  of  it. 


VOLTAITIE,  7 

Prince,  when  he  hecarne  a  King,  drew  a  hideous 
ponrau  in  his  Hiilory  of  Branvicnl'urp^h  — Who  w  on'id 
iiot,  after  this,,  ftrve  Princes,  and  prevent  Tyrants 
iVoin  ciirtingor  their  heads  I 

Ai'xtiV  18  months  cloil-  iarpriilinincnt,  the  (olicita- 
tioiis  of  the  Emperor,  and  ihc  rears  of  riie  Q_uecn, 
obtained  the  I'rince  hii  l.'oerty.  —  As  tlje  Kin^  did 
:iot  fuifer  h.im  in  have  ^  ny  C(Minet9.io'.i  with  the  al- 
fiir:>  of  ti'V«-»*nrociit  (the  olfiits  «.f  wh'ch  <Mjiy  con- 
futed in  review inp;  troops,  aiid  oppreffin^  the  people 
for  money)  \\\c  Prince  c:« ployed  his  time  in  willing 
10  n>en  of  letters  in  F/ance  —  He  ikttcred  me  as 
romething  f'iiinc,  and  i  hin:  as  a  pe;  feot  S  )lon:icn  ! 
—  Lpirlveis  coifc  us  n.Jthinr^ — i  took  the  Lhcny  to  fend 
liiin  a  bcautdul  ink-fhi^d,  and  he  had  ihc  ^.oodnci's 
to  lend  me  a  few  yew-gaws  :ii  amber — hut  iliey  canjo 
{.ow.  a  Prince,  and  all  France  envied  mv  good  for- 
tnne  i — Certainly,  if  1  had  been  incll.ied*  to  ;ndi;Iixe 
])er{'onal  hi>pcs,  I  had  great  reafon  fo  to  do;  f^)r  the 
l^rince,  in  his  jeivers,  alvvays  called  ine  *■•  his  dear 
fiiei>d,"  and  frequently  mentioned  tlic  lolid  tnarks 
of  friend (Iiip  wh'ch  he  intended  to  con:^r  en  me  whea 
he  Hiotiid  aliii)'.:  the  throne. 

Well,  at  K;noih  Providence  was  pltafed  to  take 
the  iron-lied)  ted  uioaarch.  to  another  world,  and  t!;c 
Prince  fncteeded  to  tiie  thione.  He  hegan  his  reign 
^vith  a  piece  of  wit.  He  fent  one  Camas,  who  I/ad 
loit  an  arm,  as  his  Amb?.irador  to  Fiance;  lie  faid, 
as  there  was  a  Miniiier  from  Paris  at  Berlin  who 
liaJ  only  one  hand,  it  was  right  to  fend  his  Mo/b 
Cliridian  M^ijcfiy  an  AmUafladur  wiili  only  one  ami  I 

My  kin-f/ly  S'.)h)ivion  came  to  Sttufliurgh — a  whim 

had   hrought   him,  inco<^:nito,   to  view  the  frontiers 

and  trovips  of  France.     From  Strafburgh  he  went  ro 

vifit  his  territories  hi  Lower  Germany,  and  n^^nifitd 

B  4  '       his 

*  Voltaire  did  indulge  perfonnl  Siopes,  and  facrificed  his 
fame  tohii  vanity,  by  itriitving- about  in  t)ic  Court  of  Pots- 
dam with  a  gt  Id  key  dangling  at  his  button-hole  ! — Even  af- 
ter the  gi-ofb  treatment  which  he  received  from  the  Kin?^'s 
myrmidons  at  Frraikfcrt,  he  again  became  the  dune  cf  Fre- 
derick's cunning,  who,  in  his  own  expre.Tive  words,  ••  full' 
f-ciafc<';:ed  the  orange,  and  then  thr^w  away  the  fKin." 


8  VOLTAIRE. 

liis  wifh  to  fee  me  at  Briiirds — Apartments  were  pre- 
pared for  him  in  Chateau  cle  Mcuft:,  wlicre  I  went 
to  wait  upon  his  IMajcfh'.  One  lokiier  was  the  only 
guard  1  found — rlie  Minjftcr  of  State,  Rambonet, 
was  walking  in  the  court-yard,  bluwino;  his  fingers  ; 
he  had  on  a  dirty  fhirt  with  long  dirty  ruffles,  an  old 
Jiat  all  in  holes,  and  an  old  iudn^e''s  wi^r,  one  wing 
of  which  hung  into  his  pocket,  whiiU  the  other 
icarccly  touched  his  Ihoulcier. 

I  was  conducted  into  his  Majtfly's  anartraent,  in 
v.'hich  I  faw  ivjihiiig  but  four  bare  walls.  By  the 
ligh:  of  a  boujrie,  i  perceived  a  iraall  truckle-bsd, 
in  a  fort  of  cloler,  upon  which  lay  a  little  thin  man 
wrapped  in  a  morning  gown  of  blue  cloth — It  was 
})ls  Prufilan  PJdjefty,  who  lay  /leaking  wiih  a  lit  of 
the  ague  under  a  beggarly  coverlet.  I  made  my 
bow,  and  began  my  acquaintance  by  feclirg  his  puhe 
as  if  I  had  bccn  his  £r(i  phyfician.  —  The  ague  Icfc 
him,  he  arofe,  dreflcd  himfelf,  and  far  down  to  ta- 
ble with  Algarotrj,  Mav^.pertius,  tlie  Ambafiacior,  and 
myfclf,  where,  at  fuppcr,  we  treated  moftprofcHmd- 
]y  on  the  immortality  of  tlie  foul,  of  natural  liberty, 
and  the  Androgynes  o{  Plato. 

Whilft  we  were  thus  philofophizing  upon  liberty, 
the  Miniirer  Rambonet,  mounted  upon  a  poft-horfe| 
in  his  judrc's  wig,  was  riding  all  night  towards 
Liege,  at  the  gates  of  which,  neKt  day,  he  pro* 
claimed,  widi  found  of  trumpet,  rlie  name  of  the 
King  his  mader,  whiUt  zooo  foldicrs  laid  the  cityj 
under  contribution  !  —  The  pretext  for  this  fine  ex-: 
ploit  was,  certain  rights  which  his  Majcdy  pretend'* 
cd  to  have  over  a  part  of  the  fuburbs.  The  drawing 
lip  of  the  manifedo  was  committed  to  me,  which! 
performed  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  cafe  would 
let  me — not  lufpecSing  that  a  King,  with  whom  I 
had  the  honour  of  fupping,  who  called  mc  his  dear 
friend,  and  who  talked  fo  beautifully  of  natural  jof- 
tice  and  the  immortality  of  the  foul,  could  pofiibly 
be  in  the  wrong.  The  affair  was  foon  brought  to  a 
conclufion  ;  the  innocent  people  of  Liege  were  oblig^; 
«d  to  pay  a  million  of  livrcs  in  hard  calli,  which  more, 

tha« 


VOLTAIFxE.  9 

than  defrayed  his  Majofty's  expences   caufed  by  his 
journey  to  fee  iStraPourgli,  ^'c 

I  ibou  felt  ail  attaciimeiu  for  him,  as  he  had  wit 
and  an  agreeable  rt^anner,  and,  mortover,  he  was  a 
King,  which  is  a  fedu(Stion  fcldom  vanquifiied  by 
hunian  weaknefs.  Generally,  autliors  flatter  Kinj;?  ; 
but,  in  this  inflance,  I  was  praifed  by  a  King  ironi 
the  crown  of  my  head  to  the  fole  of  my  foot. 

Some  time  before  ilie  death  of  his  father,  the 
Prince  had  written  againfi:  the  dctcltable  principle* 
of  Machiavel — but  this  was  before  he  becan^e  aKino^, 
and  whiHl  his  father  gave  him  no  great  rtafon  to  ad- 
mire defpotic  power.  This  manufcnpt  he  had  lent 
to  rae  at*  Bruflels,  to  have  il  corrcv5ied  and  printed. 
With  all  my  admiration  for  my  kingly  friend,  I  could 
not- help  feeling  fome  remorfe  at  being  concerned  in 
printing  this  Anti-machlavelian  book,  at  the  very 
moment  tiie  Royal  author,  who  had  a  iiundred  mil- 
lions in  his  cellars,  was  robbing  the  poor  inhabitants 
of  Liege  of  a  million  of  livres  I 

I  began  to  perceive,  that  my  kingly  friend  would 
not  lh>p  here.  His  father  had  left  him  70,000  well- 
difciplined  troops ;  he  was  bufily  augmenting  them, 
and  appeared  to  have  a  vaft  inclination  to  give  them 
employment  the  very  iirft  opportunity. 

In  the  month  of  Oclober  1740,  the  Emperor  Char- 
les VI.  died  of  an  indigeftion  caufcd  by  eating  ciiam- 
pignons,  which  brought  on  an  apoplexy — and  this 
plate  of  champignons  occafioned  the  death  of  many 
thou faPids  of  brave  men,  and  changed  the  order  of 
things  in  Europe,  It  was  loon  very  evident,  that 
the  K.ing  of  PrufTia  was  not  fo  great  an  enemy  to 
Machiavelifra  as  the  Prince  Royal! 

He  had  already  afiembled  his  troops,  yet  none  of 
his  Minifters  or  Generals  knew  his  defigns.  I  had 
fome  reafon  to  fuppofe,  that  he  meant  to  quarrel 
with  France;  as,  three  months  before,  he  had  fent 
to  me  a  political  diiTertation,  written  in  his  manner, 
wherein  he  confic'ered  France  as  the  natural  enemy 
of  Germany — But  it  was  conftitutional  in  Frederick 
10  do  the  very  reverfe  of  what  he  faid  or  wrote. 

B5  H^ 


lo  VOLTAIRr:. 

He  departed,  qn  tl.e  i.^rh  of  December,  for  the 
conqued  of  Silefia,  at  the  head  of  50,000  \vell  dif- 
cipliiied  conioaidius.  As  the  Qjicen  cf  Boleiuia  uas 
illy  picpiiied  to  repel  him,  he  icon  tifet^ed  his  pnr- 
pofc.  lie  wrote  a  hiltory  of  that  conqueU,  which 
he  Hie  wed  to  me  —  Here  follows  one  of  the  para- 
graphs, which  I  carefully  tranfcribed,  as  a  thing 
svorthy  of  recording  ;  — 

"  Ambition,  inierell,  and  a  dcfire  to  make  the 
world  fpeak  of  me,  dciermined  me  to  go  tij  war  ! — 
Add  to  thefe  confidcratiojis,  1  had  a  fine  army  and  a 
full  trcafury  ;  thefe,  v/ith  the  vivacity  of  my  na- 
ture, urged  me  to  make  war  on  Maria  Thercla, 
ihe  Qticen  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary  !" 

It  IS  much  to  be  regretted,  that  1  prevailed  upon 
him  to  oniAt:  thefe  paflages,  when  I  afterwards  cor- 
rcCicd  his  works.  A  confeflicn  ih  uncommon  fhcuid 
have  palTed  to  poflerity,  in  order  to  fhew  upon  what 
principles  Kings  make  svar,  and  flied  the  blood  of 
their  deluded  iubJe<Sls. 

I  now  recunied  to  Cirey,  and  afterwards  palTcd  the 
Nvintcr  in  P-ris,  where  I  had  a  multitude  of  ene- 
mies ;  for,  having  written  the  Hiflory  ot  Charles 
Xlt,  prefenied  feveral  fuccefsful  pieces  to  the  thea- 
tre, and  C'jmpoled  an  epic  potm,  1  had,  of  courfe, 
all  thofe  who  write  either  In  bad  verfe  or  profe  as 
my  enemies — and,  as  £  wrote  likewile  on  pkilofo- 
phic  fuh'-ecis,  of  neceffity,  according  to  ancient  cul- 
tOiU,  I  was  treated  as  an  Athicit  by  all  Church  bi- 
gt);8  arid  c'evotces. 

1  was  the  iirlt  v.liodar»d  to  developc  to  the  people 
of  France,  in  an  intcUigiLie  /^/lc,  the  difcovcries  of 
the  p^rcat  Newton.  1  was  iikewifc  an  adn^  iter  of 
L.''CK"?  I  cor-ndcred  him  as  ihc  only  resii-nable  me- 
taphyilcian,  I  jraifed  that  moderation  fo  new,  To 
prudent,  w^here  he  fays,  >^'e  have  not  fntllcieni  kn^Nv- 
iedge  ro  determine,  by  the  light  of  reafon,  ihat  God 
could  not  grant  the  gifts  of  inought  and  fenfation  to 
a  being  vvhich  we  call  mareriai. —  i'he  pjor  creatures 
vho  were  the  mol\  forvvard  aid  ihe  hotted  in  this 
^ifpuic,  kueiv  very  little  of  either  icaticr  cr  ipirit, 

'*'he 


VOLTAIRE.  ti 

The  fu'il  is,  that  none  of  us  know  what  or  how 
wc  are,  except  that  wc  are  convinccci  we  liavc  life, 
inoiion,  and  ihou<rht,  bat  without  the  le.ifl  concep- 
tion of  how  we  came  by  them.  The  very  clcmeDts 
of  matter  are  as  much  hidden  from  us  as  tiic  rcit — 
We  are  blind  creatures,  groping  in  the  dark  —  and 
Locke  was  right  when  he  allerted,  that  it  was  not 
for  us  to  deurmine  what  the  Almighty  could  or 
could  not  do. 

Whillt  the  literary  jrrubs  of  Paris  were  making 
war  upon  ine,  the  King  (,f  France  be^;an  to  make 
war  upon  the  Oiieen  of  "Hungary  upon  principles  e- 
<]ually  iniquitous  a^  thofc  of  ihe  King  of  Prullia. — 
Aiier  having  fclemnly  guaranteed  and  fworn  to  the 
Pragmatic  Sanation,  and  the  fuccellion  of  Maria 
Thctclii  to  the  inheritance  of  her  father,  and  after 
having  received  Lorraine  £s  the  pr.rchc.fc  of  ihefe 
promiles,  it  does  not  appear  to  be  cciiGiUnt  with 
the  rights  of  nations,  or  the  ideas  of  common  jultice, 
to  break  fuch  facred  engagements. 

The  King  of  France  was  in  alliance  with  the 
King  of  Prullia,  at  the  very  time  lie  was  fcizing  up- 
on Silefia  I — Two  armies  werefent  into  Germany  at 
a  time  when  the  Oiieeii  of  Hungary  had  none — Tlie 
King  of  PrufTia  having  gained  his  prize,  he  made  a 
i'eparare  peace,  and  left  his  brother  King  to  get  out 
cf  the  fcraije  as  well  as  he  could  I — The  French  Ge- 
nerals being  left  to  fight  their  own  battles,  made 
many  blunders,  and,  with  diflicuky,  regained  their 
own  country,  after  lofing  half  of  their  army*  -* 

Tlie  King  of  Pruflia  now  turned  his  attention  to 
the  embeiiifnment  of  the  city  of  Berlin,  where  he 
built  fevcral  beautiful  edifices,  and  whether  he  in- 
vited 

*  This  is  one  inftancc  among-fl  many,  how  Kings  make 
alliances,  and  brtak  them  in  a  manner  that  Vi^ould  difgrace 
private  gentlemen. — After  the  many  millions  fpent  by  the 
Englifh  Miniilry  in  bribing  and  fut5iidizir,g  the  German 
Prmces  tc  take  part  againil  the  French  Ropi;blic,  all  of 
them,  one  by  one,  after  receiving  vhe  Englilh  gojci,  delcrted 
the  ^oiliticr,  and  left  Britaii  alone  to  fight  thtir  qiiarvei' — 
Even  the  Eitctor  of  Hanover  left  his  brother  George  in  the 
lurch : 


J-  voltaihf:; 

vited  artids  of  all  denominations— His  Majefty  wilh- 
cd  to  acquire  ^lory  of  every  kind^  but,  like  liii.  fa- 
ther, he  wiflicd  to  obtain  it  in  the  cheapclt  manner 
pofTible. 

His  father  had  refided  at  Potfdam  in  a  vile  old 
lioufe  ;  he  turned  it  into  a  palace  ;  Jiud  Potfdam  be- 
can^ea  pleafaut  town.  Berlin  grew  daily  more  ex- 
ter.fi/e,  and  the  PrufTians  began  to  taflc  the  com- 
forts of  life.  Some  people  began  to  have  furniture 
in  their  houfes,  and  lome  even  lo  \vcar  fliirts ;  ft>r- 
mcrly,  like  thtir  iron-hearted  Monarch,  ihey  only 
^vore  fleeves  and  fore-bodies,  tied  on  with  pack- 
thread  . 


FROM  THE  LIFE  OF  CATKERINE  II. 

A  Book  has  lately  ajjpeared,  whicla  lias  excited  very  general 

attention-^it  is  entitled,  "  Tlie  LiTe  of  Catherine  II.  Em- 

prefs  of  Riifiia."     It  not  only  developes  much  of  the  ferret 

hiftcry  of  that  extraordinary  woman,  in   her  private  life 

nnd  amours,  bu:  alfo  difcovei-s  a  gi-eat  deal  of  tlie  political 

manoeuvres  both  of  the  RuiFxan  and  other  EuropeanCcurts. 

— The  importance  of  this  publication  maybe  judged  of,  hy 

the  uncommon  demand  for  it  in  every  country  in   Europe, 

and  the  extreme  folicitude  v/hich  the  Emperor  Paul   fhcAvs 

to  have  it  fuppreifed  wherever  his  power,  or  influence,  ojp 

authority,   can   reach.      Beiides  the  general  hiftory  of  the 

limes,  which  v>-ere  fufiiclcntly  eve.itful  and  intereiling,  the 

bock.  coiUains   many  curious  anecdotes,  not   only   of  the 

EmpVeis  herfelf,  but   of  many  public  chara^ers  which  the 

ig^norant  and  uninformed  world  were  wont  to  reverence  efr 

eileem  —  I:  exhibits,  in  bold   and  leg'.ble  charaflers,  the 

deep   def.gns   of  Courts,  and  the  treacherous   Venality  of 

Courtiers — front  a  view  of  which,  every  honeil  Anicricjin 

will  be  thankful  to  Providence  for  placing  his  country  at  fo 

great  a  diftance  from  that  bufy,  perturbed  icene,  where  a 

combination  of  Kings,  and  Politicians,  and  Generals,  by 

their  intrigues  and  their  ambition,  are  daily  miileading  arid 

oppreffii.g  mankind.  —  In  fliort,  after  a  careful  perufal  qf 

thefe  entertaining  and  inilru<f>ive  volumes,  we  are  at  alofs 

•which  moll  to  abhor  the  artful  and  cruel  m.eans   by  which 

Catherine  afcended  and  then  kept  pofleriion  of  the  Imptrial 

throne,  or  to  wonder  at  the  furprifni^  addrefs  with  which 

Ihe  ruled  her  vail  Empire,  whilll  llie  guided,  or   agitated, 

VT  cciivulfed,  the  politics  of  almoll  all  Europe. 


catherinf:  ii.  rs 


TH  E  book  opens  with  a  iuccin6l  account  «t*  oc- 
currences in  the  Court  ol'  PeterPoiirgh  previuns 
to  the  Kcvohjrion  of  1762,  when  the  unfortnnare 
Peter  ill.  (hnfoand  of  Cdiherine  II.)  was  dethroned 
and  put  to  death — As  this  part  of  the  hillory  is  too 
lengthy  tor  our  prefeut  purpofe,  we  fclc(5^  for  the 
iittcntiun  of  cur  Readers,  the  melancholy  flory  of 
the  PrinceC'!  Tarrakanoff,  daughter  of  the  Eiriprcfs 
Klizaboth,  who  bt'came  a  vk'-lim,  by  the  bnlcil  means, 
to  the  jealt.iis  and  unrcl-ntina  policy  of  Catherine — 
Let  it  be  remembered,  that  the  treacherous  agent  in 
this  infiduous  bufiiiets,  Alcxhis  OrlolF,  was  the  prin- 
cipal   murderer    ot  the    Emperor   Peter But  we 

mud  fir(t,give  fomc  account  of  the  Emprels  Eliza- 
beth  

Elizabeth  Petrovna  was  the  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Great,  and  the  hrll  Caiherine,  wiio  was  obliged,  at 
her  death,  to  leave  tlie  throne  to  the  young  Pet^^r 
II.  (in  172,7)  fon  of  the  unfortunate  Tzarovitch  A- 
lexius,  beheaded  by  order  of  his  father. — Peter  II, 
reigned  only  three  years,  and  was  ft)Iiowed  by  the 
Emprels  Anne,  daughter  of  the  Tzar  Ivan,  elder 
brother  of  the  firfl  Poter, 

To  Anne,  in  1740,  iiicceeded  hernephew  Ivan  the 
Third,  yet  in  his  cradle,  and  who,  by  a  confpiracy 
licadcd  by  a  German  fargeon  named  Leilock,  v/as 
dethroned,  13  months  afterwards,  in  order  to  raife 
Elizabeth  to  the  throne. 

Elizabeth,  it  is  faid,  had  a  refemblance  to  her  mo- 
ther, the  handfome  Catherine,  But,  iffhe  equalled 
her  in  thofe  advantages  which  render  the  fv)cietv  of 
women  fo  agreeable,  (lie  furpaffed  her  in  the  immo- 
derate love  of  vicious  plcal'u]"e.  Initead  of  having 
the  art  of  commanding,  like  her  mother,  Elizabeth 
fubmitted  herlelf  to  the  guidance  of  others  ;  and 
this  weaknefs  was  the  primary  caufe  of  the  misfor- 
tunes of  Peter  III. 

That  die  might  maintain  her  independence,  El'za- 
beth  refufcd  to  take  a  hufband,  with  whom  llie  muft 
have  {Iiared  the  empire  ;  but  Ihe   did  not  the   more 

ab- 


24  CATIIEFaNE  II. 

jbfbin  from  voluptuous  gratifications ;  and  as,  with 
her  other  ir.firmirics,  Ihc  had  that  of  being  a  bigor, 
the  Field  Mariltal  llazmiiouiky,  her  Grand  Vencur, 
liad  the  art  to  pcrlbade  her  to  give  him  her  hand  in 
a  private  manner.  The  two  Counts  '1  arrakiuoU"  and 
their  lilier,  were  the  frui:  of  this  clanclcitine  union. 
Elizabeth,  however,  did  not  content  heri'elf  with  one 
lover;  Hie  had  frequent  changes  ;  but  Razumouiky 
permitted  none  to  approach  iier,  except  fuch  as  he 
thoui^ht  to  have  too  little  underftanding,  or  ambition, 
to  attempt  a  competition  witii  iiini. 

To  her  violent  propenfity  to  voluptuonlnefs,  Eliz- 
abeth added  tirfl  the  love  of  good  eating,  and  then 
the  pleaiarcs  of  wine.  Banquets,  feaih,  balls,  maf- 
qucradcs,  and  the  moll  frivolous  amufcnicats,  were 
preferred  to  bulinefs  —  By  degrees,  flie  proceeded 
from  moderate  cnjoymenrs  to  tlie  extravagance  of 
fenfualiiy;  and  her  taile  for  devotion  augmewted  hir 
voluptuoafnefs,  and  added  to  the  abfurdity  of  her 
character.  She  continued  whole  hours  on  her  knees 
before  the  picture  of  her  favourite  Saint  •*',  to  wiiich 
fhe  fpoke,  and  which  fhe  even  confuhed — She  palfed 
alternately  from  a<5LS  of  bigotry  to  the  intemperance 
of  lufl:,  and  from  fcenes  of  extreme  lalcivicalhefs  to 
the  quieting  opiates  of  prayer — To  defcribe  her  un- 
blufliing  cxceiles,  would  i>.ain  the  page  of  Hiflory, 
and  fhock  the  ear  of  Modeftv. 

Such  was  the  woman  deflined  to  rule  a  mighty 
Empire,  and  who  had  it  in  her  power,  at  any  time, 
to  infiime  all  Europe,  and  faciificc  the  lives  of  thou- 
fands  of  men  I  At» 

•  The  Ruffians  are  of  v.'hat  is  called  the  Greek  Church 
and  differ  in  certain  pavticula;  s  from  the  Chiucli  of  Rome — 
for  ir.ftance,  they  v.lli  not  wordu-p  a-ny  ^raveii  image,  but  they 
kneel  before  and  pray  to  pah^ti-d  onta  ! — This  is  only  one  of 
the  many  grofs  abiurditles  which  mankind  have  faUen  into 
andpraaiied  thefe  15  or  1600  years.  Whenever  they  de- 
parted from  the  original  purity  of  the  Gofpel,  their  errors 
became  innumerable,  and  the  Prieflhood  artfully  encouraged 
them.  —  Tije  Romilh  fuperftitions  are  nearly  come  tc  a  con- 
clufion — thofe  of  the  Greek  Ci.urch  are  ftill  in  full  operation; 
the  Sim  of  Knowitdge  has  not  yet  beamed  ivy^n  the  fruijea 
regions   of  Auffia. 


CATHERINE    II.  r.; 

At  length,  on  Chri/lmas-dny  1761,  afrer  an  in- 
glorious rei^^^n  of  zi  yta;s,  LI  zabciii  expire tl  in  tlic 
^2(1  year  ot"  her  age. — Tiie  indoleiice  of  her  charav^icr 
ftibje(5\ecl  htr  to  xhc  leltilh  and  wicked  dtii^ns  of  her 
Farourites^  who  made  a  bad  life  of  her  aurhoriry. — 
Her  dcvolion  ifciiclered  her  impious,  and  hcrciemen- 
cy  cruel.  Ai  the  commencement  of  her  reicn,  fhc 
made  a  vow,  never  to  purnih  a  maJefadtor  with  de.it'ii; 
the  Judges,  thciefore,  who  couhl  noi  decapitate  cri- 
minals, c'errivtd  them  of  life  by  the  barbarous  pan- 
iihment  of  theknonr  ;  and  never  were  more  tongues 
cut  our,  or  uufcrable  wretches  Tent  to  Siberia,  than 
under  the  i/Vaac/;/  reign  of  the  Emprefs  Elizabeth  !— . 
In  dungeons  not  far  from  her  own  jialace,  were  lan- 
gui(l)ing  in  nufery,  a  dethroned  Emperor,  leveral 
Prince"?  and  Dukes,  bcfules  many  Courtiers,  Srates- 
men,  Generals,  Oliicers,  and  even  women  I 

It  is  computed,  that  her  condu(St  coit  the  Empire 
every  year  at  lealt  a  thouland  lives,  either  by  im- 
priloninent  or  baniihmcnt.  Nothing  was  more  eafy 
than  to  obtain  di  Jecret  order  ior  thefe  cruel  purpofes^ 
by  the  bafe  flatterers  tiiat  always  furrounded  her  oer- 
fon  *.  It  was  luiTicient  fjr  one  of  the  Maids  of  Hon- 
our to  think  herfelf  flighted,  to  obrain  an  order  to 
have  a  perfon  taken  our  o\'  bed  in  the  night,  carried 
away  gagged  aud  blindfolded,  and  immured  uuder- 
ground,  there  to  drag  out  the  remainder  of  a  mifer- 
a))le  life  m  a  loathfome  dungeon,  without  ever  bein«y 
charged  with  any  crime  1  —  Many  of  thefe  uufortii' 
paie  perlbns  were  known  to  be  ftill  exi fling  under  the 
balHons  and  towers  of  diflerent  fortreffes  io  late  as 
the  year  1780,  l-elides  the  snany  hundreds  that  were 
lent  to  faujifii  in  the  fro/.en  regions  of  Siberia. 

[Upon  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  the  ill-f.ifcd  Peter 
III-  fucceeued  to  the  throne^  wht^fe  ilepofition  and 
niurder  are  ably  and  circuinftaiiualiy  narrated  in 
tliefe  volumes.]  It 

*  This  w?,s  exa(Pay  the  cafe,  by  ieftre?  de  Cachet,  uncler 
t"'.c  cid  t'egimf  in  Frurce,  w^.ich  the  Britiih  ',\  inliby  are  I'o 
.  nxious  to  reilore — All  the  diSerence  is,  that  the  Grand  o-. 
(•;  '.rl\  had  no  Siberia  to  vhich  ne  cciild  baniia  his  iubjeifts  j 
i;i.i  he  h  vi  abundance  of  ialuica. 


i6  CATHERINE  II. 

It  lja>>  already  been  mentionetl,  that  the  Emprefs 
Elizabeth  had  three  children  by  her  ciandcftine  mar« 
na^^e  with  rhe  Grand  Veneur,  Alexcy  Gregorievitch 
llazamoiffk;/.  The  youngeft  of  thele  children  was  a 
gill,  brought  up  under  the  name  of  Princefs  Tarra- 
kanoff.  Prince  lladzivil,  informed  of  this  fecret, 
and  irritated  ac  Catherine's  trampling  underfoot  the* 
rii3;hts  of  the  Poles*,  conceived  that  the  daughter  of 
Elizaheiii  would  furniih  him  with  a  fignal  means  of 
revenge.  He  thoHght  that  it  would  not  be  in  vaiit 
if  he  oppofcd  to  the  iSovereigii,  whofe  aimjes  weref 
fpreading  defolation  over  his  ui^happy  covmtry,  a  ri- 
val whole  mother's  name  fhould  render  dear  to  the 
Ruflians.  Perhaps  his  ambition  might  li;ggell  to 
liira  yet  more  lofty  hopes — Perhaps  he  might  flat- 
ter himfeif  u  irh  being  one  day  enabled  to  nu/unt  the 
throne  on  which  he  intended  to  place  the  youiig  Tar- 
rakanoiT.  Hosvever  this  be,  he  gained  over  the 
pcrfons  to  whom  the  education  of  this  Princefs  was 
committed,  carried  her  oi£y  and  conveyed  her  to 
Komc. 

Catherine,  having  intelligence  of  this  tranfa<5lion, 
took  immediate  fteps  to  fru(hate  the  defigns  of  Prince 
Racizivil.  Taking  advantage  of  the  circumflance  of 
his  being  the  chief  of  the  confederacy  of  the  Mal- 
contenrs,  file  caufed  all  his  citates  to  be  feized,  and 
reduced  him  to  the  necefiity  of  living  on  the  pro- 
duce of  the  diamonds  and  other  valuable  ctfetfis  he 
had  carried  with  him  to  Italy.  Theie  lupplies  were 
foon  exhaufled.  Radzivil  fet  out  in  order  to  pick 
up  what  intelligence  he  could  concerniiig  affairs  in 
Poland,  leaving  the  young   Tarrakanoir'  at    Rome, 

un- 

*  The  Reader  will  perceive,  that  this  pafiage  alludes  to 
the  infamous  partition  of  Poland,  the  King  of  which,  otani- 
Haus  (formerly  Prince  Poniatovi-fky),  had  been  one  of  the 
Empref&'s  Favourixts.  As  a  reward  for  his  Services^  fliC 
fet  him  on  the  Polirntrione — in  a  few  years  after,  at  the 
final  dlvifion  of  that  vnha!)]iy  country,  {he  unthroned  the  pup- 
pet, and  1^  died  a  contemptible  penfioner  m  Peterlbuigh  ! — 
It  is  one  of  vhe  grand  iifes  of  Kiftory,  to  ^vtthdraw  the  \'wl^ 
and  to  develops  cliura<fters  \yho  have  in-pofed  upon  the  cre- 
dulous world. 


CATHERINE  II.  17 

under  the  care  of  a  fingle  Gouvernante,  and  in  cir- 
cumftanees  extremely  confined.  Scarcely  had  he 
reached  his  own  country,  vs' hen  an  offer  \vas  made 
to  reflore  him  his  poUeflions,  on  condition  that  he 
^vou^d  take  his  young  ward  to  fxujfTia.  He  refufed 
to  iubmit  to  lb  difgraceful  a  propofal ;  but  he  had 
the  weaknefs  to  promiie  that  he  would  give  himielf 
no  farther  concern  about  the  daughter  of  Elizabeth, 
—This  was  the  price  of  his  pardon  ! 

Alexey  Orloff,  chars^eu  sv)rh  the  execution  of  the 
Avill  of  the  Emprels,  liczod  the  iirlt  moment  on  his 
arrival  at  Lcgliorn,  of  laying  a  fnarc  for  the  Prln- 
cefs  Tarrakanoi^*.  One  of  tliofe  intri<;i5crs  who  are 
fo  comnion  in  Italy,  repaired  immediately  to  Pt.ome  ; 
e»nd,  after  haying  difcovercd  the  lodgings  of  the 
youns:  Ruijian,  he  introduced  himlclf  to  licr  in  a  mi- 
litary dreis,  and  under  the  name  of  an  ofiker.  He 
told  her  tlu'it  ho  had  been  brought  thither  by  the  fole 
defire  of  paying  homage  to  a  Princcfs  wht^fefatc  and 
fortunes  were  higlily  inierefting  to  all  her  cocntry- 
rien.  Yivjhjh'i'd  vcvy  much  sirc<fied  at  the  liate  of 
deftitution  in  which  he  found  her;  he  oflered  her 
fome  hlTiiiance,  which  nectfli:y  forced  her  to  accept ; 
and  the  traitor  appeared  to  this  unfortunate  lady, 
as  well. as  to  tlie  woman  that  waited  on  her,  in  the 
light  of  a  faviour,  whom  H;?aven  had  fent  to  her 
deliverance  ! 

Wiicn  this  treacherous  emilTary  thouirvht  he  had 
fufhciently  gained  their  confidence,  lie  declared  that 
he  was  commiflioned  by  Count  Alexius  Orlol^'  to  of- 
fer to  the  daughter  of  Elizabeth  the  throne  that  had 
been  filled  by  her  mother.  He  laid,  that  the  Ruffi- 
ans were  dilcontentcd  with  Catl.erine;  that  Orlolif 
efpeciallv  could  never  forgive  lierfor  her  ingratitude 
and  her  tyranny;  and  that,  it  the  young  Princefs 
Nvould  accept  of  the  lervices  of  that  General,  and 
recompence  him  by  the  grant  of  her  hand,  it 
would  not  be  long  ere  (he  faw  the  breaking  out  of 
tliat  revolution  which  he  ha.i  prepared. 

Propofals  fo  brilliant  ought  naturallv  to  have  o- 
pened  the  eyes  of  the  PrinceisTarrakanoff,  and  Ihewn 

her 


1%  CATHERINE  II, 

fctr  the  treachery  of  him  ihat  made  them.  But  her 
iijtxpcf ieijce  and  her  candour  ]iermittfd  her  not  lo 
inipecl  any  guilr.  Beli.ies,  the  hinguaj^c  of  rlie  cm- 
iiTary  of  Alexius  Oilolf  feemeu  atialngoiis  with  the 
notions  Hie  had  imbibed  froin  Prince  Radzivil.  She 
imagined  hericlf  deltincu  to  liic  ihronc  ;  ai;d  all  the 
airy  dreams  that  afty  way  related  to  that  opiiiioa 
could  not  bat  eacovirjigc  the  deceit.  S!ie  accordin}^- 
lygavc  herfi-if  up  lo  thefe  ilriUeiiiig  hopes,  and 
v.Mth  a  grateful  heart,  concurred  in  the  defiv^ns  of 
her  treacherous  advifcr,  who  •■"riattcrM  but  to  d-c- 
liioy.'' 

Some  time  after  Alexius  OrluiF  came  to  Rome. 
HiS  emiiTary  had  a'rjady  aruiuunced  hiir!. — He  was 
received  as  a  henetactor. — However,  iornc  per  ions 
to  whom  the  PrlnccU  and  her  gouvcrr.anre  commu- 
r.icared  ilie  ^.o^d  fortune  that  v.as  pron-.ifcd  them, 
adviied  thtm  ro  be  on  thrir  guard  agai.Jl  the  de- 
figiis  of  a  iiiaa  whqfc  character  for  wickednefs  had 
been  long  cftabUnied,  ani  who  douhiltfs  lad  too 
jnucli  reaibn  to  reiiiaia  faithfal  to  the  Emprcfs  lo 
ttiink  of  coafpiring  agaiaft  her.  Far  froiu  prohtiiify 
by  this  good  coaac.l,  tue  Princofs  was  i'o  impriiden:* 
iy  frauk  as  to  fpcak  of  it  to  Alexius  Orloif,  wlio 
\virh  great  eale  delivered  his  jailificatiun,  and 
theoceforih  ilnew  a  deeper  fhadc  of  diiiiuiulaiion  and 
addrefs  into  Ijis  fpeeches  aiid  behaviour.  Not  faiis- 
fied  with  faniiing  tiie  ambition  of  the  young  Ruliian, 
iie  put  on  the  icuiblance  of  a  pafTion  for  her,  a:ul 
i'ucceeded  Co  far  as  to  inlpire  her  with  a  true  one. 
So  foon  as  lie  was  affured  of  ir,  he  conjured  her  to 
enter  into  a  union  with  him  by  the  molt  facred  ties. 
She  unhappily  confenred  ;  and  it  was  even  with  joy 
that  the  poor  unfortunate  Lady  pronnfed  to  iblem- 
nize  a  marriage  which  mui\  coi^fummate  her  ruin. 
She  thought  that  the  title  of  fpoule  of  Count  Alex- 
ius Orloti'  would  fhclter  her  invincibly  from  thole 
treacheries  which  Ihe  was  taught  to  apprehend. 
She  entertained  not  the  leaft  fulpicion  that  a  man 
could  make  religion  and  the  moft  facrcd  titles  fubler- 
vient  to  the  dellrucfnon  of  an  innocent  victim.     Bur, 

alas^ 


CATHERINE  II.  19 

alas!  was  any  religion,  was  any  title  facred  to  the 
barbarian  into  whoie  Inares  ilie  had  iallcn  i — He  \\  ho 
CMuld  Itratigic  the  unfortiinaic  r'etcr  lii,  touid  he 
dread  10  diilionour  the  daughLcr  ot"  Eiizabcih  } 

i-cigiiing  a  defile  that  tiic  maniage  ceremony 
fhuLld  he  ptrformed  according  to  the  rirua!  of  the 
Greek  Church,  he  fuborncd  liibaiiern  villains  tod;I- 
guile  lhe»-.si't.lves  as  prio-fts  and  lawyers.  Thus 
pruiLiiaiion  v,-as  combined  with  impo^h're  agaiidb 
the  innocent  and  unprotected  Tarrakanciii 

When  Alexius  Orloif  was  become  the  Jii.ibaud,  or 
ratiier  ti:-e  ravjli)er  of  this  unliappy  Prir.cels,  he  re- 
preiciued  to  her,  that  their  llay  at  Rome  expofed 
bt  r  M)  too  dole  oblervaticu,  and  that  ir  woi.dd  be 
adv^leable  for  her  to  go  ro  iorne  other  city  of  Italy, 
to  wet  for  the  breaking  out  of  ilic  confpiracv  that 
was  to  call  her  to  the  llirci;e.  Believing  this  ad- 
vice to  be  dictated  bv  love  and  prneence,  flie  an- 
Iwercd  that  llie  wordd  ibliow  Isini  vvhereve;-  he  chofe 
to  conduct  her.  He  brou>ihr  her  iminecliai.ely  to  Pi- 
fa,  wjicre  lie  had  yreviciinv  hired  a  nia^^nihcent  pa- 
lace. rS.wii;  lie  cuutinned  to  treat  licr  w;ih  niaiks 
of  lenden.els  and  reipeCt  ;  but  he  ptrniitted  none 
to  come  near  i.er,  except  pcrlons  who  were  entirely 
at  ids  devotion;  and  when  ilie  wen:  to  the  play  or 
to  the  public  prouicnade,  lie  accompanied  her  al- 
v/avs  hiinieU". 

Tils  diviri')n  of  the  Ruffian  fqcadron  under  the 
conimand  of  Admiral  Greig,  I'lad  jnit  entered  the 
port  of  Legliorn.  On  reiaring  this  news  to  the 
Princefs,  Orlotr  told  her,  that  Ir.s  prcl'tnce  was  ne- 
ceisary  at  Leghorn  for  the  jurpofe  of  giving  Tome 
order?,  and  tufered  to  take  her  with  hity.  To  this 
ilie  readily  con.'ented,  as  ihe  had  heard  much  talk  of 
the  beauty  of  the  port  of  Lcohorn  and  the  niagniti- 
cence  of  ihc  RuiJiaii  ihips. — Imprudent  Lady  !  the 
nearer  Ihe  approached  the  caraltrophe  of  the  plot, 
the  more  ilie  trailed  10  the  tenderaefj  and  the  (incer- 
ity  of  her  faiihlcfs  betrayer! 

She  dc-partcd  from  Pilk  with  her  cuftcnay  attend- 
aius.     Oil  arrivhig   at  Leghorn,  ilie  landwd  at   the 

houfe 


20  CATHERINE  II. 

houfe  of  the  EtipJiHi  Conful,  who  had  prepared  fol* 
her  a  luitabie  apartment,  and  who  received  l)er 
>vith  marks  of  the  profoundeit  rerpc(5l.  Sevtial  la- 
dies were  early  in  makinp;  their  vifils,  and  fcdnloufly 
attended  her  on  all  occalions.  She  law  herfelf  pre- 
fently  furroundcd  by  a  numerons  court,  eager  to  be 
beforehand  with  all  her  deiires,  and  liecming  to 
jiiakc  it.  their  only  Ihidy  incefiantly  to  procure  her 
ibme  new  entertainment.  Whenever  flio  went  out^ 
the  pcopL"  ran  in  her  way.  At  the  ti)eatre  all  eyes 
^vere  dire;5ted  to  her  box.  Ail  circumllances  confpir- 
cd  to  lull  her  into  a  fatal  Iccurity,  All  tended  to  6ii- 
pel  the  idea  of  any  danger  at  hand. 

It  is  doubtiefs  impoflible  to  believe  that  an  Englifii 
Conful  ^>  an  Engliih Admiral,  and  ladies  of  their  fa- 
mily or  acquaintance,  could  be  fo  bale,  fo  inhnman, 
as  to  draw  into  the  fnare,  by  deceitful  refpe<St  and 
carefles,  a  victim,  whole  youth,  whofe  beauty, 
whole  innocence,  was  capable  of  aitedting  the  n-.o!! 
infenfible  heart.  It  is  not  to  l)e  imagined  that  ihey 
M'ere  in  any  degree  privy  to  the  p>ot  contrived  a- 
gainfl  her,  or  that  they  ftudioufly  infpired  her  with  a 
confidence,  only  the  more  infcUibly  to  betray  her. 

The  young  Tarrdkanoff  was  fo  far  from  lufpecl- 
jng  her  dangerous  fituation,  that,  after  having 
paffed  feverai  days  in  a  round  of  amuieiuents  and  dti» 
fipation,  fheaiked  of  herftif  to  be  Ihewn  the  Ruflian 
ileet. — The  idea  was  applauded, — The  necenary  or- 
ders were  immediately  given  ;  and  the  next  day,  on 
rifiu'r  from  table,  every  thing  was  ready  at  the  wa- 
ter-fide for  receiving  the  Princefs.  On  her  coming 
down,  fhe  was  handed  into  a  boat  with  magniticent 
awnings.  The  Conful,  and  feverai  ladies,  feated 
themfelves  with  her — A  feeond  boat  conveyed  Vice- 
Admiral  Greig  and  Count  Alexius  Orloff;  and  a 
third,  lilled  with  Ruffian  and  Englifh  officers,  clofed 

the 

*  The  EngUn-i  Editor,  anxious,  no  doubt,  for  the  honour 
of  his  country,  denies  that  the  Englifh  Conful  had  any  know- 
ledge of  this  infamous  tranfaction — we  h.cpe  and  believe  tliat 
he  had  not — ^but  we  know,  that  Admiral  Greig  Avas  a  Scotch- 
man, and  that  he  had  many  Enghlli  and  Scctch  Olacers  on 
board  of  his  fleet. 


CATHERINE  II.  2t 

the  proceffion.  7  he  boats  put  olf  from  fliore  in 
light  ot"  au  immenfe  multin.ide  oi*  people,  and  were 
j-cteiveil  by  the  C^lcl  with  a  1)3 nd  of  mufic,  fahites  of 
ariillery  ajul  repcateil  hr'zz^s  I — As  the  Prince fs 
came  alonofide  the  V.v.p  of  v«hich  fne  was  to  go  on 
board,  a  fpicndid  chnir  was  let  down  from  tlie  yard, 
HI  which  being;  feared,  fhe  was  hoifled  upon  deck; 
and  it  was  oblcrvcd  to  her,  that  thefe  were  particu- 
lar honours  paid  to  her  rank. 

But  no  focuier  was  fne  on  board  than  fhe  was  hand- 
cufled — In  vain  ike  implored  for  pitv  of  the  cruel  be- 
trayer, V.  lioni  (be  ftill  railed  her  hufband — In  yain 
ilie  tinew  herftlf  at  his  feet,  and  watered  thttn 
with  her  tears — No  anfwer  was  even  vcuchfafed  to 
l-er  lamentations — Jihe  was  carried  down  into  the 
hold,  and  the  next  day  the  fleet  let  fail  for  Ruffia  ! 

On  arnvingr  at  Pererfbr.rgh,  the  young  vicStim  was 
fliut  up  in  a  fcrtrcfs;  and  what  became  of  htr  af- 
terwards was  never  certainly  known — Some  thouoht 
that  ihe  was  drowned  in  the  waters  of  the  Neva; 
others,  with  more  probability,  that  fhe  was  poifon- 
cd  in  prifon.  ^'' 

Tiie  inhabitants  of  Leghorn,  who  had  fcen  the 
Princefs  embark,  heard  fl.ordy  after,  with  horror, 
tijat,  inftead  of  a  ^fand  entertainment,  which  Uic 
■was  led  ro  expect  on  board  tie  fieet,  ilie  was  put  in 
irons.  The  GrandDuke  of  Tufcany,  whofe  territory 
was  fo  {iiamefuUy  infulted,  wrote  immediately  to 
I'ienna  and  to  Peterfbuigh  to  complain  of  the  out- 
r<i^;e  ;  but  the  iron-hearted  Oiloff  infolently  braved 
both  the  complaints  of  Leopold  and  the  public  indifr- 


narion. 


[We  have  fecn,  by  the  extrafl  liere. given,  that 
the  i'yflem  of  Favonriti.'^m  had  been  inToduced  into 
the  Ruliian  Court  by  the  Emprtfs  Elizahtth,  in  a 
manner  not  very  refined  or  decorous — Cdtherine  nnr- 
fued  the   fame  lyflem,  but  in  rather  a  more    ord 


orlv 


and   methodical   manner,  ahho'  not  Icfs  open  and  a- 

vowed 

*  The  v/retcheJ  fate  of  the  y^-vn^TarvaKanoff"  may  be- 
compared  to  tlat  of  the  daughter  c.\:  Sejamis  :  "  A  caraifice 
*'  laqueum  juxta,  coirprclVum — '* — Tacit.  Aim.  lib.  v. 


•   l* 


%z  CATHERINF.  II. 

vowed — Catherine's  pafTion"^  "vcrc  a<;  3rf!cnt  as  FJiz- 
abetlrs,  I  nt  fl'c  condiK^tcd  aJ!  her  affairs,  wlictiicr 
of  bnfineis  or  plcafurc,  with  vaOly  n)ore  f.silland 
addrefs — Tiic  gratification  of  lirr  dcfires,  however, 
Mas  pr^*.  obtained  but  at  a  •rrenr  price ;  t!ie  Reader 
is  afli  ivKhed  at  the  funis  of  nonevi  jewelc,  r^nd  pa- 
laces, ^vjveii  totheie  Paramonrs,  panirularly  to  Po- 
ten^kin,  who  had  the  art  to  obtain  from  his  imperial 

m'itrcfs  a  ifffi  hmidrd  marriage  * V/irh  a  Hiort  ac- 

connt-of  Cathcrire's  method  of  condoc^in^  her  fyf- 
tcm  vS  Two  our  it  if m^   we  (hall  conclude  thefe  extra61s.] 


The  pof>  of  Ri-vv.rntf  beinir  peculiar  to  R-jfila,  it 
wfi'i  naturally  be  expcitcd  that  it  rnnuld  here  be 
treated  of  fomewhac  more  at  large. — Ever  fince  the 
year  17.^0,  this  rLmpire  has  been  governed  b;  wo- 
men, tlie  reig;n  of  Pet^^rlll.  hivmg  been  x^M^  fliort  ro 
form  any  fii  iking  exception,  or  f<u- giving  the  Ruflj- 
ans  a  no'ion  of  any  o  her  government.  It  is  a  trite 
remark,  that  when  Kings  reign  Women  rule,  and 
\vlien  Women  reign  Men  govern;  but  there  feems 
norhing  more  in  tliis  pretended  axiom  than  an  ?.nti- 
theds  confccratcd  bv  cuflom,  and  repeated  from  fine 
to  the  otijer,  like  njany  more,  without  rene(*^tion  or 
fonndntion.  Henrv  IV,  Guflavus  Hi.  Carl-erine  II. 
r.re  inv-ncible  proofs  that  both  iiicn  and  womtn  are 
capable  of  grand  undertaking.?,  without  tlie  aid  of 
the  other  lex,  not  to  mention  mc^-e  examples  in  confir- 
mation of  the  fad.  For  a  fe^ics  of  feventy  years  the 
MonarcliS  of  RuHla  have  always  had  Favourites  offi- 
cially :  it  is  no  wonder  rhen  that  the  cu^lom,  thus 
faD(5iioncd  for  I'o  long  a  period,  and  fcrr'pMloufiy  ob- 
ferved  by  four  En)pre{re'S,  Ihould  be  a -molt  deemed  a 
fundamental  law  of  the  Empire,  and  an  appendacre 
to  imperial,  grandeur  I  —  As  the  reign  of  Catharine 
^vas  of  a  longer  duration  than  anv  of  the  Emp- efTes 
lier  predecefl^rs,  it  is  highly  natural  that  the  number 
of  her  Favourites  fiiould  be  more  confiderable. 

*  It  appears  by  this  HifLory,  that  fclie  pre fent  Emperor 
ir,  iT^tthc  fon  of  her  huiland,  Peter  III  but  c f  a  Count  £ul- 
t!ko>v,  Vice  Chairiberlain  to  the  then  Grand  Duke,  who, 
f^iord/  afrer  her  n-,aniage,  had  the  honour  of  becoming  Cz.- 
th^r'ixi&'^f.rst  Favourite. 


CATIiiCrJNE  II.  23 

Tr  is  neccffiry  then  to  fhew  what  were  the  duties 
end  difiinctir>ns  of  the  favourftes  of  Catherine.--- 
When  her  fslajedy  had  fixed  I'cr  choice  on  a  new 
Favourite,  fhe  created  him  litr  General  Aid-de- 
c-amp, in  order  that  he  might  accompanv  her  every 
wljere  without  attrac^ling  reproach  or  inviting  o't- 
fervation.  Thenceforward  the  F'avonrite  occuried 
in  the  palace  an  apartinent  benearh  that  of  tiie  Em- 
prcfs,  to  which  it  communicatee  by  a  private  ftair- 
cafe.  Tlie  vfirli  day  of  his  indalhr.ent  lie  received  a 
prclent  of  100,000  rubles,  and  ever)  man. h  he  found 
12,000  on  his  drcHiug-table.  The  JVlarfhal  or"  the 
Court  was  cornmifiioned  to  provide  him  a  table  of  24 
covers,  and  ^o  defray  all  the  expencts  of  his  Ijoiife- 
hold.  The  Favourite  attended  the  Euiprcfs  on  all 
parrie.=:  of  amufoment,  at  the  opera,  ac  balls,  pro- 
menades, excurfions  of  pleafure,  and  tlie  like,  and 
was  not  allowed  to  leave  the  palace  without  exprefs 
permifnon.  He  was  jxiven  to  uiideifland,  tliat  it 
would  not  be  taken  well  if  he  convcrfed  familiarly 
with  other  wffiinen  ;  and  if  he  went  to  dine  with 
any  of  his  friends,  the  miflrefs  of  the  houfe  was  al- 
ways abfcnt  ! 

Whenever  the  Emprcfs  cafl  her  eves  on  one  of  her 
fubjcc^^s,  in  the  defign  of  raifnio;  him  to  the  pofl  of 
Favourite,  {ne  aivAcd  him  to  be  invited  to  dinner  by 
fome  lady  in  her  conlic'ence,  on  whom  flie  dropped  in 
as  if  by  chance — There  llie  would  enter  in  o  ilif- 
ccnirfe  with  the  new  comer,  with  a  view  to  di ("cover 
whether  or  not  he  was  worthy  of  the  honour  (lie  de- 
fi;^ned  to  vouchia^e  him.  When  the  judgement  fhe 
formed  was  favourable,  the  confidant  was  informed 
cf  it  by  a  {ifrnifirant  look,  who  took  care  to  notifv  it 
to  liim  who  had  the  happinefsto  pleafe.  The  day  fl- 
lowing  he  received  a  vifit  from  one  of  the  j>hy(ici- 
ans  of  the  Court,  who  came  to  inquire  into  ^^^y?(7/(? 
of  his  kcMth  ;  and  the  fame  evening  he  accompanied 
the  Emprefs  to  the  hermitajre,  and  took  polieOion 
of  the  apartment  that  had  been  prepared  '.or  him. 
It  v.as  on  the  feleflicn  of  Potemkin  that  rhefc  for- 
malities h-^gRT)  ;  and  fince  that  time  they  h.ivc  been 
cooflantly  obferved.  U'J.vn 


-24  CATHEFJNE  II. 

lVhe72  a  Favourite  had  lofi  the  fewer  cf  making  him'^ 
felfugreeable^  there  was  alfo  a  particular  manner  ot' 
giving  him  his  difmifiion.  He  received  orders  to 
trave?;  and  fiom  that  moment  he  was  debarred  all 
accels  to  her  Majedv.  But  be  was  (me  of  finding  at 
the  place  or  his  deilmatiOQ  recompenct;s  v.oithy  cf 
the  munificent  Catherine, 

—  [To  be  continued,']'-' 

HORACE  WALPOLE,    LORD  ORFORD. 

Mr.  Wal])cl^  v/ns  the  your^eH  fon  of  the  famous  Sir  Rob. 
\\  ?.1pole,  many  years  prime  .\  inifter  to  G»org;e  I.  and  II. 
— Horace  was  bom  in  thie  year  171 5,  and  received  a  com- 
plete education  at  Eton  fcViool,  at  Cambridgi^s  irnd  by  Kis 
travels  in  Ituly,  Sec.  He  was  many  years  a  ixendber  of 
Pi'riianient,  latterly  he  afcended  to  the  Peerage,  v/as  ac- 
quainted witli  the  fir4  wits  of  the  age,  was  difencuniber- 
ed  of  either  wife  or  children,  ar.d  was  p-^iTefied  of  an  in- 
depeiident  fortune  —  in  lliort,  he  had  every  oppor-.unity 
that  a  man  could  have,  to  improve  his  mind  and  increafs 
his  knowledge.  He  died  in  the  80th  year  of  his  age, 
leaving  a  fortune  of  95,000!.  in  the  3  percent.  Sto.k. — 
He  bequeathed  io,oool.  to  the  Duchefs  of  t'louceHer, 
50C0I.  to  Lady  .'i  aldegrave,  5000].  to  each  of  tlie  Mifs 
Berrys,  and  500I.  to  each  of  his  nepliews. —  v\  heri  he  was 
above  70  )  ears  of  age,  he  offer'd  to  marry  eiiher  cf  the 
IN  ifs  Eeirys,  but,  Jlrange  to  tell,  both  of  them  had  the 
courage  to  re fufe  a  Lord  and  95,000!.  yet  l:e  gei^erouliy 
remembered  them  in  his  will. — To  \,rs.  Danier  (celebrated 
for  her  uncommon  tafte  as  a  ilatuary)  he  left  2000!.  and 
the  beautiful  feat  of  Strawberry  Hill,  fituated  on  the 
bank  cf  the  Thames,  near  to  London. 

After  Mr.  Walpole  had  retired  from  Tailiament,  he  dedi- 
cated himielf  entirely  to  the  fine  arts  and  literary  pur- 
fuits.  He  publif'ied  a  Catalogue  of  Rcyai  and  NcMe  Au- 
tliors,  which  difplays  much  inda.-ry  and  judicious  criti- 
cifm.  His  hilioric  doubts  refpetfling  the  life  aad  true  cha- 
racter of  Richard  HI.  are  replete  v/ith  great  ingenuity 
and  found  argim'.ent.  The  cnly  dramatic  worl<.  he  ever 
produced  was.  The  Myfterious  Mother,  a  tragedy,  jr/inted 
at  his  own  prefs  (for  he  was  both  a  Poet  and  a  Printer, 
kindred  Arts)  at  Stra.wberry  Hill  ;  the  IlCvv  is  wcichy  of 
penilal  in  the  cloiet,  but  too  hrrrid,  perhaps  too  indelicate, 
for  public  reprefentaticn.  The  Lafde  of  Otrant-j,  a  ro- 
mance 


HORACE  WALPOLE.  25 

-r^ance,  is  an  unique  of  its  kind,  was  favourabTx-  received, 
-and  w?.,s  the  prolific  parent  of  a  number  of  incclierent 
compofitions  that  daily  load  and  difgrace  the  prefs.*  He 
alfo  inibiiriied  entertaining  Anecdc-es  of  Painting,  with 
fome  interefi'.ng  particiilars  of  tlie  celebrated  Hogarth. — 
He  wus  one  of  the  combination  of  Wits  who  fuj)j)orted 
Moore  in  his  periodical  naj.^er  entitled  The  World.  —  iv  r. 
Walpole's  works,  particularly  Lis  Ictiers,  are  charaifierifed 
-by  a  playfuliiers  of  in-iagination,  and  a  delicacy  of  -v^-it, 
a  talent  ieldom  acquired  by  Writers  in  general.  He  wai 
iincomnioniy  agreeable  in  his  manners,  (hone  ^really  in 
company,  and  was  thouglit  to  poffefs  a  ^eater  ftock  of 
literary  and  political  anecdotes,  than  any  gentleman  in 
hngland;  indeed  it  may  be  laid,  tha*:,  with  his  genius,  no 
man  had  ever  better  opportuniries  of  acquiring  know  ledge, 
having  it  in  his  ])o\ver,  for  60  yc\rs,  to  airociate  v.itlt 
every  man  in  Great  Britain  and  France,  from  the  Prince 
to  the  loweil  grade  in  fociety. 

MR.  Walpole's  works  are  hanrifomcly  printed 
in  5  volumes  4to.  adorned  with  a  number  of 
well-engraved  copper-plates — Thefe  volumes,  how- 
ever, with  an  American  reader,  cannot  have  very 
iniich  interelt  ;  tliey  are  almofl  entirely  adapted  to 
an  A^/^/f/Zz  reader,  one  too  arquainted  withlhe  times 
they  delcribe,  and  the  cbaraclers  that  then  fi'Tared 
on  the  public  flage.  Mr.  VV.  aware  of  this,  ac- 
l^nowledges,  "  that  his  books  are  only  calculated  iqc 
tiie  idle  and  the  curious" — but  the  curious  reader 
will  find  many  articles  wortliy  of  his  attention,  as 
Tvlr.  VV.  had  a  very  general  conne6iion  with  both 
the  falhionabie  and  political  world,  and  an  iatimate 
knowledge  of  all  the  leading  men,  and  women  too, 
of  the  times  in  which  he  lived, 

Mr.  Walpolc  was   a  fiaunch  Whig,  and,  in  fome 
inflances,  borders  even  on  Rcpfiblicanifm.      He  de- 
lineates ch=ira«5Lers  with  much  wit  and  ridicule,  and 
withdraws   the  veil   which  had  hidden  fevera I  ^^f^/-,?.?^ 
C  men 

*  The  Old  Engll fn  Baron  m-iiy  be  confidercd  as  the  bell 
imitaiion  of  the  Caille  of  Dtrani;o — but,  be. ond  all  modern 
V/riters,  the  fanciful  pen  of  .'V  rs.  Radcliffe  has  carried  the 
marvellous  to  the  higheft  pitch  of  imagination,  whiiil,  in 
due  time,  llie  naruraliy  accounts  for  all  her  feemingly  fuper- 
natural  appv^aranccs. 


26  HORACE  WALPOLE. 

men  "  from  the  world's  ken,"  *  —  At  prefent,  wc 
feledl  from  his  works  fome  parts  of  what  he  calls 
his  Reminifcences^  which  contain  interelling  anec- 
dotes relative  to  the  two  firfl  Georges,  who,  with 
all  their  Gothic  clumlinefs  and  German  (latellnefs, 
had  their  Favourites  and  their  Mljtreffes^  for  w  horn  the 
Englifh  nation,  as  ufual,  had  to  provide  both  in 
tides  and  penlions  J 


George  I.  while  Electoral  Prince,  had  miviieJ  his 
coulin  the  Princ«fs  Dorothea,  only  child  of  the  Duke 
of  Zell ;  a  match  of  convenience  to  reuntie  the  do- 
minions of  the  family.  Though  Ihe  was  very  hand- 
Ibme,  the  Prince,  was  extremtjy  amorous,  and  had 
leveral  Mi/lrt-JJis ;  which  provocation,  and  his  abfencc 
in  the  army  of  the  Confederates,  probably  difpofed 
the  Princefs  to  indulge  fome  degree  of  coquetry. 
At  that  moment  arrived  at  Hanover  the  famous  and 
beautiful  Count  Konifmurk  +,  the  charms  of  whofe 
])erfon  ought  not  to  havje  obliterated  the  memory  of 
his  viie  alfaffination  of  Mr.  Thynne.  His  vanity, 
the  beauty  of  the  eiedtoral  Princefs,  and  the  neglcdl 
under  which  he  found  her,  encouraged  his  prefump- 
tion  to  make  his  addrefTes  to  her,  and  that  not  very 
lecretly  ;  and  fhe  received  them  rather  too  indifcreet- 
ly.  Th/E  old  Ele6lor  flamed  at  the  infolence  of  fo 
ftigmatized  a  pretender,  and  ordered  him  to  quit  his 
dominions  the  next  day.  The  Princefs,  furrounded 
by  women  clofely  conne^lcd  with  her  huiband,  and 
confequently  enemies  of  the  lady  they  injured,  was 
pprfuaded  by  them  to  fuffer  the  Count  to  kifs  her 
hand  before  his  abrupt  departure  ;  and  he  was  adlii- 

ally 

*  We  admire  the  ftyle  of  Mr,  W's  letters  ;  they  are 
witty,  Ipriglitr, ,  and  unaiTeded;  he  writes  like  a  Genrletnan 
and  a  Sch:4xi-,  and  wields  the  weajxni  of  ridicule  with  unr 
common  dexterity.  We  think  his  manner  a  model  for  cer- 
tain kinds  of  familiar  correfpondence,  perhaps  pi-eferable 
even  to  that  of  Lord  Cheflerfield 

f  Brother  of  the  beautiful  Countefs  Konifmark,  mistress 
of  Auguitus  II  of  Poland. — The  Count  had  the  honoxir  of 
,eing  wounded  at  a  bull  feait  in  Spain,  where  he  behave<i 
^yith  vaft  iatrepijiity ! 


HORACE  WALPCLE.  27 

ally  introduced  by  them  into  lier  bed-chamber  the 
pext  inorning  before  the  role.  B  rom  that  moment  he 
dilappeared  ;  nor  was  it  known  what  became  of  him, 
till  oi  the  death  of  George  1.  on  his  fon  the  new 
King's  firll:  journev  to  Ilaiiover,  fome  alterations  in 
the  palace  being  ordered  by  him,  the  body  of  Konif- 
iTjark  was  difcovercd  under  the  floor  of  the  eltdoral 
Princefs's  drefling  room,  the  Count  having  probably 
been  ftranglcd  there  the  inltant  he  left  her,  and  his 
body  fecreled. — The  difappearance  of  the  Count 
made  his  mnrder  fufpe(fti.d,  and  various  reporfs  of 
the  difcovery  of  his  body  have  of  late  yeai?>  been 
iprea:!,  but  not  with  the  authentic  circun^flancts. 

Of  the  circumflances  that  eniued  on  Ko  11  ifm ark's 
•dilappearance  I  am  ignorant;  nor  am  1  acquainted 
with  the  laws  of  Germany  relative  to  divorce  or  i'ep- 
aratlon  :  nor  do  1  know  or  ihppofe  that  Defpotifm 
and  Pride  allow  the  law  to  iniilt  on  much  formality 
when  a  Sovereign  has  rcafon  or  a  mind  to  get  rid  of 
bis  wife.  Perhaps  too  much  difficulty  of  untying 
the  Gordian  knot  of  Matrimony  thrown  in  the  way 
of  an  abfolutc  Prince  would  be  no  kindnefs  to  the  la- 
<lies,  but  might  prompt  him  to  ufc  a  fharper  wear- 
pon,  like  thit  butchering  hufband  our  Henry  VIII. 
Sovereigns,  who  narrow  or  let  out  tlie  law  of  God 
according  to  their  prejudices  and  padion?,  m.ould 
their  own  laws  no  doubt  to  the  flandard  of  their  con- 
venience. Genealogic  purity  of  blood  is  the  predo- 
minant folly  of  Germany  :  and  the  code  of  Malta 
ieems  to  have  more  force  in  the  empire  than  the  ten 
Commandments.  Thence  was  introduced  that  moft 
abfurd  evafion  of  the  indiflblubility  of  marriage,  ef- 
poufals  with  the  left  hand  \  as  if  the  Almighty  had 
retrained  his  ordinance  to  one  half  of  a  man's  per- 
fon,  and  allo%veJ  a  greater  latitude  to  his  left  (ide 
than  to  his  right,  or  pronounced  the  former  more 
ignoble  than  the  latter  ! — The  confciences  both  of 
princely  and  noble  perlons  inGermany  are  cpiieted,  if 
the  more  plebeian  fide  is  married  to  one    xAio  would 

degrade   the   more    illuftrious    moiety but,  as    it 

the  laws  of  Matrimony  had  no  reference  to  the  chil- 
C  a  dren 


28  I^OP.ACE  WALPOLE. 

dren  to  be  thence  propa|Tatecl^  the  children  of  a  left' 
havdccl  .-illianee  are  not  eiitititid  to  inherit. Shock- 
ing confequencc  of  a  fenfekfs  equivocation,  that 
only  latisfics  Pride,  not  Jiiflice;  and  calculated  for 
ah  acquiial  at  thit'  Herald's  OHice,  not  at  the  laft 
TribundK 

Tlie  Duchcfs  of  Kendal,  of  wliom  I  have  faid  To 
nuich,  was  nhen  Mademoifille  Sciuderobcrg,  maid 
of  honour  to  the  Ele^rcfs  Sophia,  mother  of  King 
George  I.  and  dclHned  by  King  William  and  the  ac!t 
of  fettlement  to  fucceed  ^ueen  Anne.  George  fell 
in  iove  ^vi^h  jVlademoifclie  Schulcmberg,  though  by 
wo  means  an  inviting  objedl — lb  little,  that  one  c- 
vening  when  fce  was  in  waiting  behind  the  Elc6t- 
refs's  chair  at  a  ball,  the  Princefs  Sophia,  who  had 
made  herfelf  miflreis  of  tlie  language  of  her  future 
i'ubje^ts,  faid  in  Englifii  to  Mrs.  Howard  (afrcrwards 
Coun'^cls  of  Suiiolk),  then  at  her  cowrt,  '*Looh  at  that 
ijiawkin,  and  think  of  her  being  my  fon's  pafiion  1" 

The  Duchefs,  under  whatever  denomination,  had 
attained  and  preferved  to  the  lad  her  allendant  over 
the  King:  but  notwitbflandingthat  influence  he  was 
not  more  conltant  to  her  than  iie  had  been  to  his  a- 
vowed  wife:  for  another  acknowledged  mifbefs, 
\vhom  he  alfo  brought  over,  was  INIadame  Kihnan- 
legge,  Countefs  of  Pliten,  who  was  created  Coun- 
teis  of  Darlin^,5on,  and  by  whom  iie  was  indifputa- 
bly  tather  of  Cliarlotte  married  to  Lord  Viftotint 
Howe,  and  mother  of  the  prefent  Earl.  Lady 
Howe  was  never  publicly  acknow  ledgcd  as  the  King's 
daughter;  but  Princefs  Amelia  treated  her  daugh- 
ter Iv'irs.  Howo,  upon  that  foot;  and  one  evening, 
^vhen  I  was  prt  Tent,  gave  her  a  ring  with  n  Iniall 
portrait  of  Gtorpc  L   with  a  crown  of  diamonds. 

Lady  Darlingron,  whom  I  faw  ar  my  mother's  in 
my  inlancy,  'm\(\  whom  I  remember  being  terrih?J 
at  her  enormi)  is  figure,  was  as  corpulent  and  ample, 
as  the  Duchefs  was  long  and  emaciaied.  Two  Herce 
black  eyes,  large  and  rolling  beneath  two  lofty  arch- 
ed eye-brows,  i  wo  acres  of' cheeks  fnread  with  crim- 
fon,  an  ocean  of  neck  that  overflowed  and  was  not 


HORACE  WALPOLE.  29 

d^irtingui /lied  from  the  lower  part  of  her  tody,  ajid 
Jio  })drt  retrained  by  (Uys-^no  wonder  that  a  child 
dreaded  fuch  an  O^rrefs,  and  that  the  mob  of  London 
weic  iii;jljly  diverted  at  the  importation  of  i'o  un- 
comnion  a  vSeraglio  f-^They  were  food  for  all  tiie 
veiior.i  of  the  Jcico!)itcs;  and  indeed  nothing  could 
he  grofil-r  than  the  ribaldry  thr.t  was  vomittd  oiu  in 
lampoons,  libels^  and  every  channel  of  ahufc,  a- 
gaiail  the  Sovereign  and  the  new  Court,  and  ch.anted 
even  in  their  hearing  ahont  tbe  public  llrecis.  ^^■ 

It  was  not  till  the  laft  year  or  two  of  his  reign 
that  tiicir  foreign  Sovereign  paid  tlie  nation  the  conir 
])iiinenc  of  takin-T  ope;;ly  a;)  £-:g::p  miltrels.  That 
j)erlonagc  was  Anne  Brelt,  eidclt  ddiighrer  by  her 
fecoiicl  huiband  of  the  repudiated  wife  of  the  Earl  of 
Macclesfiekl,  the  unnatural  mother  of  Savage  the 
poet."jr  Mifs  Brett  svas  very  haiidlbnie,  but  dark  e- 
noui»;h  by  her  eyes,  coinjjlexion,  and  hair,  for  a  Span- 
ifn  beauty,  Abi?hag  was  lodged  in  the  palace  under 
the  eyes  of  Bathlhcba,  who  feenied  to  maintain  her 
power,  as  other  favourite  j'uhanas  have  done,  bv  iaf- 
fering  partners  in  the  Sovereign's  aite^^lions.  When 
his  Majeily  fiioidd  return  to  England,  a  Conntcls's 
coronet  was  to  ha^  e  rev/arded  the  young  lady's  co^n- 
pliunce^  and  marked  her  fecondary  rank. — She 
iTiighr,  however,  have  proved  a  troublefume  rival, 
as  fne  ieenn^d  fo  cor.iident  of  the  power  of  her 
charms,  that,  whatever  predominant  afcendant  the 
Duchcfs  might  retain^  her  own  auth.orityin  the  pa- 
lace (he  thougii':  was  to  yield  to  no  one  elfe,  George 
I.  when  hiii  Ibn  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Princcfs 
C  3  had 

*  The  folloNving  Anecdote  is  related  oi  George  I. — 
When  his  iNajefty  came  firil  to  London,  in  1714,  the  only 
cxpveiTion  h-^  cculd  uttor  any  v/ay  intelligibly,  when  the 
fcnlelefs  mob  were  huzzaing-  him  thro'  the  llreets,  wap, 
*'  My  }<ocd  peoples,  I  pe  kum  for  yoin-  koods" — "  Yes   (laid. 

a  Wit)  andiorour  chattels  too,  by  G — ."^ Wlien  we  con- 

fider  the  load-of  heavy  taxes  under  which  the  Englijli  people 
now  groan,  the  Income  Tax  the  moil  vexatious  of  all,  the 
Wit  fpoke  prophetically. 

t  See  Lr.  Johnfon's  Life  of  Savage,  fiii  to  betheiioft 
iiniilied  piece  cf  Bio^iaphy  in  the  tngiilh  language. 


so  HORACE  WALPOLE, 

had  quitted  Sr  Jameses  on  their  quarrel  with  him^ 
had  kept  back  :heir  three  eldefl  daughters  who  lived 
with  him  to  his  death,  even  after  there  had  out- 
wardly been  a  reconciliation  between  the  King  ani 
Prince.  IVlils  Brett,  when  the  King  (et  out,  order- 
ed a  door  to  be  broken  out  of  iier  apanment  into  the 
royal  garden.  Anne,  the  clcl(-ft  of  the  PrinctfTes  of- 
fended at  the  freedom,  and  not  choofing  fuch  a  com- 
panion in  her  walks,  ordered  the  door  to  be  walled 
up  ae;air — Mil's  Brett  as  imperioufly  rcverfed  tliat 
ccmn^.and.  The  King  died  fuddenly,  and  the  cm}  ire 
of  the  new  millrefs  and  her  promiled  coronet  vanilh- 
ed.  She  afterwards  married  Sir  William  Leman, 
c.nd  \va€  forgotten  before  her  reign  had  tranfpired 
beyond  the  coniir;es  of  Wefiminfler, 

Mifs  Henrietta  Hobart  was  daughter  of  Sir  Henry 
aYKJ  iifler  of  Sir  John  Hobart,  fince  ctcated  Earl  of 
IJuckinghsmihire,  She  was  rrarried  to  Mr. Howard,, 
afterwards  Earl  of  Suffolk,  iVIr,  Howard  was  not 
opulent,  the  King  was  amorous  in  iheGerman  man- 
ner, and  the  lady  was  incorilant,  or  amb'tious.  The 
intrigue  would  not  have  attra(51ed  much  public  no- 
tice, but  for  tiie  indifcretion  of  the  huflr.aTul,  who,. 
far  from  ceding  his  wife  quietly  to  the  Royal  couch, 
when  healed  v/irh  wine,  went  one  night  into  tl;e 
qAiudrangie  t>f  Sr.  James's,  and  vociferrufly  dejnan- 
«fcd  her  to  be  reiK)red  ro  him  before  the  foidiers,&c. 
Being  thruli  out,  he  ftnt  a  letter  to  her  by  the  Arch- 
bifliop  of  Canterbury,  who  gave  the  letter  to  the 
Qi.cen,  who  had  the  malicicHis  pleafurc  of  deliver- 
ing It  to  her.  —  During  the  innamer,  a  negociation 
was  commenced  with  tfcc  obltreperous  hufband,  who 
iold  his  own  honoar  and  his  wife's  chaltity  for  a 
penfion  of  izcoK  a  year  I 

After  the  death  of  the  ^ueen.  Lady  Yarmouth 
came  cv€r,  who  was  the  King's  milhefs  at  Hanover. 
She  was  created  a  Countefs,  and  had  much  weight 
with  him. — The  King's  laft  years  palled  as  r«gu:ar- 
Jy  as  a  clock.  Ai  9  at  night,  he  liad  cards  in  the  a- 
partment  of  the  Princtffes  Amelia  and  Caroline, 
with   Lady  Yai mouth,    two   w  three    of   the    late 

Qiieen's 


HORACE  WALPOLE.  31 

Q^ueen's  ladies,  and  as  many  of  the  favoured  Offi- 
cers of  his  own  houfhold.  Every  Saturday  he  car- 
ried this  party  to  dine  at  Richmond  ;  they  went  in 
ildie  coaches  about  the  middle  of  the  day,  with  the 
heavy  horfe  gnards  kicking  up  the  dult  before  them. 
They  dined,  walked  an  lionr  in  the  garden,  and 
then  returned  in  the  fame  dufty  parade  to  St.  James's 
—and  fo  his  Majefly  fancicdhimlclf  t lie  molt  gallant 
and  lively  Prince  in  Europe  f 


WALPOLlANA. 

1  h^  expcnfive  fyftein  of  Fu-vouritijm  (on  this  occa- 
fion,  we  ViMchw  female  Favouritifm)  lo  (ay  nothing  of 
its  immorality,  fcemj>  to  be  an  alinofl  infeparable  ac- 
cumpanytncnt  of  Monarchyifm.  Both  religions  and 
profane  Hiilcry  is  full  of  it.  We  Ihali  lay  nothing, 
at  prcfcni,  of  the  jewifii  authorities,  but  point  en- 
tirely toEngl^fh  chronicles. — Williiim  the  Conquer- 
or, liimlclf  a  baflard,  is  the  Ic_^al  founder  of  the 
Englifii  fylleni— PaiTing  ovcrfevcial  ages  o^ Fwnourit^ 
ifm^  we  have  only  time  to  remark,  that  fomcof  the 
inii\  Nobles  in  England  are  tiie  offspring  of  Ciiarlcs 
ll's  titled  concnbiscs — James  II.  v;ithaU  his  gloomy 
fupei  (lition,  had  his  Miflredcs  '*■ — and  even  William 
III.  with  all  his  Dutch  taciturnity,  had  likewife  his 
Favourites— all  of  whom,  together  with  thofc  ot 
C  4  the 

*  Lady  Dorchefter,  well  known  for  her  coarfe  wit,  faid, 
"  that  ftie  wondered  f^r  what  James  chofc  his  millrefTes  — 
We  are  none  of  us  hanjlome  (continued  Ihe),  and  if  we  have 
wit,  he  has  not  fenfe  enough  to  find  it  out!"  —  This  fame 
I.ady  meeting  the  Liuchefs  of  Povtfmoutli  and  the  Countefs 
of  Orkney,  Kini;^  William's  favourites,  one  day  at  the  draw- 
ing-room of  George  I.  "God!  (fhe  exclaimed)  who  would 
have  thought,  that  we  three  whores  ihouid  have  met  here  ?" 
— Havi)ig,  afier  James's  abdication,  married  Sir  David  Col- 
lycar,  by  whom  Che  had  two  fons,  (he  faid  to  them,  "  If  any- 
body fliould  call  you  "  fons  of  a  whore,"  you  muft  bear  it, 
for  you  are  fo ;  but  if  they  call  you  baftards,  fight  till  you 
die,  for  you  are  the  fons  of  an  honeft  man." 

Lady  Sufan  BclJaiis,  another  of  James's  mifirelTes,  had 
wit  but  no  beauty — Vlrs.  Godfrey  had  neither.  Grammont 
has  recorded  why  l]'..e  was  chofen. 


32  WALPOLIANA. 

the  two  firil  Georges,*'  were  pcnlioned  and  ennobled: 
at  John  Bull's  expence  ! 

Lord  Harvey  had  dedicated  himfelf  to  the  Qiieen, 
and  ftood  well  with  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ;  and  he  con- 
trived to  make  a  deep  imprefllon  on  the  heart  of  tbc 
Princefs  Caroline.  A  change  of  Miniflry  afterwards 
tlifplaced  him  ;  ^'^g^t  difappointment,  and  a  dille:n- 
pered  conllitution  carried  liim  off,  and  overwhelmcl 
his  Princets  with  grief,  who  never  after  appeared' 
ia  public  '\' 

Trie  celebrated  Dr.  Johnfon,  who  was  a  Jacobite 
both  in  politics  and  religion,  lield  the  whole  Hano- 
verian race  in  utter  contempt,  and  was  prctiyfreo 
in  Irs  e?:pi  effions  of  diflike,  until  (by  ineaws  of  Lord 
Bate)  he  obtained  a  penfion  of  200I.  a  year,  when 
the  Doclor  found  it  neceiTary  to  be  more  circumfpedi 
— See  Bolwell's  eiideavcur  ro  white-M  alli  his  btar- 
iili  friend. 

Tne  Rotorioufly  reprobate  Lord  Rofs  being  on  his 
i^eath-bcd,  ^vas  deOred  by  his  Chaplain,  *•'•  to  call  cri: 
God.''- — "-  If  1  go  that  way  (faid  the  dying  Peer), 
but  I  don't  believe  Ifha:!," 

A  Vicar  and  Curate  of  a  village  where  tl'cre  was 
to  be  a  busial,  were  at  variance.  The  \''.car  not 
caminir  in  time,  the  Curate  began  the  fervioc,  antl 
was  reading  liic  words  "  I  am  ihe  refurreiftion,"' 
when  the  Vicar  arrived,  almoU  out  of  breath,  an4 
fharching  the  bOi>k  out  of  tlie  Curate's  hand,  cry'J, 
ia  a  pailion,    "  You  the  re fnrre^^ ion—you  lie — 'ris  / 

who  am  thv  rerurre(5tion  !" 

Mr, 

*  To  the  credit  of  Georc^e  IIL  none  of  hir  '»v— 5  difjrace 
the  Eng!ifh  PeeTag:e.  Kis  lav/ful  prcgeny  are  biirthenibme 
enough  in  a'l  canlcience  cu  his  people,  without  the  aid  of 
Uft-handi-J  produfdons. 

t  Lord  Har/ey  had  a  violent  Ureak  ^vith  FrederickPrlnce. 
*f  Wales,  v/iieii  his  Poyal  Highnefs  came  to  know,  that 
his  Lordfnip  had  lliared  the  favours  of  Mifs  Vane,  one  of 
the  Alaick  of  Honour,  r.nd  one  of  th.e  Prince's  miftrefles. — 
AVhen  this  virtuous  J\^aid  of  Hmour  was  delivered  cf  a  foil 
at  S^.  James's,  Ihe  faid  it  was  the  Prince's;  whiift  Lord 
Tiarvey,  and  Loird  A.  c;nd  feveral  other  Lords,  each  of  them, 
thought  tlae  child  Us !, 


WALPCLIAtN^A.  33 

Mr.  ^alpole,  fpeaking  of  the  late  Lord  Clive, 
has  the  following  juft  and  noble  ientiments,  of  the 
triuli  of  which,  the  people  of  England,  Ave  believe, 
has  this  day  the  fulleft  experience  : — *•*  Lord  Clive  "^• 
was  qualilied,  like  Cefar,  either  to  write  or  to  con- 
q.ier.  Siill,  however,  one  who  neither  reverences 
Roman  ulurpations,  nor  Spaniih  moffacres,  will  nev- 
er allow  his  pen  to  applaud  the  invafions  and  de- 
}M-edarion3  of  the  Englifh  in  India.  Suffered  totraf- 
tic  as  merchants,  we  have  llarvcd  ')-,  plundered,  eL- 
flaved,  and  butchered  the  innocent  inhabitants  of 
foreign  countries.  All  the  imported  diamonds  of  the 
r.afl  canBot  ont-blaze  the  crimfon  tliat  ought  to  (lain 
our  cheeks,  or  the  indignation  that  ought  to  fire 
them,  when  mere  recent  MachiAvcL-  have  called  for- 
applanfe  on  thefe  fliocking  devaftations  X  —  Sur,  as 
Cefar's  conquers  lifted  the  yoke  on  the  neck  of  Ro- 
mm  liberty,  Indian  gold  has  already  undermined 
the  Englifh  conilitution  —  For  wlicn  Heaven  infli(its 
H'.:roes  on  mankind,  it  generally  accompanies  them 
with  their  conftqufnces,  the  lofs  of  liberty — to  tliQ 
vanquifiied,  certainly — to  the  vi^fiorious,  often, 
"By  fortign  gold  are  Brififh  morals  chang'd, 
''And  Afrlc'§  fons,  and  Ihdiu's  blood,  aVen^'d."' 

C  5  A 

*  In  the  white -waili'ug  of  thir.  Lord  m  the  Houfe  of 
Conmons,  the  pvefent  Lofd  Lon<:^hboroiigh,  then  ^-r.  Ale'^;. 
Wedaerburn,  firft  diilin»;uiihed  iiimfelf,  and  laid  the  foim- 
da.tio.1  of  his  prefent  fortune. ^ — But  altho'- his  eloquence  could 
cuiet  t\.v  fcrupies  of  a  ven?d  adembly,  he  could  net  bring  to 
his  client  a  quicv  confcience  ;  h'.i  cruehies  in  India  fo  con- 
tiniiaUy  haunted  his  guilty  mind,  that  at  length  he  dallied 
out  h'S  brains  againft  a  marble  ftatue  in  his  own  garden  ! 

+  A'.luding  to  the  famous  rice  mon(;poly  in  India,  when, 
acoo/dir.g  to  fome  accounts,  two  millions  of  the  innocent  it)- 
habit^rts  wei'e  ftarved  to  death ! — Several  Peers  and  Naboha 
r.ow  fiourilh  away  in  England  op.  the  produce  of  that  infa- 
mous traufaftioa. 

+  Our  readers  muft  recoUea  the  mock-trial  of  W.Haftings, 
which  lafted  feven  years,  and  "concluded  with  giving  him' a 
pt'nfion  of  ^oool.  year,  as  an  iintQui.vocal  approbation  of  41 
iiis  atrocities  in  the  £,;.J3. !  *  v 


34  WALPOLIANA. 

A  Clergyman   at  Oxford,  who   was  remarkably 
abfent  and  nervous,  going  to  read  prayers   at   St. 
Mary's,  heard  a  fliow-man  in  the  fame  Itreet,  who 
}iad  an  exhibition  of  wild  bealls^ofteh  repeat,  ''Walk 
iii  and  fee  the  (bow;  all  alive,  all  alive,  ho!" — The 
ioua'-is  flruck   the  abfent  man,  and  ran  in  his  had  fo 
much,  liitot  when  he  began  to  read  the  Service,  and 
came  to  the  words  "  doeth  that  which  is  lawful  and- 
right,  he   IhaH  fave  his  foul   alive,"  he   cried  out 
witli  a  louder  voice,  "he  fiiall  fave  his  foul  aHve,;. 
*'  all  alivej  all  alive,    ho  t" — to  the  afloniihment  of 
■ti>e  congregation. 

Anecdote. Sampfon  Gideon,  a  Jew,  having 

accumulated  a  great  fortune  in  England,  had  a  mind 
to  make  his  fon  a  Chriftian,  and  conform  to  the  elta- 
bliftiti  religion  of  the  country.  Accordingly,  he  re- 
ceived Epifcopsl  baptifm,  and  was  put  under  ilie 
care  of  a  clerical  tutor,  in  order  to  learn  the  formu- 
laries of  that  branch  of  the  Chrillian  faith.  After 
iome  time,  Sampfon  had  a  curiofity  to  know  what 
progrefs  his  fon  had  made  in  the  new  religicin  ;  and 
having  heard  the  Tutor  eixamine  him  in  the  Care- 
chifm,  he  thought  he  would  proceed  in  the  iaBie 
manner  —  **  Who  made  you?"  (aid  the  old  Jew  to 
the  young  Chriftian  ?  "  God,"  anfsvered  the  hoy — 
**  Wiio  redeemed  you?" — "  Jefus  Chrift"  —  Here, 
unluckily,  old  Samplon  forgot  the  next  queftion,  and 
ftood  foolilhly  twirling  his  fingers,  flriving  to  recoi- 
3e(ft  bimffclf ;  at  length,  determined  to  fay  Ibmething 
or  other  like  the  third  quefkion,  '' And  who  gave 
you  that  hat?''— "The  Holy  Ghofl,"  anfwered  the 
youth  ! 

This  fame  youth  was  afterwards  admitted  to  all 
the  rights  and  franchifes  of  an  English  fubjedl — was 
iirft -created  a  Baronet — then  a  Lord — and  is  now,  by 
virtue  of  his  patent,  a  well-beloved  coufm  of  the 
King  himCeif,  and  an  hereditary  Legifiator  of  the 
Imperial  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  —  greater  hon- 
ours, in  the  ef^imation  of  this  world,  than  all  that 
ihe  i^laccabcts  received  ! 

\To  be  continued.^ 


(     35     ) 

MODERN     ROME, 

TmTnediately  previous  to  the  trench  Revolution. 

ON  coming  out  of  the  Pantheon,  I  went  to  the 
Caiptol.  —  This  is  the  place  which  gave  law 
to  the  univerfe  ;  where  Jupiter  had  his  lemple,  and 
Rome  her  fenaie  ;  from  whence  the  Roman  eagles 
were  continually  flying  to  every  quarter  of  the  globe, 
and  from  every  quarterof  the  globe  continually  wing- 
ing their  way  back  with  victories  ;  and  from  whence 
a  lingle  word  from  the  mouth  of  Scipio,  of  Pompcy, 
or  of  Cefar,  quickly  reached  the  inoft  distant  nations, 
nienaciiig  their  liberty,  or  dooming  their  Kings  to 
death  !  —  Alas,  where  is  now  all  its  greatnels  ? — Its 
Senate,  its  Citizens*  its  Liberty? — Rome  retains  ou- 
ly  her  name;  flic  is  now  only  known  by  her  ruins  ; 
by  the  pufillaoimous  fuperllition  of  her  Nobles,  and 
by  the  bigotted  ignorance  of  her  degraded, inhaai- 
tants  \ 

At  Rome  there  is  now  only  three  claflcs  ;  the 
Pope,  the  Clergy,  and  the  People, 

The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at  170, 
000 — Fully  io,ooooftheffe  are  beggars;  menial  fcr- 
vaats  are  more  numerous;  and  the  Clergy  may  be 
reckoned  a  fixth  part  of  the  whole. 

Such  is  the  ilate  of  profefTed  celibacy,  that  up- 
wards of  five  women  are  recTioned  to  one  man.-i— 
This  will  enable  us  to  form  an  idea  of  the  lihertinifm 
of  popifhRome — The  beft  education  a  girl  here  cau 
get,  is  to  get  none — The  multitude  have  fome  wit, 
a  ^reat  deal  of  imagination,  and  no  reafon  1 

Tue  Eccleflaflical  State,  without  troops,  without 
money,  (hrroundcd  by  Stares  catting  a  longing  eye 
sn  its  poflTelhoDS,  Ihould  Teem  an  ealy  prey  to  the  firit 
ambitious  invader.  —  Obferve,  that  the  jealoufy  of 
thefe  States  with-holds  rhem  from  the  attack;  the 
political  interefl  of  the  Catholic  Princes  watches  0- 
ver  a  Deipotifm  upon  which  every  other  depends, 
that  Kingly  maxim,  more  powerful  than  armies,  vii;. 
That  all  uuthority  is  dirwed'fiom  Gcd^ 

It 


3^  MODERN  ROME. 

It  is  inconteftible,  tljat  it  is  the  crown  of  the  Mo- 
narch that  fiipports  the  tiara  of  the  Pontiff — To  fe^ 
parate  them,  would  be  to  deflroy  both. 

The  temporal  auihority  of  the  Pope  will,  proba- 
bly, never  be  loi'V,  till  no  religion  Ihall  exift,  but  one 
free  from  fuperftition.  * 

What  a  duration  does  this  promife?~For  it  isim- 
poflible  for  Reafon  or  Philofphy  ever  to  purge  the 
Catholic  religion  of  all  fupcritition,  ^r 

The  natural  weaknefs  of  the  human  mind,  the  ig* 
Korance  of  the  lower  clafTes,  the  power  of  habit,  and 
the  intercfl  of  various  palfions,  prevent  the  ChriiU- 
aa  rtligion  from  attaining  a  (late  of  perfedl  purity  ;. 
from  elevating  itfelf  to  Heaven,  from  whence  it  de- 
icended,  and  from  retursjing  to  thofe  fimple  and  fu- 
blime  ideas,  to  which  vulgar  minds  can  never  rife.  :J:' 

It  is  eafy  to  explain  the  tranquility  which  reigns  at 
Rome.  —  Tho*  the  Pope  is  in  polfcfTicn  of  abiolute 
power,  he  is  not  much  in  the  way  of  abufing  it — he 
is  not  born  a  Prince — the  crown  is  to  him  the  gift  of 
Forruce— and  he  is  an  old  man  before  he  gets  ir. 

The  dcfpotifm  of  the  Popes,  therefore,  confiT.s 
mere  in  not  exerting  their  power,  than  in  abufing  ir. 

With  refpe6t  to  the  people,  an  infinity  ot  moral 
caufes  bends  their  obedience,  like  their  faith,  under 
the  Fontiiical  yoke.  They  have  an  abfohue  maii^r, 
Jeut  they  have  only  one,  and  they  belie.ve  his  autho- 
riiy  is  derived  from  God  I 

If 

*  In  this  point  the  writer  was  miflaken — We  have  ften 
the  French  Republic  overturn  the  power  of  the  Pope,  and 
cat  the  Goidian  Knot.  It  is  tr.ue,  the  combiixed  Kings, 
both  Catholic  and  Protefl^nt,  h^ivic  reJftor^d  the  puppet ;  but 
the  v<;U  is  withdrawn,  tiie  myllery  is  idi^-lofed  ;  and  the 
!f©pe's  political  ex.iilleijic.^  han^s,  jitprefeot,  on  the  point  of 
Baonaparte's  fwcrd. 

-f  This  fentiment  is  the  more  remarkable,  as  it  cornes 
from  a  Frenchman,  who,  very  probably,  was  bre(jl  a  Roman 
Catholic. 

-  !^  We  hope  the  American  people  will  difprove  this  po- 
rtion, j^nd  ll.ew 'the  world,  that  Liberty  and  a  rational  fyf- 
tem  of  Religion  cAnexiii  together,  wi^ut  the  a;4  of  Su« 
JJtriiition  or  a  Kindly  hierarchy. 


I 


MODERNS  ROME,  37 

If  tl  Q  people  of  Rome  live  in  pt'acc,  tho' neither 
kept  in  ordf  r  by  a  f>outl  police,  ncr  rtlh-ahicd  by  re- 
gular iullicc,  it  is  becanle  the  abience  of  the  caiiles 
of  dilbrder  there  fupplie?  iLe  place  of  the  nfual 
means  of  preferving.  order.  —  Robberies  gnd  houie- 
breakings  are  rare,  but  afTafiinations  are  frequent.—- 
Thele,  however,  occaiion  neither  diitu!  l.uucp  or 
horror;  the  inhabitants  of  Rome  cqoIIv  Ise  thc-m 
committed,  and  relate  them  with  indiifercnce  ;  the 
murderer  is  not  looked  upon  cither  as  dangerous  or 
infamous;  '' No  doubt  (fay  they)  he  has  had  pro- 
yoeation  !'' 

Thus,  the  dagger  is  the  dupl  of  the  populace— 
and  thus,  revenge  conllitutcs  thp  police  of  Kcmc  1 

Jn  fliorr,  in  Rome,  there  is  neither  jnilitary  fpirir, 
nor  municipal  juUicf.  —  Bjlides,  ther^  are  ivear  teveii 
hand  red  1- laces  of  Refuge  in  Ronif ,  and  pvery  houfe 
on  which  a  Cardinal  has  placed  his  arms,  is  a  place 
of  refuge  lor  crcdirors  !  —  Some  Carditials  make  ^ 
gainful  trafhc  o\'  th^ir  afylums  i 

r/Iendicity,  tliat  degeneration  of  poverty,  the  pre- 
carious flate  of  which  in  ether  countries  is  ths  ordi- 
jiarv  Ibnrce  of  robberies,  has  not  thac  inconvewience 
ai  Rome  ;  here  it  is  a  certain  profefuon.  A  man,  a 
woman,  or  a  child,  has  only  to  hang  out  a  fesv  rags, 
or  expofc  a  fore,  and  they  procure  vicSluais.  The 
pity  of  ti;e  Ron^ans  never  rpafons — and  wliat  does  a 
mendicant  want  ?  —  Degraded  by  mifery,  or  diiea.'jc, 
or  idlenels,  animal  life  is  enough  for  him  ;  jtive  hini 
fometiiing  to  ear,   apd  he  is  as  happy — as  his  dog  ! 

Tijere  arre  more  beggars  at  Rome  than  any  oth.cr 
City.  They  fwarm  on  all  Tides;  and  the  pilgrim- 
ages add  to  their  number.  Every  place  is  open  to 
laea'j  ;  they  are  penoitted  to  feek  every  ^^  here  for 
cji^rity.  Deli;acy  fuflers  and  murmurs  at  thir, ;  but 
liumsnity  bids  us  to  cocfider  that  they  are  men. 

At  R-ome,  therclore,  u:ifcry,  indolence,  ambition, 
cr  the  defire  of  women,  do  not  excite  to  robbery— I 
fay,  the  dcflrc  of  the  fcx  ;  for  the  climate  and  th* 
manners  of  the  country,  furnilh  v^omen  even  to  fa. 
tiety — Private  debauchery  is  lo  great,  thit  public 
debauchery  is  not  pcr:civt.d  I  In 


3&  MODERN  ROM£- 

In  the  hiflory  of  civilized  nations,  the  Chapter  o( 
Women  is  divided  into  three  le(ftion£  ;  Beauty,  Gai- 
lantry,  and  Drefs.  The  Roman  women,  like  ihe 
Italian  women  in  general,  ar»  dill  in  a  f^ate  of  ig- 
norance in  an  art  ib  extenfive  and  in)})ortant  as  that 
of  Drefs  ;  in  the  art  of  adapting  ornamejit  to  dreis, 
and  both  to  the  fhape,  features,  complexion,  ago^ 
and  the  diiFereiit  hours  of  the  morniHg  or  evening  ; 
in  the  art  of  Ibftcning  by  gradations,  of  adjufling  by 
Jhadcs,  of  availing  tiiemrdves  of  com  rafts — in  fhon, 
in  that  art,  fo  coftly  and  Icientiiic,  of  completely  c- 
quipping  a  woman  for  vanity,  coquetry,  or  faOiion. 

Shall  I  tell  it  ?— Will  it  be  believed '—All  the  wo- 
men in  Ronie  wear  Wigs  !  —  It  is  a  facrifice  made 
to  indolence  by  their  coquetry.  Accuftomed  to  lye 
down  every  day,  after  dinner,  till  (ix  in  tlie  evening, 
to  place  a  fecond  night  in  the  middle  of  tiie  dav, 
they  have  found  ip  too  troublcfomc  to  build  up  the 
edifice  of  a  liead-drels  twice  in  tke  ianie  day,  and 
therefore  indolently  refign  their  locks  to  the  IcilTors. 

The  Roman  ladies  are  in  tiie  habit  of  putting  oii 
white  paint  when  in  full  dreis.  The  Italian  lady 
wiflyes  to  be  a  lilly  V  the  French  lady,  a  role  What, 
Kas  not  beneficentNature  made  them  women  ? — Why 
>vill  they  thus  disfigure  thcmfelves  ?  —  Thty  muit 
liave  gauzes,  feathers,  flo\^  ers,  and  artihlciai  headsr; 
has  not  Nature  given  them  beautiful  hair  ? — Rou^o  ; 
lias  fhe  not  adorned  them  with  the  bluih  of  modelty  ? 
— White;  altho'  (he  has  given^them  the  moll  deli- 
cate complexion  ?  ||^ 

It  is- a  fadl,  that  the  (uperfiuity  of  exigence,  if  I 
may  ufe  the  cxpreffion^  never  fails  to  produce  that 
uneafy  fenfation,  which  the  French  call  snmii^  and 
fhe  Englifti,  lidlifsnefs,  fometimes^  nothing  tj  do'ijh- 
fufs. — But  this  fuperfliiity  of  time,  after  t!)e  grati- 
fication of  their  moll  preding  appetites,  the  modern' 
Romans  expend  in  fleep,  io  love,  in  frivolities,  or 
ia  religious  proceflionsi 

From  dinner  they  pafs  to  fle«p,  which  lafts  till  fix 
in  the  evening;  they  then  do  nothing,  or  in  trifles 
Y^hich  ikmount  to  nothings     Night  arrives  ;  ail  bufi- 

licis 


MODERN  ROME.  09 

ncfs  is  fufpentkd,  and  all  the  fhops  are  fliut  'jp;  men 
and  womcny  boys  and  girls,  every  body  takes  fligiit 
till  three  or  four  in  the  morning.  Tliey  haficn  to  liic 
public  walks,  to  the  Corib,  to  coteries,  and  to  ta- 
verns —  In  Ihort,  every  night  is  a  public  feiliva!,  at 
M'hich  love,  or  rather  luit  prefidta.  The  Itnfcs 
i'peak  to  th«;  fenfes,  and  they  foon  make  tliemfelves 
underllood.  — •  Intrigues  are  ib  numerous  in  Kome, 
That  nothing  can  Le  called  an  intrigue —  l"n  modem 
Home,  the  morally  beautiful  is  abiblutely  loil  and 
unknown. 

The  modern  Romans  have  a  wonderful  faciiit-y  of 
rljapging  faces  ;  they  are  perpetually  mafked, — In 
their  dealings  with  each  other,  they  never  give  cre- 
dit to  countenances,  to  language,  or  eveo  prolcflious 
—they  believe  only  in  the  event  !  ; 

Throughout  all  the  intercourfe  of  the  great  with 
the  great,  and  of  the  great  with  the  little,  in  Rome, 
there  reigns  a  certain  cafe,  politenefs,  and  univcrfal 
flattery.  This  proceeds  from  the  oppoi  tunities  For- 
tune here  enjoys  of  exercifing  all  l;cr  caprices,  and. 
this.,  generally,  in  fecret  and  in  flkrce,  by  means  of 
vaietn,  mcnks,  itcrctaries,  and  intriguing  women. — 
Nobody,  therefore,  is  acquainted  with  whom  he  has 
to  do,— lb-morrow,  perhaps,  that  Prieft  may  be  a 
Pope,  that  Monk  may  be  a  Cardinal,  or  that  valet 
a  man  in  power. —  In  this  Hate  of  doubt,  every  body 
js  civil  to  every  body  ;  and,  in  this  flate  of  uncertain- 
ty, every  body  lavifhes  good  wilhes,  fmiles,  and 
rfjucezes  of  the  hand  I 

Would  you  wifli  to  know  the  behaviour  of  a  Car- 
dinal when  he  vifits  another  Cardinal,  efpccially 
when  the  latter  is  in  place?  —  On  entering  the  firfl 
anli-cLamber,  where  the  fervants  are,  his  Eminence 
niakes  a  profound  bow  ;  in  the  fccond,  where  fit  the 
valcrs  de  chambre,  he  fmiles;  in  the  third,  where 
the  CcLvdirnVs  ge/ifi^meK  (lay,  he  takes  them  by  the 
hand  ;  in  the  fourth,  where  he  finds  theinrrodud'tor, 
iie  again  bows,  and  fmiles,  and  takes  him  by  the 
hand,  and  even  chats  with  him;  at  length,  he  ar- 
livts  at  the  great  man's  chamber.     In  appearance, 

you 


4»  BIODERN  ROME,. 

you  fee  two  friends  cordially  embracing  each  other 
"—no  iiich  thing  ;  they  are  two  rivals,  ready  to  cut 
each  other's  tiiroat  ! 

Life,  here,  knows  only  child-hood  and  age — The 
other  feaibns  are  \yaiiciug  —Yet  the  people  here  ap- 
pear to  be  fatisHed.  Their  hunger  is  not  violent  j. 
one  daily  repaft  fatisfits  them.  Their  thiril  con- 
fumes  little  wine,  bur  great  quantities  of  ice  and  le- 
moni.  '/y.id  as  for  clothing,  tl>e  clitnare  reduces  this 
to  a  mere  covering  ;  every  body  not  naked,  is  cloth- 
ed.— Tlie  wants  of  the  fexcsf.nd  aliment  in  Cidjheifm^ 
the  manners  or' the  country,  and  in  religion  ! 

Tlic  Roiiiilh  religion,  by  jts  abfolutions,- thro\ys 
a  convenient  veil  over  the  paft,  and,  ^i^  its-pronjifes, 
gives  a  favourable  colouring  to  the  future.  The 
common  people  are  thofe  wii®  fear  the  leaf!,  and 
hope  the  moih  Tiicy  poiTefs  a  mofl  comiiioiious  re- 
hg'ion.  Let  theiTi  be  preiea:  at  their  religious  cere— 
iTujnies,  that  is  to  fay,  their  facred  theatrical  cxhi- 
birions,  to  make  certain  figns,  and  pronounce  cer- 
haio  words,,  and  they  are  lure  of  Heaven  I 

Religious  cerenionits  are  very  frequent  in  Rome  j 
indeed  thev  are  neceiTiay'to  amufs,  and  to  deceive, 
this  vvorthlefs  people  j  but  I  thought  tl-.em  uninter- 
e(Hng,  wiihout  dignity  or  propriety — The  procefiion 
of  the  Ftie  Dieu  owes  its  fpkudor  to  the  prefence  of 
the  Pope. 

All  the  Monies,  all  the  Priells,  all  the  Preh^tes, 
a-U  the  Cardinals,  &c,  are  now  in   St.  Peter's,  and- 
the  proceffion  is  arranging. — VVhiKt  this  is  ordering, 
1  walk  in  the  church,  and  am  hurried  about  by  the 
crowd — What  noife,  v-'hat  confuGon  !   occalioncd  by 
the  floods  of  people  perpetually  pouriog  in,  and  ths^ 
Boods milling  out  I — By  devotees,  who,  preffing  a- 
found  the  feet  of  St-  Perer,  are  conrcnding  for  the 
happinefs  of  kiffing  them  ;   by  pftrlor.s  of  every  dc- 
icription,  every  fex   and  age,  kneeling  belbie  Con- 
feflionaU  hlled  v/ith  crafty  Klonks,  and  receiving,  ab- 
folution  difpenl';;d  at  the  end  of  a  long  fvvitc)),  which, 
the  Monks  {hake   over  their  heads;  by  young  rnea . 
and  girls,  wacderiog  from  tomb  to  tomb,  wauton— 


MODEUN  ROME.  47 

jng  with  each  other,  and  talking  of  love  ! — Here  i 
fee  Engliilimcn  gravely  taking  tlie  di:ncniions  of  the 
pillars;  Frenchmen,  ikipping  about  and  jelHng ; 
Germans,  afioni/hed  to  perceive  on  the  gates  of  tiie 
fineft  church  in  the  world,  tlie  nioft  lalcivious  pic- 
tures I —  On  the  other  tide,  1  obfervc  a  row  of  ^bbes 
bending  tlieir  bodies  to  the  earth,  and  riattering  the 
Cardinals,  who,  as  ihey  pafs,  aifume  great  ftateii- 
ncfs  ;  and  a  number  ol'  mendicants,  who,  to  in^jpofe 
on  pity,  or  fatigue  delicacy,  fliock  every  eye  with 
fores  and  nudities  ! 

At  length,  the  order  of  march  is  given — Behold  a 
numerous  train  of  dirty  penitent?,  \vho  tile  ofT,  And 
make  room  for  a  mulii'.ude  of  dirty  monks,  dirty 
curates,  and  a  tliouram!  dirty  wretches,  clad  in  dir- 
ty furplices,  bearing;  each  of  them  a  flambeau,  and 
exciting,  every  where  as  tiny  pafs,  by  iheir  gro- 
tcfque  ai)p(arance,  an  univerfai  laugh.  Kow  come 
the  Prelates,  the  Cardinals,  and  the  Pope  himfeii'  I 
—  His  miiirary  attendants  receive  him,  and  the  holy; 
.Sa'  ramer.t  that  is  vvaicing  for  him.  The  union  of 
the  two  powers  tskcs  place,  to  the  found  of  trani- 
j.cts ;  the  Pope  and  rh.s  S>)vereigri  are  intermingled, 
iind  the  Crosvn  and  the  Tiara  uniteil  on  the  fame 
liead  ! — Th^'  Pontiif  King  then  iiiounts  on  a  throne, 
and  !eats  hifiiltir  with  the  Hod  before  hirn,  yet  it  is 
fo  managed,  that  he  appears  as  if  on  his  knees,  whilst 
a  dozen  robu't  men  bear  hirc  along.  It  is  in  this 
manner  th.it  the  chief  of  the  Chriliian  Bifliops  ad- 
vances among  the  people,  lidding  the  Sacrament  in 
liis  hands,  and  his  eyes  lifted  towards  Hcavei',  \vhiiil 
n  general  rnurmur  runs  thro' the  crowd,  whilpering 
ILvf  ha7idj077:e  the  pgpe  L  1 — The  proceihon  returns  to 
the  Church  ;  a  thou  fa  nd  torches  arc  ranged  aiorg^ 
tic  v.'ho'e  extent  of  the  immenfe  building,  and  rountr 
ti  e  High  Altar.  The  Pope  defccnds  from  his  mov- 
irg  throne,  crofies  (he  church,  mounrs  tiie  iteps  of 
ti  e  ahar,  and,  depositing  the  Hoft,  fahs  upon  his 
kncer — riies  up  again — gives  his  bcncdulion — and. 
tiiC  bwfweis  is  conciudcd^. 


42  MODERN  rxdME. 

Is  this  the  religion  of  Chrifl  ? — Are  thefe  the  cere** 
monies  of  the  meek  and  lowly  Jefus  ? — Truly  has  it 
been  faid,  that  if  Peter  and  Faul,  and  the  whole 
Twelve,  were  to  return  on  earth,  they  would  not 
believe  that  this  was  the  religion  for  wl'iich  tluyh\^di 
and  fufFercd,  but  that  thele  whimfical  ceremonies 
were  the  fantaitic  and  unhallowed  rites  of  a  Pagan 


I* 


peopl 

V/hat  a  contrafl  between  the  religious  feflivals  of 
modern  Rome,  compared  with  tliofe  of  the  ancienc 
Romans — in  which,  priefts  crowned  with  laurel, 
priedelfes  with  myrtle,  young  virgins  decked  with 
flovvers,  augurs,  flamens,  veftals,  a  band  of  vcnc- 
rabit  men,  the  flower  of  the  Roman  youth,  and  the 
con(jjerors  of  the  world  in  flowing  robes,  ei'trering 
witii  gold  and  purple,  followed  the  facred  llatues,  in 
ivory  or  gold,  of  Apollo,  juno,  or  Jupiter,  svhich, 
furrounded  by  the  fpoils  and  trophies  of  Afta,  and 
borne  on  triun^phal  cars  drawn  bv  lions  and  leopiirds,. 
defcended  majeftically  from  the  Capitol,  and  follow- 
ed by  the  Roraan  people,  the  fovereigns  of  the  worldy 
amongft  whom  Kings  themfelves  are  confounded, 
advanced,  to  the  found  of  cymbals  and  clarions,  thro' 
the  flreets  of  the  capital  of  the  univerfcT  under  tri- 
umphal arches,  and  before  the  ftatues  of  their  great 
men,  either  to  the  Forum,  the  Paatheon^  or  the 
field  of  Mars  —  and  thu&  advancing,  amidft  all  the 
fplendor,  all  the  magnificence,  all  the  religion,  and 
all  the  Republican  virtue  of  Rome,  leemed  to  be  the 
Gods  themfelves,  of  whom  they  were  the  images, 
defcending  fram  Olympus,  and  alighting  amongfl 
men  I  Some 

*  Such  are  the  people,  and  fuch  the  renp;lon,  cf  modem 
Rome — fe>f  which  religion,  the  people  of  England,  not  many 
years  ago,  ilood  in  fo  much  fear,  and  to  deilroy  which,  they 
flied  fo  much  blood,  and  fpent  fo  much  money — and,  flrange 
to  relate,  to  rellcre  this  fume  fupcriliiion,  they  are  now 
faerificing  fo  many  thoufandij  of  lives,  and  wafting  fo  many 
millions  of  money  ! — What  is  all  this  State  juggling  ? — Is  it 
King-craft,  or  Prleft -craft,  or  both  ? 

I'low  wonderful,  how  immeafurable,  ?,re  the  folly  and  the. 
wi-ckednefs  of  man  I 


MODERN  Rome:.  45 

[Some  of  our  Rcacier<;,  no  doiibr,  have  feen  Sv, 
Paul's  Church  in  London,  and  admired  that  nol>l« 
pile,  worthy  of  fo  great  a  city,  and  of  fo  opulent  a 
people  —  How  much  will  they  be  lur prized  to  hear, 
that  that  building  is  ss  nothing  when  compared  lo 
St. Peter's  Church  in  Rome  !  —  With  the  Author's 
account  of  that  celebrated  llru<5ture,  sv;;  fhaii  cou« 
elude  thefe  extracts.] 


.  If  I  have  not  yet  faid  any  thins^  of  the  famous 
Chu.chof  St.  Peter,  it  is,  becauCe  no  language  tail 
furnifii  exprtflions  to  fj  eak  of  it  as  it  dGi'crvcs. 

The  iquare  wliich  is  before  this  fuptrb  building-, 
h  one  of  the  Ijandf^meft  in  Europe. — In  the  middle  of 
aH  immenle  inclolure,  furrouncltd  by  a  va't  portico, 
>vh:ch  fu])ports,  cm  4C0  majoflic  cohiinns,  z«jo  co- 
loflal  natucs  ;  be'.ween  two  fupei  b  bafons,  blackened 
with  bronze  and  lime,  wh.ofe  waters,  perpetualiy  in 
motion,  Ipout  up,  fparkle,  fall  down  again,  and 
murmur  nigkt  and  cay,  a  magnificent  Obei^fk  pon;- 
pouflv  rears  its  head. 

This  Obcli'k  is  of  the  fineft  granite,  and  was  hewn 
in  Egypt — It  was  ertvl-ted  by  Ikxtus  V. 

B'ot  It  is  not  very  aflonifhing  that  St  Peter's  niou'd 
become  io  pn;digious  an  edifice.  it  was  projcxitd 
by  the  vanity  cf  Julius  iF.  who  defired  that  hiS 
tomb  Ihould  be  a  ttmple.  It  was  undertaken  by  tlie 
genius  of  l.eo  X,  *  who  was  ambitious  of  forming 
one  perfect  work  from  the  maltti  iv  produ'Rions  vi 
all  ilic  Fine -.'\rls.     At  length,  at  the  end  of  feveral 

CCl\r 

*  It  was  the  fcandalous  fale  of  Inthilgencies  in  order  to 
raife  -r.oney  for  tV>if;  buildini;^,  that  gave  rife  to  the  Hefor- 
n^ation,  and  which  )^utl>er  fo  boldl\  and  fucccfs fully  carri- 
ed into  etlet^t.  The  unfortniraie  WicklitF  had  attempted  a 
reformation  of  reli;;ion  long  htfrre  (about  the  year  1350), 
tut  he  appeared  too  foon ;  he  had  not  tliC  noble  Art  of 
Printing  to  alTirt  his  endeavours,  by  o])enh-!g  the  minds  of 
the  people  ;   and   fo    he    and  his  fcllovv  ers  fell  beneath  the 

power  of  the  Roman  Ponifls. Here  again  we  fee  the  ef. 

fe<fts  oi  succi'Si- — WicklifF  is  Itigmatifed  as  a  Heretic;  Lii- 
t>ier  is  celebrated  as  a  Reformer '.—Walhington  is  a  Hero  j 
O'Connor  is  a  Rebel ! 


44  MODERN  ROME. 

centuries,  it  was  finiflied  by  Sextus  V.  *   who  wifli-* 
ed  to  finifh  every  thing. 

This  is  one  of  the  nioft  extenfive  edifices  the  work! 
has  feen.  It  divides  the  Vatican  Mount  inro  tv^'o 
parts  ;  it  covers  the  circus  of  Nero  ;  and  doles  tip, 
between  Rome  and  the  world,  the  Triuinrhal  Way. 

It  is  impoliibie  to  give  an  idea  of  the  lenfations  ' 
\vbich  lill  thefcui  on  entering,  for  the  hvi\  time,  Sc^ 
Peter's  Church — at  Mnding  ourfslves  on  tliat  exten- 
five pavement,  amid/fc  enormous  pillars,  and  before 
thefe  coliMTins  of  bronze  ;  at  the  iigbt  of  all  thofe" 
paintings,  of  all  thole  iiatues,  of  all  thofe  tombs,  of 
all  thofe  altars,  and  under  that  vart  dome — in  a  word- 
where  the  pride  of  the  molt  powerful  Pontiifs,  and 
T]  e  arajbition  of  all  the  £'ine  Arts,  have,  for  centu- 
tnries,  been  adding  to  it  ornaments  of  gold,  granite, 
niarb'e,  bronze,  and  canvas,  iiicrcaling  its  grandeur 
and  magnihcence,  and  infuting  its  beauty  and  dura- 
tion !  t 

It  is  poUibJe,  no  doubt,  to  pi'e  up  to  a  greater 
height,  and  on  a  mc-"e  ami)]e  fuperhcies,  a  greater 
number  of  Itones.  But,  from  fi>  many  cololfal  parts 
to  compofe  one  cdiiSue  which  fha!!  appear  wholly 
grand  ;  from  fu  many  rich  and  brilliant  materials,  to 
«reit  a  building  sviiicb  fhall  appear  wholly  magiiifi- 
ccnt}  and,  itoia   i'o  many  parts,,  to  form  one  iingle 

whole 

*  A  cotemporary  o£  Qiieen Elizabeth,  both  of  them  bold 
and  {ingulur  charu-'fterc,  uad  whofe  hiitcries  are  vrell  worthy 
of  peniftl. — It  v/as  cnce  prcjecled  to  marry  them  togcther.- 
If  they  had,  it  v/a?  faid,  they  ^vould  Irave  produced  Heroes 
capable  cf  cxwlavin?,,.  or  deftroying,  the  -world. 

I  It  took  56  years  to  build  St. Paul's  church  in  London, 
and  it  coft  one  million  fterling. — Sir  Cbriftopher  Wren  had 
the  linj^ilar  good  fortune  to  hegin  and  llniih  it.  —  St.  i'aul's 
is  iniqi'.ef'-ionably  the  noblsfc  piece  of  modern  Church  arcliir 
teeturc  in  the  Britilh  dominions  ;  but  thofe  who  wifli  to 
form  an  idea  oi  the  Gotiiic  ftilc  cf  building,  will  look  with 
wonder  and  aftoniiiiment  on  the  great  Cathedral  at  York. 

Had  bir  Chrifcopher  Wren's  plan  been  fallowed  in  re* 
building  London  after  the  great  fire  of^  1666,  it  now  hai 
been  the  handfor.ieU  as  well  as  the  lar^eft  city  iu  Europe^ 
perhaps  in.  the  world.. 


MODERN  ROME.  45 

awliole,  mufl  be  acknowledged  to  be  a  mafier-piece 
©f  human  art  and  ])erjlvcrance. 

And  this  inader-piece,  in  part,  is  the  work  of 
Michael  Angelo — it  contains  the  labour  of  2.8  years 
of  the  great  Michael  An^elo  i 

But,  fays  the  nice  Critic,  there  are  faults  —  None 
to  my  mind;  not  eveii  to  the  eye.  if  there  arc  any, 
they  u)ull  be  found  by  the  compafs. 

And  woul::1  you  take  a  rule  to  mcafure  the  gran- 
oeur  of  this  Temple  ?  —  No — All  the  time  i  was  in 
it,  I  thought  only  of  God — of  laernity  !  —  By  iii- 
fpiring  inch  ideas,  confifts  its  true  oTandeur. 

It  rs  impoifiblc,  in  this  noble  edihce,  to  entertain 
ordinary  ientiments  or  vulgar  ideas. 

What  a  theatre  is  here  for  the  eloquence  of  Re- 
ligion, for  the  demondration  of  Virtue  ! — I  could 
wiJh,  amidu:  all  the  fpiendor  of  Roniii'li  pomp,  that 
the  voice  of  St.  Paul  hircfelf  migbt  thunder  on  a 
iudi^en,  rolling  from  tomb  to  tomb,  re-echeed  by  all 
thefe  vaulted  roofs,  and  denouncing  to  an  audience 
of  Kings,  in  the  awful  voice  of  the  King  of  Kings, 
demanding  an  account  from  the  awakened  conlcien- 
ces  of  thofe  pale  and  trembling  Mcnarchs,  for  aJl 
the  blood  fhed,  and  all  the  tears  Sowing,  at  this  very- 
moment,  by  thur  command,  in  every  quarter  of  the 
^vorl)  ! 

[We  are  forrv  we  have  not  room  for  this  Author's 
account  of  Naples;  perhaps  \^  e  may  find  room  for 
it  on  another  t)CcafK)n — In  fome  refpects,  however, 
it  is  only  a  repetition  oT  the  fad  corruption  of  mo- 
dern Italy,  the  ikme  floth,  ignorance,  and  fuperfti- 
tion,  mixed  with  the  fame  clfemiaaccy,  proliigacy, 
and  abominable  debauchery  !] 


P.  s — Our  Readers  know,  that  afrcr  the  larc  Tope 
Pins  Vi.  had  ()een  driven  out  of  Ron-re  by  rhe  Frenc^^ 
armv,  and  attempting  to  obtain  fcvcral  afylums,  he 
at  Icngtii  took  j-efu^e  in  France,  where  he  died; 
when  u  f^am  cle^ion  was  held  ar  Venice,  and  a  crea- 
ture of  the  Koufc  of  Ar.flria  was  advanced  to 'the 
dangerous  and  degraded  honour  of  the  I'^opeJom. — • 

lie 


4^  MODERN  ROME. 

He  took  opon  him  the  name  of  Pius  VII.  and  when 
the  French  Avere,  in  their  turn,  in  li^e  abfence  of 
Bunoparte  in  Egypt,  obliged  to  relinquiili  their  con- 
riiefts  in  Italy,  the  new  Pope  took  poirefhon  of  the 
Pontifical  chair,  when  one  of  his  fird  avfts  was,  to 
rellore  the  Liquifitiony  that  powerful  but  mo/l  abomj- 
i3able  inf!rument  of  flavery  and  delpoiiim!  —  From 
"'vhidi  ac^  we  cannot  be  at  a  loi's  to  jvucfs  tlic  views 
ijind  intentions  of  the  combined  Monarchs,  and  julli- 
fyiiig  the  fcnriment  of  the  Writer  from  whom  we 
have  made  ourex-ri6ls:  "  That  it  is  the  crown  of 
the  JMonarch  wliich  fiipports  tl!c  tiara  of  the  Pontiff, 
and  that  both  eonfpirc  to  ktep  the  people  in  fub- 
jeaion." 

On  this  occafion,  it  cannot  be  improper  to  relate 
the  following  Anecdote  of  the  atniabie  Ganganelli, 
ClementXlV.  commonly  called  the  Prorcflant:  Pope. 

An  Englifh  rentleman,  on  his  travels,  taking  leave 
of  Voltaire,  laid  to  him  in  a  jocular  manner,  that 
as  lie  was  going  to  Rotne,  he  wiflied  to  know  if  he 
had  any  commands  to  the  Pope? — "  Prefent  my 
>-umble  refpecT^s  to  the  Holy  Father  (anfwered  the 
Philofopher)  and  tell  iilm,  I  would  be  much  obliged 
To  1  im,  if  he  would  fend  me  the  eyes  and  ears  oithe 
Ino^uifitor  General."  The  Englilliman,  on  his  arri- 
val at  Rome,  being  prefented  to  the  Pope,  was  fo 
charmed  with  his  affability  and  condelcenlion,  that 
he  thought  he  might,  without  offence,  venture  to 
execute  the  Philofopher's  comrniflion  —  ^'  When  you 
return  to  Ferney  (faid  the  good  old  man)  make  my 
compliments  to  M..  Voltaire,  and  affiue  him,  that 
the  Inqointor  General  has  neither  eyes  nor  ears  Hnce 
Ganganelli  became  PontifF."  * 

•  It  is  generally  believed,  that  this  good  man  died  by 
polfon ;  his  liberal  and  truly  chriilian  mind  gave  oiience  to 
the  more  rigid  members  '>f  the  Conclave,  as  well  as  to  cer- 
tain Catholic  Princes  ;  fuch  liberality  did  not  fuit  eirher  the 
temporal  or  the  fpiriturd  views  of  the  Parties.  On  his  death, 
the  Conclave  chofe  &  man  of  a  contrary  difpofit ion  ;  one  of  at 
gioomy.  moroie  difpofition,  fuperilitious,  bis^otted,  and  an 
infle:vibie  obferver  cf  all  the  dogn;as  of  Mother  Church. 

It  is  of  Clement  that  ivioore  relates  the  excellent  ftory  of 
the  Scotchman's  going  from  Aberdeen  t©  Rome,  in  order  to 
convert  :he  Pope  to  Prefb/terianifm! 


(      47      )  /: 

MODERN    PAPaS, 

Li  the  fixth  Year  of  the  Revolution. 

IF  the  morning,  in  Paris,  is  devoted  to  bufincfs, 
the  evening  at  leaft  belongs  ro  Pleaiare.  Over 
thole  hours  fhe  holds  an  iindivi<fed  empire,  but  is 
worfhipped  at  innumerable  altars,  and  hailed  by 
ever  varvying  rituals. 

During  the  lafl  winter  the  amufements  of  .24  the- 
atres, which  were  opened  every  night,  were  every 
night  fucceeded  by  public  and  private  bails,  in  I'ucli 
numbers,  that  there  were  no  kfs  than  2000  ball 
rooms  infcribed  on  the  regillers  of  the  Police,  which 
keeps  its  wakeful  vigils  over  every  Tort  of  amufe- 
inent,  in  all  their  gradations,  from  the  bright  blaze 
of  waxen  tapers  which  difplays  the  charms  of 
nymphs  dreffed  a  la  Suuvage^  ov  a  la  Grec,  who  grace 
the  iplendid  ball  de  Richlieu  ;  to  rhe  oily  lamp  which 
lights  up  the  feventh  fh)ry,  or  the  vaulted  cellar, 
where  the  blind  fiiiler's  animating  fcrape  calls  the 
Sovereign  people  to  the  cotillion  of  wooden  fhoes. 

Thele  2000  ball  rooms  of  the  capital  afford  ample 
proof  that  no  revolution  has  taken  place  in  the  man- 
ners of  the  French,  and  that  they  are  /till  a  dancing 
nation.  'J  hey  have  indeed  of  late  fully  demond ra- 
ted to  the  wcrld  that  they  are  capahle  of  greater 
things;  and  that  when  the  energies  of  their  fouls 
are  called  forth,  they  can  toUow  Buonaparte  acroi's 
the  bridge  of  Lodi  ;  but  when  their  minds  return  to 
its  natural  pofitioa,  every  barrack  has  a  room  appro- 
riated  for  dancing,  and  the  Heroes  of  Arcole, as  well 
as  the  M'.ifadins  of  Paris, 

"  All  knit  hands,  and  beat  the  ground 
"  In  a  light  fautallic  round." 

The  fetes  of  the  Court,  it  is  afTertcd  by  the  few 
perfons  remaining  in  France,  by  whom  they  were 
fdqueated,  were  but  tawdry  I'plendour  compared 
witli  the  clafiical  elegance  which  prevails  at  the 
feles  of  our  republican  Contractors.  As  a  ipccimen 
of  thefe  private  balls,  1  ftiali  trace  a  ftiort  Iketch  of 

a 


4B  MODERN  PARIS. 

a  dance  lately  given  by  one  of  the  furninjers  of 
ffores  for  fleets  ahd  armies,  in  his  ipacious  Hotel, 
where  a'l!  the  furniture,  in  compliance  with  the  pre- 
fent  fafijion  at  Paris,  is  antique;  wnere  all  that- is 
rot  Creek  is  Roman  ;  where  (lately  liiken  beds, 
maffy  fophas,  worked  tape/lry,  and  gilt  ornaments, 
are  thro'.vn  afide  as  rude  gothic  maaniiicencc,  and  e- 
vcry  couch  refembics  that  of  Pericles,  every  chair 
thofe  of  Cicero ;  where  every  wall  is  hniihcd  in  ara- 
befque,  like  the  baths  of  Titus,  and  tvery  table, 
upheld  by  Caflors  and  Polluxes,  is  covered  with  A- 
thenian  bufls  and  Etrufcan  vales  ;  where  tiiat  modern 
piece  of  furnirure  a  clock  is  concealed  bcriearli  the 
clafiic  bar  of  Phocbas,  and  the  dancing  hours  ;  and 
every  chininey-iron  is  ilipported  by  a  Sphinx,  or  a 
Grfffin. 

The  drefs  of  his  female  vifltors  was  in  perfect 
J^armony  with  the  fuiniture  of  his  hotel;  for  al- 
though the  Parifian  Jadies  are  not  fufpec^led  of  any 
obttinate  attachment  to  Grecian  modes  -of  govern- 
ment, they  are  mod  rigid  partizans  of  Grecian 
modes  of  drefs,  adorned  like  the  cotemporaries  of 
Afpafia — the  locfe  liglit  drapery,  the  naked  arm, 
the  bare  bofom,  the  fandaled  feet,  the  circling  zone, 
tfee  golden  chains,  the  twifling  treffes,  all  diiplav 
the  mofl  inflexible  conformity  to  tke  laws  of  republi- 
can coflunie.  The  myifl  fafliionable  hair-drefler  of. 
Paris,  in  order  to  accommodate  hin^felf  to  the  claflical 
talle  of  his  fair  cuttomers,  is  provided  vv^ith  a  varie- 
ty of  antique  bufls  as  models  ;  and  when  he  waits  on 
a  lady,  eaquire?if  flie  chufes  to  be  dred  that  day  a  la 
Cle-.patu.,  In  Tjia-nne^  or  la  Pfyche  ? — Sometimes  the 
chanfcful  nvmph  is  a  veflal,  fom-etimes  a  Venus ; 
but  the  \^{{  rap;e  has  been  the  Niobe  ;  of  late  fat  and 
lean,  cray  and  fr-rave,  old  and  young,  have  been  all  a 
laNiob? ;  and  the  many-curled  periwig,  thrown  afide 
by  the  ialhiona'DJe  clafs',  now  decorates  the  heads  of 
petty  {hopkeepers. 

The  fair  Grecians  being  determined  not  to  injure 
the  contour  (»f  fine  form.;  by  fuperfuious  iucumhran- 
■ces,  no  failiionablc  lady  at  Paris  wt*rs  any  ptckets, 

a  lid 


MODERN  PARIS.  .?9 

and  the  inconvenience  of  being  ^virh^llt  is  obviated 
by  Iticking  her  fan  in  her  belt,  fliciing  in  a  flat  puri'e 
of  Mi>rocco  leather,  only  large  enough  to  contain  a 
iew  louis,  at  the  fide  of  her  neck,  and  giving  her 
fnufr-box  and  her  pocktt-hai'dkerchicf  to  the  care  (»f 
the  genileman  ^vho  attends  her,  and  to  whom  llie  ap- 
plies for  rnem  whenever  (he  has  occafion. 

For  a  fiior:  time  daring  tlie  winter,  in  defiance  of 
froil  and  fnow,  the  cof!ume  of  a  few  reigning  belles 
vas  not  a  la  grecy  but  a  lafa.ivagc.  To  be  drelled  a 
fauvagpy  was  to  have  all  that  part  of  the  frame 
s^hich  Nvas  not  left  uncovered  clad  in  a  light  drapery 
of  fiel'h  colour-  The  boddice  under  wliich  no  lintn 
was  worn  (lliifts  being  an  article  of  drcfs  long  fincc 
rejected  at  Paris,  bcth  by  the  Greeks  and  the  Sava- 
ges) the  boddice  v»-as  made  of  kuifcd  illk,  clinging 
txadly  to  the  ihape,  which  is  ptrfcdly  difplaved  ; 
liie  petticoat  was  on  one  fjde  iwiiltd  up  by  a  light 
feitoon  ;  and  the  feet,  which  were  either  bare  or  co- 
vered with  a  filk  flecking  of  flefh  colour,  fo  woven 
as  to  draw  upon  the  toes  like  a  glove  upon  the  lingers, 
were  decorated  with  diamonds.  Tiiele  gentle  fava- 
ges,  however,  found  themfclves  fo  rudely  treated 
whenever  they  appeared  by  the  fovcreign  multitude, 
that  at  length  the  fafhions  of  Oraheite  were  thrown 
afi:le,  and  Greece  remains  the  Handing  order  of  the 
day. 

But  to  return  to  the  ContraiHor,  and  his  ball — Af- 
ter feveral  hours  had  pafl  in  dancing  cotillions, 
^vhich  the  young  women  of  Paris  perform  with  a 
degree  of  perfc(^tion — a  light  nymphifh  grace  unfeen 
clfewhere  — and  after  the  walfe,  which  is  now  never 
forgotten  at  a  Paris  ball,  had  proved  that  the  fleady 
heads  of  Niobes  were  not  to  be  made  giddy,  the 
coiTip:iny  were  led  to  a  fupper  furnifhed  with  Eaflern 
n^agniticence,  and  decorated  with  attic  tafle.  After 
fupper  the  folding  doors  of  the  faloon  were  thrown 
open  to  a  garden  of  conCdcrable  extent,  beautifully 
illuminnied  with  coloured  lamps,  and  its  trees  bend- 
'ing  with  laviili  clultersof  fruits  ol  every  feafon,  and 
every  climate,  formed  of  ice,  while  fountains  pour- 
ed forth  ilreams  of  orgeat,  lemonade,  and  liqueurs! 
D  But 


^p  MODERN   PARIS. 

But  svbile  tliefe  imitators  of  Greece  and  Rome  are 
revelling  in  Afiatic  luxury,  you  hear  tbem  lameuiing 
mofl  padierically  the  ftibveriion  of  the  ancicni  Re- 
gime ;  [hat  Regime,  which  would  at  leai't  have  had 
tlms  much  of  jultice,  that  it  wolKI  have  retained 
thefe  perfor.ages  in  the  anti-cliambers  of  the  faiocHis 
they  now  occupy  ;  to  which  anti-chambers  !i]cy 
Avouid  with  a  counter-revolution  mod  probabiy  re- 
turn. One  is  obliged  to  offer  up  an  invoca-ion  to 
Patience,  na  hen  condemned  to  IKlen  to  their  Mcrlri- 
niations  againfl  that  new  order  of  things  lo  v.  1:  '; 
iolely  they  owe  their  elevation. 

There  is  indeed  one  clafs  of  perfons,  before  whofe 
complaints  of  the  Revolution,  however  bitter,  the 
mind  humbles  itfelf  in  fympathetic  forrow.  The 
poor  Noble,  while  he  fips  his  Spartan  black-brcth, 
which  he  is  forced  to  procure  by  parting,  in  fad  g'"a- 
tlation,  with  all  the  relicks  of  his  former  f])len{!our, 
with  watches,  rings,  furniture  and  clothes  *,  he  in- 
deed, if  he  complains,  is  to  be  pitied,  and  if  h.e 
forbears  complaint,  it  is  to  be  revered  1  But  alas, 
there  is  fo  much  of  tragical  detail  in  the  pages  of 
the  Gre,at  Book,  a  thing-  which  has  long  lince  been 
called  a  great  evil,  that  we  muft  give  it  at  Icafl  a 
■whole  chapter  to  itfelf. 

At  prefect  I  Ihall  only  obferve,  that  the  reign  of 
Terror  has  acfled  upon  this  country  like  ibme  mighty 
peftiience,  which  not  only  (weeps  away  devoted  mil- 
lions in  Its  fury,  but  leaves  an  obnoxious  taint  upon 
every  objedl  where  it  l>as  pafled.  The  reign  of  ter- 
ror has  given  a  fatal  wound  to  the  energies  of  public 
fpirit ;  ordinary  mine's  have  miftaken  the  execrable 
abufes  of  Liberty  for  an  effeel  of  the  generous  prin- 
ciple itfelf  the  vifiims  of  revolutionary  government 
have  lifted  up  their  complaining  voice  ;  all  emotions 
of  fympathy,  arid  all  the  feelings  of  indignation 
have  been  called  forth  ;  and  the  partizansof  the  an- 
cient Regime  have  left  no  art  unpra6tifed,  no  feduc? 
tion  untried,  to  take  advantage  of  thefe  difpofitions 
?n  favour  of  their  own  fyftem. 

Thofe 


MODERN  PARIS.  ci 

•  Thnfc  who  Iiave  been  too  rapidly  cnricheJ  by  the 
iicvoUition,  have  endeavoured  to  hide  the  obCcurity  of 
their  orioin,  by  min:ieking  i\w.  tones  of  thoCe  who 
have  titles  and  honours  to  regret,  till  Arillocraey 
has  (ieicended  lb  low,  that  it  will  loon  };efhaps  bo 
cxpludf'd,.  like  any  other  fafhion,  when  taken  up  by 
the  vulj.v'jr.  Thcfj  very  ladies,  who  Jiavc  taughc 
their  new-made  Licge  Lords  to  ape  their  coup>ter- 
rovolutionary  follies,  will  at  length  be  ainamed  of 
their  Ariflocracy,  when  t'ley  find  how  incceisfully 
they  are  rivalled  in  tho{«;  fentinients  by  their  mil- 
liners and  inantua-raakers,  A  writer  of  a  late  poli- 
tical pamphlet  has  given  an  admirable  rcaibu  why 
onr  Parhian  belles  will  foon  lay  afidc  the  tone  of  e- 
ternal  lamentations  for  the  overthrow  of  defpotifm. 
'-'•  .Seven  years,"  fays  he,  '^  have  already  elapfcd 
fiiice  the  e'^;ocha  of  tlie  Revolution  :  fcven  years  is  a 
period  of  feme  length  in  the  hiflory  of  a  youthiul 
beauty,  and  a  lady  will  not  regret  the  Monarchy 
under  the  penalty  of  palTing  for  old."  I  believe 
every  perfon  who  has  lludied  the  female  heart,  will 
agree  with  this  writer,  that  the  Republic  has  a  tol- 
erable chance  upon  this  principle  of  obtaining''  ere 
long  many  fair  prolelytes. 

Public  balls,  as  well  as  concerts,  \vcrc  held  lafl 
^v inter  at  the  Theatre  Francuis^  which)  ai'ter  having 
been  long  fiuit  up,  was  repaired,  embcllidied,  and 
baptized  by  the  Greek  name  of  the  Odcon;  and  that 
no  jealouiy  might  exifl:  between  the  balls  and  con- 
certs, on  account  of  this  clallical  nomenclature,  the 
balls  immediately  received  the  appellation  of 
Th'afes, 

But  the  mnflfingular  fpecies  of  amufemcnt  which 
the  lafl  winter  produced,  were  fubfcriptior.-balls, 
entitled  as  des  balsa  la  ViHime.  Such,  and  fo  power- 
ful was  the  rage  for  pleaiure,  that  a  certain  number 
of  its  votaries  who  during  the  tyranny  of  Robcf- 
pierrc,  had  loft  their  neareh  relations  on  the  fcalibld, 
inflituted,  not  days  of  fuch  folcmn,  lad  commemo- 
ration, as  is  dear  to  the  fuperftition  of  fendernefs, 
>Yhen,  in  melancholy  proceHion;  clad  in  Table,  and 
D  ?.  Nvreath- 


J 2  MODERN  PARIS. 

wreathed  in  cyprefs,  they  might  hav«  I<nelr,  a 
mourning  multitude,  around  the  Ipot  wlicce  il)e  mu- 
tilated bodies  of  their  murdered  parents  liad  been 
thrown  by  the  executioner;  and  bathed  the  iod  with 
thofe  bitter  tears  which  iilial  atleytion,  or  organized 
love,  Ihed  over  tiie  broken  ties  of  nature,  or  of  paf- 
fion  — nol — the  commemorative  rites  which  thele 
mourners  offered  to  the  manes  of  their  maflacred  re- 
lations, were  feftive  balls  !  To  thcfe  ilrange,  unhal- 
lowed orgies,  no  one  could  be  admitted  who  had  not 
Io(l  a  father,  a  mother,  a  hufband,  a  wife,  a  bro- 
tlier,  or  a  (iHer,  on  tlje  guillotine;  but  any  perfon 
with  a  certiticate  of  their  execution  in  his  pocket 
book,  not  only  obtained  admiffion,  but  migjht  dance 
US  long,  and  as  heart  could  wifli.  Had  Hofbein  been 
prei'cnt  at  Inch  a  fpe^tacle,  no  doubt  he  would  have 
enriched  his  death-dance  with  new  images,  and  led 
forward  eich  gay  nymph  by -an  attendant  headlefs 
fpe6\re.  Tlie  indignant  cry  of  public  opinion,  how- 
ever, was  at  length  heard  above  the  mufic  of  the 
\val(e  and  the  cotillion  ;  and  the  bal  a  Iz  vidhm'  exi/U 
no  longer  to  bear  its  powerful  teflirnony  to  a  depra- 
vation, not  merely  of  manners,  but  of  the  heart. 

If  in  the  winter,  conformibly  to  ourGrecian  ideas 
at  Paris,  concert  rooms  became  Odeo7is,  and  the  Ni- 
ches and  the  Titus's  danced  in  a  fhiaftf,  fummer  can 
boaft  of  more  than  equal  honours  ;  lince  then  we  ne» 
ver  tread  but  once  the  attic  ground,  and  never  fufter 
ourielves  to  he  pleafed  but  when  pleafnre  prefcnfs 
henelf  with  a  claflical  appellation.  Witncfs  ye 
gardens  '-f  Tivoli,  ye  bo^vers  of  Idalia,  ye  winding 
walks  of  F.lyfium,  ye  grotos  of  Venus,  ye  vales  of 
Tempc,  ye  groves  of  ThefTalyi  witnefs  with  what 
fond  alarriir  the  lovers  of  antiquity  fly  in  multitudes 
to  your  cnchanti:ig  reccfle-,  where  the  arching  trees 
are  hung  with  innumerable  lamps  of  varying  co- 
lours, wjicrc  the  car  is  exhilerated  with  the  ibunds 
of  muf-c,  acd  the  eye  15  clieared  with  the  move- 
ments of  the  dance  ;  and  where  every  evening  the 
hour  of  ten  ferves  as  a  general  fignal,  at  wliicb  the 
whole  eitv  of  Paris  feems  one  vaft  theatre  for  the 
^  dil- 


MODERN  PARIS.  53 

difplay  of  fireworks.  A  (Iranger  who  fhould  enter 
tliis  city  at  nia,ht  by  the  bridge  of  Neuilly^  might: 
Ibppofc  he  l^ad  reached  this  fceiie  of  gieat  events  at 
Ibmc  important  epociia,  which  had  occalloned  a  gen- 
eral rejoicing.  On  his  right  he  would  dilcein  the 
lights  of  SagaielUy  beaming  throngh  the  Bois  de 
Botdo?;ni'^  and  would  pais  dole  to  the  brilliant  en- 
trance of  Idalia  ;  on  his  lett  lie  would  be  dazzled  by 
the  illumination  of  the  Elynum  ;  while,  as  he  ad- 
vanced, he  would  dilcern,  above  every  quarter  of 
the  town,  the  tali  Iky  rockets  dartirg  iheir  viviii 
fladi,  and  would  hear,  in  all  directions,  the  light 
explofions  of  enchanted  palaces,  with  urighl  arcades 
and  fairy  columns : 

"  The  crackling;  flames  appear  on  high, 

•'  Ar.d  driving  fparkles  daiice  akng  tlie  fky." 

B^gatflle  alone,  the  once  gay  retreat  of  the  Comie 
d'Ariois,  is  fulfered,  by  our  Grecian  amateurs,  to 
re'.ain  its  old  sppellation  in  favour  of  the  regal  in:ia- 
ges  which  it  brings  to  memory.  What  food  for  the 
jamblings  of  the  mind  along  the  piihs  of  hiftory, 
^vhen  it  contriiUo  the  lig^t  [Trench  modern  graces  of 
Bagatelle,  with  tlie  maiT;/,  Gothic  gloom  of  Holy- 
rood-houU^!  - — it  may  be  obferved  tliat,  the  rer'bns 

WliO 

*  A  r-loomy  Gctliic  bailding  at  Edinburgh,  formerly  the 
paltt-^.f^  '^\  t"*.c  Kin.rr,!;  cf  Jcotlinci. — It  was  this  fo:r.bre  dwell- 
ing that  Avas  afSgned  by  the  BritifiA  goverument  for  the  refi- 
Jence  of  I'is  Royal  Highticfs  ;hc  Count  d'ArtoiS,  and  v/herc 
h-^  did  r'ii;.ie  i;;r  ^crne  liine,  eatirg  his  e^^^/iiteeri  peiiny  din- 
i.tir.",  a  ih-;'<.in  j;  c  ntrait  tc  ^he  fplendid  and  vciajjtuous  evi- 
fertainrr.ents  a;  VeriaiUt^.  in  the  abie.ice  of  Buonaoarte  in 
I'-KypM  '-^^^  -.vhea  the  French  airaies  v.  ore  driven  out  of  Italy, 
r:.f  wlairs  ot  the  Royaii'ls  bore  a  more  prcmi^.ng  appear- 
u:,c£,  the  Cviifit  v/as  cali'd  up  to  London,  and  ha'i  various 
meetings  v>ith  the  ci-devant  Noblea,  Biohops,  ^c.  preparatcry 
to  their  cmbatAiiijj  in  tiiumph  for  frarre — It  was  then  that 
younj;  OiieuiuT,  ihe  fame  who  was  foxrie  time  in  this  ccuntr} , 
.  fdlupon  iiir.  kneep,  fr-td  ttars  of  contrition,  and  received 
the  Royal  pardon'  —  Cn  a  fuddcn,  the  Conqueror  cf  Italy- 
made   hiT   appearance  in  France,  and  the  affairs  of  the  Roy- 

aliib  once  more  aflurned  a  dciperate  appearance. At  prt- 

leut,  the   world  waits  in  awlul  CApcCtatior.,  to  fee  whether 
^  3  Buona- 


54  MODERN  PARTS. 

^v]lO  are  forever  lamenting  the  fubverfion  of  the  srp- 
cicnt  Regime,  arc  ndt  prevented  bv  their  regrets 
lro'.n  giving  all  the  encouragement  in  their  power  to 
ihoib  who  convert  one  palace  al'rer  another  into 
scenes  of  public  amnibmenr  ;  and  ihat  ihey  eagerly 
purcbsfe  for  half  a  crown,  the  privilege  of  treading 
i^aiiy  every  evening  with  the  plebeian  multitude, 
liioic  magnificent  gardens  and  f'uinptiiuns  hotels,  of 
^vhich  the  poiltirors  have,  for  the  mofr  part,  as  in 
iormer  proicriptions,  paid  for  ilieir  beautiful  retreats 
i\t  Aiba,  with  their  lives.  Rjit  while  tbefe  lovers  of 
d'jfpotifjn  forget  their  regrets  m  their  picafi;res,  the 
philofophicmind  woadcrs  ofien  in  n-ufing  mood  along 
ihefe  fcfHve  haunts,  where  the  moil  fingular  combi- 
lioiior.s  croud  upoo  reflection  ;  and,  amidll:  the  glow- 
ing enthufialrn  of  liberty,  mourns  thofc  partial  evils 
ih-it  have  clouded  its  biightnefs,  and  abhors  thole 
ciiicl  abufes  that  have  fullied  its  caufe  ! 

When  rVie  li/uliiplied  engagements  of  the  evening 
uo  nor  cfrer  leifure  for  an  excuiiion  to  Tivoli^  or  a 
trip  to  IJalia,  tijc  gay  v.orid  at  leaft  find  iiifricient 
time  in  the  interval  between  the  play  and  the Jetit 
paper,  to  ioiu-.gc  for  half  an  hour  at  one  of  the  faflii- 
oiitihle  (J/ir a iiv.  A  glacier  is  a  fort  of  coiTce-hcu^e, 
♦Jbblillied  in  the  fine  hotels  of  emigrants,  lylcnciuly 
illi^niinated,  open  to  perfbns  of  both  lexcs,  and 
v^licre  you  pay  for  your  adniiiiion  by  eating  ices,  for 
^vhich  there  is  now  lb  extraordinary  a  demand  !« 
Paris,  that  if  the  following  winter  fliould  prove 
inilcl,  the  ice-purveyors  perhaps  will  be  forced  to 
lend  to  the  department  of  Mont  Blanc,  in  order  to 
furnifii  themfelves  with  means  of  fupplying  the  enor- 
mous v.-ants  of  their  cuRomers. 


(  As  the  foregoiwg  piclure  is  drawn  by  a  friend  of 
I-ibcrty,  the  friends  of  Liberty  will  have  ftrong  fears, . 
that  fo  frivolous  and  fantaftic  a  people  arc  unfit  to 

en- 

Euonaparte  will  beccme  another  General  Monk,  whether  he 
v>  ill  endeavour  to  retain  the  power  in  his  ov.ni  hands,  or 
Avhether  he  will  refiorc  to  the  French  people  their  rights,  cmd 
llberdes. 


MODERN  PARIS.  5j 

cnjoy  or  unable  to  pra61ice  the  principes  of  Free- 
rJoVn. — The  various  events  of  the  ilevolutioir,  how- 
ever, have  gone  beyond  all  human  calculation  or 
conpclure,  and  Ave  have  fcen  the  wonders  that  this 
A'Dliitile,  but  truly  brave  people  have  performed. — 
Surrounded  by  all  the  Dei'pots  o[  Europe,  and  not: 
yet  entirely  divefted  of  reiipions  prejudices  and  fu- 
perAition,  they  arc  liable  to  the  innumerable  fr.ares 
and  machinations  of  ihcir  former  Prieds  ar.d  Nobles ; 
and   it  is  long  before  ancient  habits  and  opinions  can 

be  eradicated  even  in  a   flare  of  tranquility.-- But 

as  they  tliey  fiiook  off  the  bloody  feiters  of  Robe- 
fpierre,  let  us  cherifii  a  hope,  that  they  Avill  at 
length  overconrje  all  their  dirticukies,  that  tiicy  will 
etcape  tiie  bold  and  detp  dcficHis  of"  Buonaparte,  ii 
he  is  infincere,  and  finally  enjoy  the  bleffin^s  of  true 
and  well-regulated  Libwrty.] 


MODERN  LONDON, 
Ji  the  Chfc  of  the  i^th  Ce.itury. 

LONDON,  the  metropolis  of  Great  Britain,  one 
of  the  largelt  and  moft  opulent  cities,  in  the 
AYorld,  is  mentioned  by  Tacitus  as  a  place  of  con- 
fiderable  note  in  tiie  time  of  Nero.  London  is  near- 
ly 8  miles  long  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  abovs 
3  miles  wide,  and  24  miles  in  circumference,  con- 
taining coooftreetG,  lanes,  and  alleys,  and  65  fquares 
in  which  are  above  362,000  houfcs,  befulcs  ware- 
Ijoufes  and  public  buildings  ;  the  inhabitants  are  rec- 
koned 1,250,00c,  being  fully  400,000  more  than 
what  arc  eftimared  in  the  city  of  Paris,  Taking  a 
compafs  of  ten  miles  round  St,  Paul's  church,  which 
would  include  nearly  ico  towns  and  villages,  the 
number  of  inhabitants  would  then  be  1,500,000,  a 
fourth  part  of  the  whole  of  the  people  in  tlie  United 
States  elHmated  at  their  greatefl  number,  and  more 
than  all  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia,  both  black  and 
>vhite  ! 

D  4  Lon- 


56  MODERN  LONDON. 

London,  with  all  its  opulence,  is  not  remarkabfe 
for  its  ejcgance.  The  streets  are  crooked,  narrow, 
and  irregular;  nor  are  its  public  bni!ding$  appropri- 
ately magailiccnt.  St.  Paul's  CbiM-cli  is  the  moU  re- 
markable modern  fabric  ;  indeed  it  is  a  noble  pile, 
and  only  inferior  to  8t.  Peter's  in  Rome.  It  is  zzya 
feet  in  ci  re  urn  Terence,  and  365  i'cet  in  heiglit  ((ee 
Note  p.  44)  —  As  a  Gothic  buildin^r,  WelfminUer 
Abbey  is  a  grand  fpecinicn  6f  that  k.nd  of  architec- 
rure;  it  was  t'onndcd  by  the  iCait  Saxons  in  the  year 
610  ;  it  is  365  ftct  in  length,  and  195  broad.  It 
tontair.s  a  greater  number  and  variety  ot' inoniinici»i9 
th.an  any  churchin  the  world  ;  and  Henry  the  Viirs 
Chaptl  has  been  called  one  of.th.e  Wonders  of  the 
World.  The  bridges  over  the  Thames  aie  a  great 
omainent  10  Lcnrlon.  The  rnoit  ancient  is  Londoa 
bridge,  fir.i/hed  about  the  year  1200;  it  has  19.  ar- 
rbcs,  and  i^  950  feet  long.  Welinnuikr  bridge  is 
one  of  the  finclt  in  the  world;  ic  was  built  by  La- 
beile,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  and  was  iiniflied  in 
the  year  1750;  it  has  15  arches,  and  is  121^  ^""S* 
Elackfriar's  bridge,  built  by  Siylne,  a  Scotchmaiirv 
v/as  completed  in  the  year  1768  ;  it  is  995  feet  long, 
,and.coidilh  of  9  elliptical  arcl^es,  the  centre  one  too 
feet  wide,  end  all  of  them  wider  than  the  famous 
Rialro  at  Venice. 

But  as  wc  Lave  not  room  to  particularife  all  the 
ptiblic  buildings,  wc  muil  mention  in  the  grofs.— 
London  contains  246  churches  and  cliaptls  of  the  e- 
Ifabliliicjj  Religion;  207  Mceting-houies  for  Diffcnt- 
tc;s  of  diiKjrcnt  denominations;  45  Chapels  for  Fo- 
rcijxaers  ;  and  6  Synagogues  for  Jews.  It  has  4050 
i<.;T>iaaries -of  FJducaiion,  170  Ahns-honfes,  and  750 
Lriliturions  for  charitable  ufes,  ike.  &:c.  (kc. 

The  broad  ilream  of  the  river  Thames  flowing  be- 
\vicciiLozcon  ziid  South wark,  continually  agitated 
!)y  a  brii}-w  c'srreriT,  or  a  rapid  tide,  brings  conflatit 
ihppiJes  of  freiri  i:nd.  wlfolcfome  air  into  this  vaffc 
city,  which  is  remarkably  healthy,  confidering  its 
f:ze.  The  cleanlirers  of  London  is  greatly  aiocd  by 
irs  liruarioD  m  the  Thirncs ;  and  the  New  lliver  fur. 

ther 


MODERN  LONDON.  j^j 

ther  contributes  to  the  abundance  of  tliafvery  ne- 
Cf (lary  element.  The  fituaijon  alio  is  fortunate  with 
regard  to  navigation  ;  had  it  been  placed  lower  on 
the  Thames,  it  would  have  been  annoyed  by  un- 
wholelbme  marihes,  and  more  liable  to  the  attacks 
of  foreign  enemies;  had  it  been  higher,  it  would 
not  have  been  acceirible  to  vellels  of  burthen.  It  now 
poircflcs  every  advantage  that  can  be  derived  from  a 
iea-porf,  without  its  dangers;  and,  at  tbe  iame 
time,  by  means  of  its  noble  river,  enjoys  an  exten- 
live  communication  with  the  internal  parts  of  the 
country.  London,  therefore,  unites  in  itfelf  all  the 
hcnetits  aiifing  from  navigation  and  commerce,  with 
thofe  of  a  metropolis  at  which  all  the  public  bufinefs 
of  a  great  commercial  nation  is  tranfaclcd.  In  the 
port  of  London  alone,  1 3,500  velTels,  and  50,000 
waggons  (including  their  repeated  voyages  and  jour- 
riies)  annually  bring  and  carry  away  property  to  tlie 
amount  of  120  millions  .' — Add  to  this  fum,  the  mer- 
chandize, provifions,  bank-notes,  ca(h,  jewels,  &c, 
dtpofited,  and  in  cnnftant.  circulation  wirliin  the  me- 
tropolis, in  the  courie  of  the  year,  the  whole  may 
fairly  be  c/linriated  at  170  millions  Iterling  !  ♦ 

D  5  Paris 

*     Agrpregate  Value  of  Goods  imported  into  Lcn- 

dcTi  in  one  Year         —  —  —  29,706,477 

Erltifh  IV  CTchandize  exported      11,396,540 
Fcrrig^i  Do,  Do.  14,203,915 — 25,605,455 

Vaifle  CI  Goods  imported   in  upwards  of  coco 
coaftir.g  vcfTels,  averaged  at  500I. 
each,  —  —  4,500,000 

Do.    e."«portcd  coaflways    in   about 

7000  vefltls,  at  loool.  each  7,000,000 — 11,500,000 

Total  Anoiint  of  Property  fnipp'd  andunih.ipp'd 

in  the  river  Thames  in  the  courfe  of  a  Year,  — ■»— «, 

eftim^ted  at  —  —  X.  66,812,033 

Be  fides  the  numerous  fmall  inland  cargoes  of  merchan- 
dize, grain,  malt,  flour,  coals,  and  ether  articles  laden  ar.d 
difcharged  in  the  Thames  and  the  Lea  ;  and  alfo  the  tack- 
lin.^,  apparel,  (lores,  and  provifions  of  Tibove  13,500  Hiips  ar.d 
vciTcls  (including  their  repeated  voyages),  which  lade  ar.d 
unlade  in  the  courfe  of  a  year,  eaimated  at  four  millior,s 
more — making  a  floating,  moving,  circulating  capital  of  170 
millions  ilerling,  greater,  by  far,  than  any  city  in  the  world  J 


j8  MODSRIh  LONDON. 

Paris  is  calUd  the  Seat  if  Phufurs  ;  London^  the  ^c-'i; 
if  Ccmmcict;,  We  have  icen,  that  Paris,  with  much 
lewer  inhabitants,  has  20  or  ^4  theatres;  whiilt 
London  has  only  two  in  winter,  and  one  in  i'urnmer. 
— It  is  th.ereiorc  not  only  a.  commercial,  but  alio  a 
manulaclLiring  city  ;  foijie  manufaclures  are  peculiar 
to  iifclf,  as  minillering  to  ihe  demands  of  ihulicd 
Iplcndor  and  reiined  luxury,  luch  as  the  richeit  filkj, 
gold  and  filvcr  works,  jewelery,  ac.  The  poriei- 
brewery  is  of  vafl  coniequcLcc  to  LondoD,  both  as  to 
home  and  forqif^n  conibmption  ;  and  fcveral  impor- 
tant branches  of  commerce  are  entirely  ccntlncd  to 
its  port,  Inch  as,  the  Turljey,  Hudfon's  Bay,  and 
ihe  Eaft  India  trade,  that  great  Ibyrce  of  weaithj  and 
luxury,  and   corruption  ! 

V/here  there  is  much  good,  it  too  often  happens 
that  there  is  alfo  much  evil.- — If  London  contains  a 
great  portion  of  the  moft  ufeful  and  the  moll  meri- 
torious of  mankind.,  it  alfo  contains  an  aiionifjiing 
num.ber  of  tlic  vileft  and  moft  corrupt  of  both  fcxes, 
who  refort  to  this  great  emporium  of  wealth  and 
luxury,  and  either  individually,  or  in  conjunc'tion, 
pillage  and  defraud  the  community  by  a  thcqfcirid 
dili'erent  fchemes  ! — It  cannot  be  uiienterraining,  and 
it  may  be  infhucHng,  to  take  a  fhorc  view  of  the 
various  claffes  of  unfortunate  perfons  who  live  by 
^Icalth,  or  fraud,  or  violence,  in  the  city  of  London, 
— Vv'hiUl  it  demonflra-t«s  the  vaft  riches  and  popula- 
fion  of  that  immeni'e  metropolis,  it  will  fliew  the 
corruption  of  great  cities,  and  prove  the  neccfTity 
of  jult  and  vigorous  lav.s. 

ESTIMATE  of  Perfons  who  are  fuppofed  to  fupport  t-:em- 
felves  in   and  near   Loi.don  either  by  immoral,  illega],  or 
trlminal  pradices. 
Coiners,  coloiircrs,  r.tterers  of  bafe  money,  Sec.  3)5co 

Thieves,  ])ih'erers,  embezzlers  of  goods,  &c.  10,000 

Kiverpilferers,  lumpers,  fcufHe-hunterr,,  mud-larks,  &c    2,500 
Itinerant  Jews,  wandering  from  llreet  to  ftrect,  hold- 
ing  out   tem]Jtations  to  pilfer  and  ileal,  and   Jew- 
boys  crying  bad  fliillings,  &c.  and  who  receive  and 
'.jurchaie  f:olen  iirticles  from  unfai'.hful  fervanls,  &.c.  o^f^QO 

Pr*>- 


MODERN  LONDON.  59 

PforcueJ  thieves,  burglars,  hi2:h\vay  robbers,  pick- 
pockets, and  river  pirate;:,    t<c. — Note,  There  will. 

.  be  a  confiderab-.e  increale  to  this  Iqiiad  on  the  re- 
turn of  peace  *  —  —  —  8500 

Profeftod  and  known  receivcrr.  of  flolen  goods,  fe  ,e- 

ral  of  whom  are  very  opulent,  —  ico 

Receivers  of  ftclen  floods  from  jietty  pilferers  at  llore. 

fliops,  i-ag  and  thrum  {hops,.  &c.  —  4cco 

Chimney-fvveepers,  coilarcUmongors,  afs-drivers,  duil- 

r.Aen,  rabbit-iVUers,  bear-baiters,  dog-keepers,  Sec.         1500 

V/arehouie  porters,  journeymen,  apprentices,  and  un- 
der clerks,  who  defraud  in  a  little  way,         —      ,.       35^0 

A  clufs  of  fwindlers,  cheats,  and  low  gamblers,  com- 
pofed  of  idle  and  diiTjlute  charaiTters,  who  have  a- 
bandoned  every  honeit  pv.rfuit,  fuch  as  Morccco- 
m'*n,  Ruffians,  Blud;?;eon-men,  Lc.  who,  at  times, 
ad'iimc  the  trade  of  duffers,  hawkers,  pedlars,  horfe- 
uealei's,  gamblers  with  E  O  tables  at  fairs,  races, S«.c.  7520 

Various  other  claffcs  not  included  in  the  above,  1000 

idle,  diirdute,  and  fraudulent  Publicans  and  Tavern- 
keepers,  who  harbour  &r  are  conne(fied  with  idle 
and  criminal  characters,  who  allow  their  houfes  to 
be  rendezvous  for  gamblers,  fwindlers,  thieves,  &,c.     1000 

A  clafs  of  inferior  Oflicers  in  the  Revenue,  who  con- 
nive at  pillage  and  thefts,  and  fharc  the  plunder,  ico© 

A  clafs  of  perlbn.s  who  keep  Chandler's  Shops  ;  the 
total  number  is  faid  to  be  10,000  in  the  n\ctropolls,, 
many  of  v/hom  cheat  their  cuilorners  by  falfe  v/(s.       3500 

Strangers  out  of  work  who  have  wandered  up  to  Lon- 
don in  fearch  of  employment,  ike.  above  IJOO 

Scr- 

*  It  is  one  of  the  mofb  plaufible  arguments  for  war,  that 
it  rids  the  country  of  men  fit  for  nothing  elfe  than  being  fol- 
diers,  and  that  the  halberds  tame  thofe  who  do  not  fear  the 
gallows. — The  argument  would  be  a  good  one,  if,  after  tak- 
ing away  thcfe  ufelefs  beings,  it  would  keep  them  away  ; 
but  we  knov/,  that  on  the  return  of  peace,  and  the  diitand- 
iiig  of  the  army,  they  return  again  in  double  numbers,  and 
doubly  corrupted  (as  is  fcated  above),  to  annoy  and  difturb 
the  community..  Thus,,  to  malie  the  argument  complete,  we 
fnould  always  be-  at  v/ar,  in  order  always  to  keep  the  coun- 
try clear  of  idlers  and  vagabonds. — The  truth  is,  that,  with 
certain  Politicians,  who  have  cer!:ain  cbjedts  in  view,  ivar 
is  a  gaiiful  trade,  and  a  Standing  Army  is  a  ufeful  thing, 
even  at  the  expence  of  eight  percent.  intcrelL! 

Good  and  elfefbual  laws  fhould  either  provide  employment 
for  idle  men,  punifh  them  if  tiicy  are  wicked,  QX  bs-uifli  thein 
from  tlie  country  entirely. 


6o  AlODERN  LONDON. 

Servants,  male  and   female,  porters,  bofller^,   ftable- 
-■  boys,  &c.  out  of  place,  principally  from  ill  behavi- 
our and  lofs  of  character,  —  —  loooo 
Perfons  called  Blaci:  Legs,  and  others  profelyted  to  the 
vice   of  raming,  who  are  in  the  habit  of  frequent- 
ir.g  honfes  opened  for  play,  of  which   there  are  at 
kail  fifty  ill  Weflminfier,  where  Pharo  Banks,  Sec. 
are  kept.     Ol    ti.eie  f.ve   are  kept  by  Ladies  of  Fa- 
fnitm,  who  receive  50!.  each  rout,   bcfides    i-8ih  of 
tiie  prcfxti  ! — Seven  are  iubfcription  hnules,  5  have 
particular  culionitrs,  and  13  admit  foreigners  and 
t.\ety  idle  aud  diiiolurc  chaiac)er,                     —  2500 
Spendthrifts,   rakes,  giddy  young  men  ine.rperienced 
and   in   the   purfuit    of  falfe   plealure ;  profligate, 
loofe,  and  dhToiute  charafters,  vitiated  in  tlienifel- 
.    ves,  and  in  the  practice  of  fed ucing  others  to  drun- 

kennefs,  lev/dnefs,  debauchery,  gambling,  Sec.  5000 

Foreigners,  v;ho  live  ciiieliy  by  gambling,  —  500 

rommon  beggars  and  vagranis  alking  alms,  fuppofing 

one  to  every  two  ftredrs.  —  —  4000 

Strolling  minfirel",  ballad-iliijers,  fnovv-men,  &c.  1500 

Grubbers,  Gin-drinl:ing  idle  V/cmen,  deftirute  boys 
and  girls, wardering  and  prov;!ing  aLout  the  llreets 
picking  up  nails,  chips,  cM  mC^als,  &.c.  and^vho  are 
conllar.tiy  on  the  watch  to  piUtr  or  fteal,  2oco 

Bavvds,  who  keep  honfes  of  iil  fame,  brothels,  he.         2000 
Unf'rrtv.r.att  Females  of  all  descriptlor.s,  •uho  support  them- 

sei'i.es  partly  or  'aholly  bj prc:tiVutiori!  —  50000 

RECAPITULATION. 

Annuallois  by  Small  Thefts  —         —         710,000 

Thefts  upon  the  river  and  quays  500,000 
"^'hefts  in  the  d'^ck-yards,  f^c.  300,000 
Eurglarie5,highwayrobberies,8cc.  250,000 
Coining  bafe  money  200,000 

Forging  bills,  fwindling,  &c.        200,000 

Total  Annual  Lofs  —  L.  2,150,000 


This  fum  will  aftonifli  the  Reader  at  firft  view;  but  when 
the  vaft  extent  of  the  trz.de  and  commerce  of  London  is  con* 
fidered,  and  that  in  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  Capital 
alone,  there  ic  an  annual  movement  of  about  70  millions  of 
property  laden  and  unladen  in  the  river  Thamies,  indepen- 
dent of  the  great  quantity  of  llationary  or  fixed  property, 
all  which  cannot  amount  to  lefs  than  loo  millions — it  wiU 
ceafe  to  be  a  matter  of  furjjrize,  that  under  a  defective  fyf- 
tem  of  Police,  the  depredations  are  eftimated  fo  high. 


MODERN  LONDON.  61 

In  contemplating  this  fhocking  catalogue  of  hu- 
man depravity,  \vhich,  however,  does  not  include 
every  dcfcripiion  cf  fraud  or  dilhonefly  prav5\ilcd,  be- 
fore the  iDJnd  {haW  imbibe  unfavourable  iniprcflions, 
it  may  be  ncccifary  to  remind  the  reader,  that  in  or- 
der jnfily  to  apprcciace  the  moral  turpitude  which 
attaches  to  lucii  a  corrupt  communiry,  in  many  re- 
fpcCts  dehidcd  and  milled  by  the  numerous  tci-npta- 
ticns  Vv'liich  affail  them  in  a  rich  and  Iri^uriant  city, 
it  mMi\  be  mcaiuicd  by  a  Icale  proportioned  to  the 
unparalkled  extent  and  opulence  of  the  metropolis. 
— London  is  not  only  rhe  grand  magazine  of  the  Bri- 
tifh  err])irc,  but  alio  the  general  reccpracle  for  iiie 
idle  and  the  depraved  ofalmoii  every  country  in  the 
^vorld —  where,  temptations  for  criminal  pleafures, 
gambling,  fraud,  and  depredations,  a!mo/i  exceed 
imaginatJOD — betides,  being  the  feat  of  Goverr.ment, 
and  tlie  centre  of  fafliion,  amufemenrs,  diffipaticn, 
folly  and  extravagance,  it  is  a  greac  manufacturing 
town,  and  ibc  hill  coinmercial  city  in  the  univeifc, 

Uiitierthefe  circnmfianccs,  whiHl:  iminoraliry,  H- 
centiouihels,  and  crimes  are  knov/n  to  advance  in 
proportion  to  riches,  it  is  much  to  be  lamented,  that 
in  the  rapid  increaie  of  liic  latter,  fufficient  attention 
has  not  been  beilowed  to  remedy  the  defecfts,  by  a 
better  i'yiicin  of  police,  and  a  more  cifcClive  code 
of  iawse 


[From  the  foregoing  account,  onr  Readers  will 
naturally  draw  a  comparilbn  between  the  police  ot 
Paris  and  that  of  London.  But  befldcs  that  Paris  is 
Icfs  than  London  by  3  or  400,000  jinhabitants,  tliey 
v^ili  rccollevSi,  that  the  police  of  the  former  is  tlie 
work  of  a  long  feries  of  defpotifm  under  the  KirQ-ly 
Regifr.ei  and,  as  a  fyflem  of  police,  it  was  wondW- 
fully  complete  and  ef/edlive,  but  fubvctfive  of  everv 
principle   of  Liberty  ;  it  is  faid,  the  Court  of  Ver- 

iailles  had  a  fpy  in  almolt  every  houfe  in   Paris  i 

Since  the  Revolution,  the  fame  fyitem  has  been  con- 
tinued hy  the  different  leaders,  or  ufurpers,  of  the 
French  government — It  was  cxcrcifed  by  Robefpicre 

'  ia 


62  MODERN  LONDON. 

io  order  to  perpetrate  hi;*  horrible  butcheries  ;,  and 
i:  is  now  cxercilcfi  by  Bnonaparic,  to  maintain  iIlc 
kingly  powers  of  liis  Conlalare  !— -^Happily  the  people 
of  Eiiglaiid  have  not  yet  been  llibjeclcd  ro  luch  Ai^i- 
potic  rules;  and,  whatever  may  be  the  faulis  of  their 
iVliniflers,  or  rhe  ambitions  projedls  of  iheir  Kings, 
"We  hope  ia  God  they  never  Nvill.] 


C  R  I  T  I  C  I  S  M, 


KUME's  H1STOE.Y. 

Fcr  the  ViPvC-TN  I  AN  Repository. 

SIH, 

THE  Editor  of  the  Colle^iion,  entitled  Wash* 
iNGTONiANA,  has  taken  UDon  Jiinito  recom-- 
mend  Hume's  Hiftory  of  England  for  *'  the  purity  of 
its  flyle."  1  know  it  is  a  common  opinion,  that  AlK 
Kunie  is  a  very  elegant  hiflorian  ;  a  powerful  let  of 
men,  who  find  it  their  intcxefl  to  fupport  a  conjunc- 
tion of  Church  and  State,  have  faid  fu — but  a  popu- 
lar opinion  is  not  always  a  jutl  one  ;  tl;e  voice  of  the 
People  is  not  always  the  voice  of  Gcd,  in  liter- 
ary diIqui{itions  ;  and,  ia  the  prelenr  cafe,  1  am  in- 
clined to  think,  that  the  public  has  been  led  to  be- 
lieve v/hat  will  not  bear  the  telt  of  a  critical  exami- 
nation.— 1  ann  one  of  thofe  who  think,  that  the  (lyle 
of  Hume's  Hiflory  docs  not  deferve  fuch  high  re- 
commendations as  it  has  received  ;  on  the  contrary, 
it  appears  to  me  to  be  often  clurafy,  frequently  in- 
correct, and  never  elevated  beyond  mediocrity. 

As  the  fubjtd  is  worthy  of  conlideration,  1  am  in 
liopes  you  will  give  the  following  obfervaiinns  a  place 
in  your  Ilepofitory. — 1  freely  confefs,  however,  that 
they  are  not  altooether  original  ;  but  they  will  not, 
I  prefume,  bs  confidercd  the  lefs  curious  and  impor- 
tant, becaufe  tl.'cv  happen  to  accord  with  the  judge- 
Eicnt  of  an  able  Critic  in  London,      And   I   tbii;k  it 


CRITICISM.  63 

a  diiity  X  owQ  to  my  fellow  citizens  of  the  United 
Stares,  not  only  10  jniard  ibcm  aga'uill  Toryinii  an.d 
InfvJclity, '"''-  but  alio  from  being  led  believe,  that 
ilicfc  are  purity  aad  elci^aiice  of  ilyle  where  ihcy 
«rc  not, 

Ai  Mr.  Hiirnc's  cbaradlcr  of  Onccn  Elizabeth  has 
bf:cn  particularly  adniircd,  I  lluiU  fcleiTt  tliat  portion 
oi'  his  HKtory,  and-tryit  l-»y  the  touchfcone  of  grain- 
matical  correclacls  and  claincai  puriiy. 

"  There  arc  few  pcrfniagcs  in  fliltory,  who  have 
been  more  cxpoftd  to  the  caKin'sny  of  enemies,  and 
t?ie  adulation  of  friends,  than  {Jjieen  Elizabeth/  and 
yet  there  fi^arcely  is  any  \vlrolt*  reputation  has  been 
more  certainly  determined  by  the  unanimous  confeat 
of  po/terity." . 

Now,  tlie  writer  did  not  mean  what  is  here  af- 
ferted.  Elizabeth's  charadlcr  is  no  more  expofcd  to 
eahimny  and  adulation,  than  the  charaiTter  of  any 
other  perfonagc,  bocanfe  Calumny  and  Adulation 
make  no  rational  dliHntftions.  Her  character  may, 
indeed,  have  incurred  more  caljmny  and  adulation, 
or  have  been  the  ohjtd  of  t]ien7,  than  that  of  moi\ 
other  people;  and  this  is  what  theWriter  would  have 
expreffcd,  had  he  known  how  to  write  Englifn. 

"  Tiie  unulhal  length  of  her  «i//72z/Z7y?rrt.//5?:,  andtljs 
{\.\-or\gfeaiurss  of  her  chara<L"ier,  were  able  to  over- 
come all  difhcnlties  }  and  obliging  her  detractors  to 
abate  much  of  their  inveclivcs,  and  her  admirers 
fomewhat  of  their  panep;yrics,  have,  at  laft,  in  fpite 
of  political  factions,  and,  what  is  more,  of  religious 

ani- 

*  Mr.  Flume's  f-ril  cHav  as  a  HlHorian  was  tvro  volumes 
in  defence  of  the  Hoxife  of  Stewart.  Thefe  met  with  fo 
favourable  a  reception  from  a  numerous  Party,  tiiat  he  leng- 
thened his  book  into  a  Hiilory  of  England,  including  the 
affairs  of  Scotland.  From  wlience  it  will  be  ^ttw,  that  ^,  r. 
Hume's  outfet  Avas  a  profelfed  defence  of  Tory  principles, 
and  how  unfit  he  is  to  be  confidered  as  an  impartial  hlftori- 

.  cal  guide  withrefpea  to  pohiical  doarines— indeed  he  is  the 
favourite  Author  of  all  the  advocates  for  Monarchy,  and  is 

.  confidered  by  them  as  a  ilandard  authority. 

Qoldfmith  was  alfj  on  the  Tory  fide,  r..id  yet  his  Abridge 
r^-iht  is  become  ?.  i:Jekool-book  i 


64  CRITICISM. 

animcfities,  produced  a  uniform  judgement  with  re- 
gard to  her  conducFi." 

No  judge  of  I  he  EngliHi  language  will  venture  to 
fay,  that  there  is  either  purity  or  elegance  in  this 
pafFagc.  A  cone^Tl  writer  wouid  have  put  reign  in- 
head  of  adminijiration.  Tlie  fancy  too  of  vl  feature  as 
able  to  overcome  a  prejudice,  will  have  but  few  ad- 
r.jirers  amongft  readers  of  taftc  and  dijcernment. — 
indead  oftf  uniform,  it  (hould  be  written  an  uniform 
judgetnetit,  he.  And  how  infipid  is  the  concluiion  ? 
— .*'  a  uniform  judgement  with  regard  to  her  con- 
ducf  i" — The  poprcit  icribbler  for  aNews-paper  could 
not  have  clothed  his  feni iment  in  more  beggarly 
language. 

*••  Ker  vigo-ar,  her  cmpancy^  her  magnanimity,  her 
penetration,  vigilance,  addrefs,  arc  allowed  to  merit 
the  highei^  prail'cs,  and  appear  not  to  have  been  lur- 
paiTed  by  any  perfon  that  ever  filled  a  throne," 

Where  is  the  elegance  of  this  palTage  ? —  Befides, 
conftancy^  in  its  general  fcnfe,  is  well  reprefented  by 
\.\\Q  conjiar.tia  o^  tne  Romans,  but  Englifn  readers  ap- 
ply the  word  to  love  or  friendfhip.  Perfeverance^  or 
jlrmnefs^  or  fome  equivalent  expreilion,  would  much 
better  have  reprelented  t})e  writer's  intention  in  this 
place.  h\\(\  the  lalt  claufe  of  the  paffage  is  particu- 
larly cold  and  undignified. 

*'  A  conduit  lefs  rigorous,  lefs  imperious,  more  Hn- 
cere,  more  indulgent  to  her  people,  tvozild  have  been 
requifiie  to  form  a  perfect  characTter,"- 

How,  ivcu/d  have  been  ? — It  lliould  be  '^  is  requifite" 
in  addition  to  her  excellencies. 

*'  By  the  force  of  her  mind,  flie  controlled  all  her 
more    a<rtivc  and  Wronger  qualities^*  and   prevented 

them  from  running  into  cxcefs."- 

This 

*  Acccrdir.g  to  the  idea  cf  fcT.e  Writers,  the  word  (f,ia- 
Ihy  doe^  not  properly  apply  to  Vice,  but  only  to  Virtue. — 
Thus  we  fay,  the  quality  oi  conrage,  oi  temperance,  or  rif  cJbas- 
tity;  but  we  cannot,  according  to  this  opinion,  with  pro- 
priety, fay  the  quality  of  coMjiirdice,  o^  dnvikennessy  or  o£  ias- 
civ'.ousiiess — Thefe,  fay  they,  v^xq  propetisiiks,  not  qualities —* 
A  queftion  for  the  Criucs. 


CRITICISM.  6/? 

This  pafTage  is  a  flat  contraciicftion  to  the  former. 
Ifilie  were  tree  from  excejs  \n  her  llronger  qualities, 
why  ihaultl  we  wilh  lier  to  have  been  Iti/s  imperious, 
or  lefs  rigorous  than  flie  was? — The  Writer  appears 
to  be  actuated  by  a  llron^  delire  to  exhibit  a  lit  iking 
antiihefis,  without  poHicfling  a  clearneis  of  coiiccpiion 
or  a  dexterity  of  language,  fuificient  fur  liis  purpofe. 
It  is  this  fupcrficial  glitter  th.at  impoics  upon  tUa  ne- 
gligent or  unlkiltul  rcarier,  but  will  not  iinpofc  upon 
the  calm  and  judicious  Critic.  —  The  whole  cf  this 
fcntence  is  infi  jid,  and  does  not  Hicw  a  iingle  ilroke 
of  a  njalter  artill. 

*'  Her  heioilm  was  exempt  from  temerity,  her 
frugality  from  avarice,  her  friendHiip  from  partiality, 
her  active  ten^per  from  turbulence  and  a  vain  anibi- 
tion."-— -- 

The  wordincr  of  this  pafTage  may  be  well  enough 
put  together,  but  the  pofltious  are  very  difputable, 
and  will  be  accedtd  to  bj*  very  few  who  have  care- 
L'My  and  impartially  iluaied  this*  Queen's  charac- 
ter. 

*•  S'le  j-narded"  not  herfelt  with  equal  care,  or  e- 
rual  I'liccefs,  from  Iclfer  ir.tirmities  ;  the  rival/liip  of 
beauty,  the  deiire  of  admiration,  and  the  fai'lics  of 
aiiger.^'^ 

**  I  ijc  dcfire  of  admiration"  wants  vijvnnr,  and  the 
'*  lallies  of  nnger"mnke  a  jnoft  nnrnufical  ronclufion. 
A  wsllrtunM  ear  will  perceive  liie  lupeiioriiy  of  h 
ditfercnt  arraugemenr. ;  **  the  Tallies  of  anger,  and 
the  jcalouues  of  iovw." 

Few 

*  "  Rivalfnip  cf  Beauty" — Qiiee-n  Elizabeth  had  no  beau- 
ty to  fcrait  ti";  on  the  contrary,  by  the  beil:  acccunts  we  have 
c:  her  priicn,  fhc  was  a  very  ordiirar'-',  forbiddinfj  fgure, 
b^'.  pOiT^ncd  CI  ftrcr.g  p<i(uor.s,  a:A  immxlera-tly  fond  of 
aciriiiratkn  ;  cvem  the  groffeft  -battery  was  accep»^able  to  her. 
— r^ence  a,rofe  her  implacai-k  hatred  to  Queen  Mr.ry,  who 
was  the  moil  bcaTLiful  wcnian  cf  the  age.  —  Per  Long;  pre- 
r.-ieaitat-;rl  murier  of  the  uniortu'.iatc.  Mary,  uneler.  the  moc- 
kery  of  le^:a\  forms,  Hands  upon  authentic  reords,  as  the 
Jijofi-airocicus  and  treacherous  act  that  has  been  perpetraied 
in  4^/  couhtr/. — Taking   in  all   tne  circumilances,  it  is  one 

cf 


66  CRITICISM. 

''^Fcw  S-V/creions  of  Engiaud  fuccecddd  to  the  tlirone 
in  more  difficult  circuniHances ;  and  none  ever  coir- 
<iu(51ed  the  govcx'-nment  with  iuch  uniform  fuctefs 
amlfdliciiy,  ■ ' 

The  ipcciiic  xevm  fuccecdcd  lias  no  propriety  in  this 
place  ;  he  Tuould  Jiave  iaid,  ajccnded  the  ihrcr.e.  And 
Avhat  a  tame  redundancy  in  the  two  luil  words  of  the 
Iciitcncc— they  /Iiould  be  ex])iinged» 

'*  Tiio'  her  ene:n;es  were  the  mofl  powerful  Prin- 
ces in  Europe,  the  nioiififiivc,  the  mofl  enierprifing, 
the  Icuft  fcntpulons^  fhs  was  able,  by  her  vigour,  lo 
make  deep  imprcffions  on  their  flatcs ;  her  own- 
grcatnefs,  meanwhile,  remained  antouchtd  aiid  un- 
impaired.'^'* 

*■'•  The  leafl  fcrHpulous"— ^in  what  ?  —  Some  addi- 
lion  is  uccciTiry  to  a  clear  perception  of  the  Writer's 
meaning;  and  v/c  may  readily  conclndc,  tliat  what 
has  been  tir.iouched  is  uni^npaircd.  The  whole  para- 
graph wants  cojifccution,  cojienon,  and  ccrrelpci;- 
tlencc. 

'^  The  fame  of  this  Piinccfst  tho'  it  has  furmounf- 
cd  the  prejudices  both  of  Fa^lion  and  Bigotry,  yet 
lies  dill  cxpofed  Xo  avcther  prejudice^  which  is  more- 
durable,  bccaufc  more  jiatiiral -,  and  which^  according 
to  the  difi'ercnt  view  s  in  whicli  we  furvey  her,  is  ca- 
pable eitlicr  of  exalting  beyond  meafure,  or  diminilh- 
i  r.^the  Inllrc  of  her  chara<^ter."^ 

As  nothing  was  faid  above  of  aay  thing  but  reli- 
gious faciious,.  the  words  '•^  both  of  Faction  and  Bi- 
gotry'' are  inaccurate  and  inoHlinc^.  The  charaflci-; 
of  the  paflage,  inltead  of  the  disparaging  term  ^7:0- 
t  her  prejudice  y  GvldcziiU  required  a  word  of  middle 

power 

of  t'ne  moft  afTecf^ing;  Hories  relp.ted  i'l  Hiflory. — [For  tlie  heft' 
r.crounts  of  Mary's  life  and  misfortunes,  ccnfult  Robertfon 
on  one  llde,  and  Stewart  on  the  other.] 

Irom  the  adan^cd  clctnky  of  Elizabeth — fhe  v/as  called  the 
Virgin  ^ise/i — arofe  the  name  of  this  State,  Virginia.  Per- 
haps the  ]n-efent  generation  of  Virginians  will  ap])laud  the 
htnefs  of  this  appellation — certainly  they  v\m11  wonder  at  the 
ci'rioiis,  and  ofc-tinies  ridiculous  circumftanccs,  which  grve 
rift;  to  the  mci:  important  affairs  of  the  vrcrlJ. 


CRITICiSM.  67 

power,  as  it  is  made  fufceptible  of  twooppofite  ap- 
plications. Mere  natural  is  ibcliih  ;  no  comparilou 
is  neccllary,  and  none,  in  rcaiity,  was  intended. — 
V/liethcr  <•<-  to  I'urvey  according  to  a  view"  be  either 
P^.n^iifli  orienlc,  I  r.nich  qnedion  ;  and,  *'■  to  exalt  a 
luftre,"  will  command  no  admiraiion  iVom  readers  of 
tafle  ;  bcfides,  regularity  demands  iliis  collocation: 
'^  either  oi'cxauino;,  or  diinini/iiing,  beyond  meaiurc, 
the  iudre — ",  Mcafure^  too,  as  applied  to  kijh-<j  1 — 
It  is  l;ke  a  peck  of  mooiijhivt'  i 

"  The  true  method  of  eltiniating  her  merit,  is  to 
Isy  alide  all  thele  ca:iJid(iraiioin^  and  cc?r/:/c?r  her  mere- 
ly as  a  raiicnal  beina:,  placed  in  aialjoriry,  and  inr 
tru/ted  witii  tlie  p^overnaicnt  of  mankind," 

lias  tl;is  nallagv;  any  claim  to  pvirity  or  elegance? 
—  None, 

'*  We  nay  Hnd  it  di-TIcuIt  to  reconcile  cur  fancy  to 
licr  as  a  wile  or  a  mi.'lrels;  bnt  her  qii:Jities  as  a 
Sovereign,  tlio'  with  Tome  conOderable  ey.cepiions, 
a  e  the  objiiP:  of  undifputed  applaule  and  approba- 
tion."'  — 

The  latter  part  of  this  period  is  every  way  illaud- 
aldc.  V/hat  is  meant  by  the  words  "  tho'  with  (ome 
t-onliderable  e:;cepticns,"  is  not  clear  from  their  po- 
fition  in  the  context.  Indcad  of  ^Z{/a7,  he  ftould  have 
put /,'/i-':-c7 ;  and  aj-phyjc^  according  to  the  rulss  of 
propriety,  flionld  have  followed  ff//'rc&^//o«. 

in  fliort,  Mr.  Editor,  I  feel  no  diiricuky  in  (iating 
it  as  my  opinion,  that  the  flyle  of  Hume's  hliOiory  is 
replete  with  harflinefs,  coarfenels,  clnmriuefs,  and 
impropriety  ;  that  correc^nefs  and  elegance  arc  very 
.rarely  ibund,  and  true  dignity  of  compofvtion  never. 
.There  is  no  infiance  an  recorj,  I  tiiink,  of  lo  great  a 
reputation  ihat  reds  on  fo  flimfy  a  foundation.  If 
any  of  his  admirers,  after  feeing  what  Hume  w, 
ihould  be  inclined  to  view  v/hat  he  »j  ?7c?,  let  them 
turn  to  Johnfon's  preface  to  his  edition  of  Shake- 
fpear,  and  their  conviction  will  be  complete.  They 
>vili  pais  from  the  contemplation  of  a  puny  bantling, 
to  the  achievements  of  a  mighty  giant,  **-  piling 
OOa  on  Olympus,  and  Pelium  on  Oita,  till  he  reitch 
ihen-.les!^"  CRITO. 


(    63    ) 

Memoirs  of  the  Author  of  **  A  Vindication  cf  the  Rights 
of  IVoman.^*      By  VV M .  Go D w  i  n . 

VULGAR  tears  fall  and  evaporate  withom  lea- 
vino;  any  iracc  behind  thuiii :  but  tlic  tears  ofat- 
fedi  >n  is  often  chryllialiicd  by  the  power  oi  genius, 
and  convened  into  a  permanent  literary  brilliant. 
Mr. Godwin,  whole  al-^ilitics  are  indifputable,  endea- 
vours thus  to  dignity  and  render  iiluflrious  his  Ibr- 
roNvs  for  the  lois  of  his  v/iTe  ;  we  therefore  regret 
the  necefiiry  of  obferving  that  not  only  the  general 
reader,  but  the  mo/l  jndicious  and  rcfiedting  part  of 
mankind,  will  arraign  the  prudence  and  tlic  utility 
of  ihefe  raemoirs,  though  he  himfelf  commences 
them  with  this  fcntenf  e  of  high  expecftation  : — 'there 
are  not  many  individuals  with  whole  charv^ter  the 
public  xvslfare  and  improv&mti^t  are  more  ultimately 
connected,  than  the  anchor  of  **  i\  Vindication  of 
the  Rights  of  Woman." 

After  an  exordium  fo  fplendid,  we  could  nor  ex- 
pert to  ^iX\<\  fiich  a  narrative  i — a  narrative  which 
-we  mufl  indeed  read  with  pity  and  concern,  but 
which  we  tliould  have  advifcd  the  autlior  to  bury  in 
oblivion,  Biuflies  would  luffufe  the  checks  of  mofr 
huibands  if  they  wt^r^  forced  to  rtlate  thole  anecdotes 
of  their  wives  which  Mr.  Godwin  voluntarily  pro- 
claims to  the  world.  The  extreme  cxen:ricity  of 
Mr.  G.'s  feutimenrs  will  account  for  this  conduCl:. 
Virtue  and  Vice  are  weighed  by  him  in  a  balance  of 
his  ov/n.  He  neither  locks  to  marriage  with  ref- 
pect,  nor  to  fuicide  with  horror.  He  relates  wirh. 
complacency  of  Mary  Wollftonecaft,  afterwards  his 
Avife,  that  Ihe  cultivated  a/^^/o«j>  affedlion  for  Mr, 
Fufeli  tlie  painter: — that  fhe  cohabited  Avirh  Mr. 
imaly  as  his  wife,  took  his  name  and  had  a  child  by 
him,  without  being  married  ;  and  that  flit  even  li- 
ved with  Mr.  G.  himfelf,  and  was  pregnant  by  him  ; 
and  that  it  was  only  her  pregnancy  which  induced 
them  to  think  of  marriage  ;  fearing  that,  otherwile 
f]ie  might  be  excluded  from  focicty.  He  gravely 
records;  alfo,  (what  was  mentioaed  at  the  time  in 

the 


CRITICISM.  69 

the  Kew (papers,  and  was  confiderct!  by  foroe  perfons 
as  calumny'))  her  attempt  to  drown  herfelf  in  the 
Thames,  in  conftquence  of  xV'<'  ill-trcatjr.ent  which 
ihe  experierioed  from  Mr.  Iinlay. 

How  the  public  welfare  and  improvement  are 
connedled  v.-irh  or  can  be  adviiiiced  'yths,*  fiuditd 
and  'jniforiT!  euiogium  of  fuch  conduct  will  not  be 
eafily  perceived  ;  nor  will  any  reader  of  difccrnnient 
v>})0  appre:-iarts  rhe  merits  of  this  unfortunate  fe- 
male, even  on  the  evidence  of  her  own  hufband,  be 
able  to  fay  vvirh  him  that  Hherc  are  no  circumflances 
in  her  life  ihar,  in  the  juJjTmcnt  of  honour  and  rea- 
fon,  could  brand  her  with  dilgracc  I' — Peace  to  her 
manes!  She  was  the  child  of  Genius,  but  (he  was 
alio  the  child  of  Error  ! 

Mod  of  the  iiicidcnts  whi..h  compofed  her  fljort 
life  are  neither  vtry  fingular  nor  very  fhiking. 
Where  ihe  was  born  her  hiifbaiul  docs  not  know. 
She  con>menced  the  ce.reer  of  fame,  like  Milton,  Sir 
Richard  Blackmore,  Dr.  Johnfon,  and  others,  by 
keeping  a  fchool ;  • —  fhe  then  became  a  writer  for 
a  bookiciler,  and  an  occafional  critic.  She  attracted 
notice  by  entering  the  HHs  againft  Mr.  Burke,  and 
particularly  by  her  *••  Vindication  of  the  Kigl.ts  of 
Woman;"  by  the  publication  of  which,  in  t!)e  o- 
pinion  of  hqr  biographer,  *  fhc  will  perhaps  be  found 
to  l:ave  performed  more  fubfiantial  fervice  for  the 
caufc  of  her  fex,  than  all  the  other  writers,  male  or 
female,  that  ever  felt  themfclves  animated  in  the 
'beiialf  of  oppreffcd  and  injured  beauty.'  Tliough, 
this  mull  be  deemed  exaggerated  praifc,  it  may  be 
forgiven  from  a  huiband,  who,  no  doubt,  moH  fin- 
cereiy  mourns  her  lofs  ;  and  our  other  female  au- 
thors mafl  not  take  it  amifs  that  he  (hould  wifii  ro 
have  it  believed,  that  'no  female  writer  ever  cb- ^ 
tainedfo  great  a  degree  of  celebrity  throughout  Ku-s 
rope.' 

]Mr.  and  Mrs.  Godwin  poffefTed  congenial  rninds, 
and  perJiaps  no  two  people  '  etter  fuited  each  other.; 
though,  (as  this  memoir  relates)  at  the  firO  time  of 
their  meeting,  they  did  not  reciprocally  excite  any 

very 


70  CRITICISM/ 

very  prepofTening  impref?ions.  At  iaf>,  'lowever,  a 
fh'onjy  and  mutual  aiicciioii  took  ];]ace,  and  ripened 
into  love. 

'  There  was  (Mr.  G.  fays)  no  pciiod  of  throes 
and  reioiute  explanation  aiitnclinc  on  tlu;  tale.  It 
wc-  '  -'■•■-:  :-'^'':n^T  into  love,  Previohflv  to  our 
v.:  ich  lc!t  aflured,  yet  eat  i,  /<  L  a 

'  '.  ■.  c    aHlnaacc    com- 

;     .v'.;>.  o»      f-*  ti^f    finvcrity    and    ardrur   of 
.i.'.unal  r;:fii  ;:•!,   it    is    ctinciTelv  ad.icd,    '  V/e  did 
nj  *r.'-»-ry,'  — -  anJ  liicr.  7: Hows  this  poL;r,   tuj-giJ  at- 
tempt d:  a  jull:ncat:i().a  ? — 

■  '  Ic  is  d;ifiii.!t  CO  rt consniend  aiiy  thins;  to  indifcri- 
niin.ite  aclcprioxi,  conrrirry  fo  the  citablifl^ed  rules 
and  prcjuc^ires  of  n'aukind  ;  but  certainly  nothing 
can  be  \o  ridi..nlous  upon  the  face  of  it,  or  To  contra- 
ry to  the  genereil  march  of  /entitnera,  as  to  require 
the  overftoA  injv;  of  the  foul  to  wait  upon  a  ceremo- 
ny, and  that  \vhi«-h,  whiereever  delicacy  aiui  imagi- 
nation exid,  is  of  all  things  moil  facredly  private,  to 
blow  a  trumpet  before  it, 'and  to  record  the  moment 
when  it  has  arrived  at  its  climax.' 

Apprehending  that  this  very  refined  and  fentimen- 
ta!  logic  would  not  be  fufncient  to  convince  the  pub- 
lic of  the  propriety  of  their  condndl  in  this  refpcc^t, 
Mr.  G.  adds — <•  There  were  other  reafons  why  we 
did  not  immediately  marry — Mary  felt  an  entire 
convi61ion  of  the  propriety  of  her  conducl:.' —  We 
queftion  this.  Her  experience,  with  Mr.  Imlay,  of 
the  miferablc  confequences  to  which  a  woman  expo- 
ies  hcrfelf  by  an  unmarried  conne<51ion,  muji  have 
tanghr  her  the  impnidence  at  leall  of  difrejrarding  the 
law  of  fociety  refpecfting  marriage.  ISo  evil  may 
refult  from  recording  the  Vow  of  Love  ;  but  many 
evils  mtift  reiult  from  a  nein^lc^t,  or  a  contempt  of  the 
Law  of  Marriage.  It  is  one  of  the  rnofl  important 
infKitntions  of  civil  fociety. 

On  this  fubjee^,  Mr.  Godwin  rather  gives  his  own 
opinions  than  thofe  of  his  wife  ;  or,  he  exhibits  hcr's 
\vith  the  coloui^ing  of  his  theoretical  fyllcm  thrown 

over 


CRITICISM.  71 

over  ^em.  —  Bjt  let  us  liftcn  to  his  accovint   cS  her 
religion  ? — 

*  Her  religion  was  little  allied  to  ^ny  iyllem  o 
forms  ;  it  was  founded  rarher  in  tj/k^  than  in  tiic 
niceties  of  polemical  diCcuflion,,  .Her  mind  conrtiru- 
rioaally  attached  itleif  lo  \\\q  fublii^ie  and  ihc  amiable^ 
She  round  an  inexprcuibie  delight  in  the  beauties  oi' 
■:i  ^w-     and  in  the  fplendid  reveries  of  tho  ima^J/iution  / 

?  walked  aniidd  the  \vonders  of  Narurc, 
.  -  ,,,.  ■■■  ..^  ;0'5ve''^V  "';'.:  G  -d.  To  hz:' 
o:-:d  J.;  TiOl  icis  a.niablc,  kiiv!  -o^ui 
.  .  V.V-:  .  jvtat,  Nvile,  and  exalted  In  facl, 
iiio  !k:  1  rec'ved  few  ieifons  o'  religion  in  her  youth, 
?:id  i.or  rc'igio.i  was  alm<;fl  entirely  of  her  own  cre- 
a\i(n.--'  She  could  not  re.ollei-t  the  time  when  (lie 
had  believed  tie  .!o6irine  of  future  puui.limenrs, — 
Tre  tenets  t.f  her  fyfiem  were  the  growth  of  her 
o*v  n  in  )'-al  tafle,  and  her  religion  was  a  gratiiicatioii 
not  a  terror  to  her.  She  fometirnes  liftened  to  the 
-f.' -mons  of  Dr.  Price,  hut  more  frequently  attended 
public  woriliip  according  to  the  forms  of  the  Church 
of  England.  Latterly  lier  attendance  on  DivincScr- 
vice  became  lei's  confrant,  and  at  length  was  wholly 
difcontinued.  —  I  believe  (continues  Mr.  G.)  th.at  no 
perfon  of  a  well  furniftied  mind ^  that  has  fnaken  off 
the  implicit  lubje(^tion  of  youth,  and  is  not  the  zeal- 
ous partizan  of  a  Se;5i,  can  bring  himfelf  to  conform 
to  the  regi'dar  routine  of  fermons  and  prayers  !' 

The  matrimonial  happinefs  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  God- 
Avin  was  but  of  fhort  contiuance.  Their  marriage 
was  declared  in  April  1797?  and  flie  died  the  Sep- 
tember following,  in  child-bed,  aged  38. 

*  Here  Ave  perceive  the  f.^'Urce  of  all  MifsWolftancroft's 
mi;-. fortunes,  "  the  want  of  an  early  religioir  education." — 
She  entered  into  the  world  without  a  T/uem  of  eithermorals 
or  religion,  ?\\<t  fell  a  vio im  to  a  "  g'uyxing  iinacrhiation,''  and 
became  an  obj  jcfl  of  fhame,  and  repropxh,  and  mifery  ! — Such 
are  the  etfei^s  of  a  gh\chg  inr agination,  particularly  in  a  fe- 
male, without  the  rtitraiiiin.'j  helps  of  Morals  and  Reli^^ion. 
— Y/c  underftand  by  her  life,  which  has  been  lately  puhlini- 
cd,  thit  her  father  was  of  an  unfettled  difpof.tion,  continu- 
ally movinij  from  place  to  place,  until  at  laft  he  Vy-afted  nrll 
his  property,  and  died  in  poverty. 


72  CRITICISM. 

In  the  pofthumous  worksof  IMrs.Gothvin,  wc  per- 
ceive a  (tries  of  letters  to  Mr.  L  who  lived  with  her 
at  Paris  for  a  Ihort  time  in  matrimoniitl  intit?7acy^  but 
without  the  forms  of  marriage  ;  he  forfook  her  when 
ihe  v/as  pregnant,  a  prey  to  dcjpair,  end  took  up 
^vith  another  woman.  —  Almoin  any  other  liuiband 
than  Mr.  Godwin  would  have  rupj^rtfTc  d  rhele  let- 
ters ;  yet  he  not  only  publifhcs  them,  but  introdiaces 
them  \vi:h  a  preface,  in  which  he  declares  iheui  to 
'  contain  the  hneft  examples  of  the  language  of  fenm 
tim:7-:t  and  pafjion  c\€\'  prefented  to  tlic  world!'—. 
We  think  fach  ianouage  little  fhort  of  infaniry  ;  ef- 
pecially  when  it  appears,  that  her  fentirrttuii  not  be- 
ing guided  hy prucknce^  (he  was  left  to  flianie,  mifery 
and  defpair ! 

The  following  extract  from  ohc  of  her  letters  to 
her  unfaithful  lover,  will  give  our  readers  an  idea 
of  her  gloiving  imagination  : — 

*•  I  obey  an  emotion  of  the  heart,  which  made  me 
think  of  wijliing  thee,  my  love,  a  good  night,  before 
1  go  to  re(l,  with  more  tendernefs  than  I  can  to- 
jinorrow,  when  writing    a  hafly   line  under  Colooel 

's  eye.     You  can  fcarcely  imagine  with  what 

pjcafure  1  anticipate  the  day,  when  we  are  to  begin 
/c  live  together  ;  and  you  will  fmile  to  hear  how  many 
plans  of  em.ployraent  I  have  in  my  head,  now  that 
i  am  confident  my  heart  has  found  peace  in  your  bo- 
iom — ^delnd^d,  miffaken  Tvomar?!] — Cherifh  me  w  ith 
t\\diX  digr.Ji.d  ter.deivefr^  which  I  have  only  found  in 
you  ;  and  your  own  dear  girl  will  try  to  keep  under 
a  qidcknefs  of  feelings  that  has  fometimes  given  you 
pain  ! — Yes,  1  will  be  good,  that  1  may  deferve  iq 
be  happy  ;  and,  whilft  you  love  me,  1  cannot  again 
fail  into  the  miferable  ftate  which  rendered  lile  a 
burthen  almoU  too  heavy  to  be  borne. 

"  But,  g0(vj  night — God  blcfs  you  ! — Sterne  fays, 
that  is  equal  to  a  kifs  ;  vet  I  would  rather  give  you 
jthc  kifs  into  the  bargain  I  ■   '  ■'■  

*^  P.  cS",  1  will  bc^at  I  he  Barrier  a  little  after  ten 
o'clock  to-morrow"' 

The 


CiUTIClSM.  -^l 

The  confequence  of  this  barrier  aulgnation  v.  [is  a 
child.  It  was  called  t!ie  Harrier  Girly  from  a  belict 
that  file  owed  her  ex^ftencc  to  this  willhii;  interview- 
on  the  Lady's  fide  —  The  man  who  could  refill  fuch 
an  invitation,  rnufl;  be  more  than  a  JofephI 

Aitho'  Mifs  W,  went,  of  her  own  accord,  without 
f^nn  or  folicitatioij,on  this  occafion,  to  make  a  child, 
yet  (lie  freqtiently  lamented  the  evils  to  which  Na- 
ture had  ililjcCted  her  lex  in  the  article  of  children  ; 
a  fubjti>.4  which  /lie  never  could  difcuis  with  patience, 
it  being  an  evil  to  which  man  was  not  fubjedted, 

'*  What  figniiies  (cried  flic)  all  the  freedom  of  our 
fouls,  all  the  exaltation  of  our  intelle(ft3,  if  we  arc 
to  be  confined  for  months  to  carry  a  burthen  which 
we  have  no  means  to  lay  down  ;  and  v\  hen  tlie  little 
wretcli  appears  to  the  world,  what  a  dreadful  idea  I 
— With  intcllet^ts  that  foar  beyond  the  firniament, 
are  we  to  be  confined  to  fwaddle  and  dandle  an  ani- 
mal that  has  no  ideas,  and  would  at  every  moment 
dedrov  itfelf,  if  we  did  not  prelerve  it  ? — O  horrid  I 
that  Nature  did  not  provide  fome  middle,  fome  Ilu- 
pid,  hunpiih  beinc;,  to  r^a^'  3i'd  take  care  of  the  hu- 
inaa  progeny — Why  not  make  man  an  oviparous  ani- 
mal ? —  Then  we  might  have  hatched  the  eggs  in 
ftoves,  as  they  do  chickens  in  Egypt  I" 

Is  this  a  woman  to  be  held  up  as  a  pattern  for  th,e 
£c:ii  ?  —  Are  her  writings  fit  to  be  put  into  the  hands 
of  our  wivfs  and  daughters  ? — We  may  pity  her  mis- 
fortunes, but  we  mult  blame  her  conduct,  and  deteit 
her  fentiments. 

If  Mr  I.  was  foon  cloyed  v/lth  the  exceflive  fond' 
refs  of  i\\\s  ivilling  damfy  it  muft  be  confefied,  that 
Godwin  and  her  were  *'  congenial  fonls,"  both  ot 
them  di (regarding  the  ceremonies  of  tlie  Law,  and 
the  refpe.t  of  the  Community.  Indeed  the  whole  of 
Godwin*s  do6lrines  tend  to  deltroy  all  law*  and  all 
dsoency,  under  the  fiimfy,  but  deceiving  pretext  of 
what  he  calls  *'  the  perfeftability  of  human  nature." 
E  But 

*     Strivuig  to  realize  Pope's  well-known /joef/ca/maxirn, 
*'  Curfe  ou  all  laws  but  thofe  that  Love  ha.'^  made." 


74  CRITICISM. 

— But,  let  liim  fpcak  for  himrdf,  and  let  every  good 
ciiizen  think  of  the  coiifcqucnces  ; — 

**  If  geuuiiie  liberty  were  eltablifiied,  all  the  fe- 
m'ile  fex  would  be  within  our  choice.  — What  bufi- 
nefs  has  one  man  to  monopolize  a  woman  to  himfelf? 
— Love  and  aii-edlion  are  as  various  as  any  other  paf- 
fion,  —  \vMiat  are  the  names  of  Mother,  and  Wi^e, 
and  Daughter,  and  Sifler  ?  —  In  a  (late  of  nature, 
men  purine  their  o\>  n  inclinations,  and  do  not  each 
j^rafp  a  female  to  himfelf,  the  Have  of  his  caprice — 
Over  this  imaginary  prize,  ir.en  watch  with  perpet- 
ual jealoufy,  and  one  man  will  find  his  defires  to  cir- 
cumvent as  much  excited,  as  the  other  is  excited  to 
traverfe  him. — As  long  as  this  (late  of  fociety  coa- 
rinues,  philavthrophy  [what  a  perverfion  of  the  word!] 
will  be  crolfed  and  checked  in  a  thoufand  ways." — 

'*  When  the  diflinctions  of  fociety  fliall  be  con- 
founded, and  men  fhall  ceale  to  appropriate  a  whcle 
female  to  themfelves,  two  men  might  eafily  enjoy  one 
^.voman  ! — becaufe  it  would  be  her  company  they  de- 
fired,  and  the  fenfual  gratitication  would  be  confider- 
ed  as  a  trifle,  Reafonabk  men  will  propagate  their 
fpecies,  not  becaufe  a  certain  pleafure  is  annexed  to 
the  action,  but  becaufe  it  is  nght  the  fpecies  fiiould 
be  propag.iied,  and  the  maimer  \n  which  they  exer- 
cife  this  function,  will  be  regulated  by  the  diclaies 
of  duty  and  reafon  I  —  It  is  true,  in  fuch  a  (tate,  it 
will  not  be  afcertained  who  is  the  father  of  tliis  or 
that  child — What  matter — it  is  of  no  confequence  ! 
— I  ought  to  prefer  no  human  being  to  another,  be- 
caufe that  being  is  my  father,  my  wife,  or  my  fon  1" 

Again  —  '*  The  inlHtution  of  marriage  is  afyj-.cm 
cj fraud! — It  is  true,  marriage  is  law,  but  it  is  the 
worfl  of  all  iuivs! — Vv'hatever  our  underdandings  may 
tell  us  of  theperi'oH  from  w  hofe  connection  we  fljould 
derive  the  greareft  improvement,  of  the  worth  of 
one  woman,  and  the  demerits  of  another,  we  are  o- 
bliged  to  confider  wi'at  is  law,  and  not  whatisjuf- 
tice.  So  long  as  I  leek  to  engrofs  one  woman  to  my- 
felf,  and  prohibit  my  neighbour  from  proving  his 
fuperior  deferts,  and  reapirg  the  fruits  of  them^  1  am 
guilty  of  the  moft  odious  of  all  monopolies  i" 


Tbcfe  extracts  are  taken  from  Godwiii's  Political 
TuUice,  an  impofing  title  to  very  pernicious  do(Brints. 

The  laft  work  we  have  Teen  of  Godwin's  is  or.e 
entitled  St.  Leon.  It  is  written  in  his  ufual  Ityle, 
vf  (Iron'j^  and  nervous  language,  and  contains  a  v-i-ll 
<]rawn  pkUire  of  the  fatal  efre^^s  of^-  wing,  wlijch, 
wljcii  rhe^r  meet  with  the  book,  v/e  rt  ciMunicnd  that 
J. art  of  it  to  our  gainbling  rcai^.crs — Bui  never  was 
book  written,  fince  the  days  of  witchcraft  and  cre- 
dality,  on  foabfiird  and  iiupicbable  a  principle,  viz. 
the  luppoftrd  exigence  of  the  Pliilofopher's  Stone, 
and  of  a  Panacea  to  prcfcrve  life  perpetnally! — 1'he 
a' iurdity  of  the  pl?n,  however,  is  perl'e(9.1y  inno- 
cent when  compared  with  its  immoral  tendency. — 
As  a  proof,  we  fc!'.'ci  from  St  Leon  the  following 
pair^gc  :— 

*'  It  mufi  be  confeiTed,  that  this  ofTs^nce  (Gallantry 
— the  hero  of  rlie  work  is  then  fuppoftd  to  be  at  Pa- 
ris) has  a  thoufand  advantao,es  ever  Gaming.  Few 
women  of  regular  and  reputable  lives,  huve  the  erfe 
of  manners,  that  flow  of  fancy,  and  that  ^/v/cy/i// z;^- 
iyepid'^*y  of  thihking  end  c^:prijjlng  thentjel'vesy  that  is  to 
be  ''oand  among  tbofe  Nvho  have  dijcha-ged  thsn^fehes 
fycjn  the  tyranny  of  cuficm.  There  is  fomet'ring  itre- 
ii'libly  captivating  in  that  "ooluptuovfneft^  \\  liith,  while 
it  afTumej:  a  certain  air  of  freedom,  conforms  itfeli 
to  the  diclates  of  t'jzfophiflicated  delicacy  ! — A  Judlcicus 
'volupiuoupitfs  is  neceflary  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
mind,  ti>  the  polifliing  of  the  manners,  to  tite  refin- 
ing of  fentimcnt,  and  the  dev^lcpctnent  of  the  nn- 
cVi  (landing';  ;  and  a  woman  deiicieui  in  this  refpe<R^, 
nay  be  of  in'e  m  the  nianaonnent  of  our  families, 
I  lit  can  neither  add  to  the  evjoy'>ne>:ts,  nor  fix  the /^r- 
t'.ul'jy  of  a  man  oi  tnfle  or  animation  .'" 

Such  is  the  V/riter,  v»'hofc  works  are  put  into  the 
hinds  of  our  young  men,  to  prepare  their  minds  for 
a  general  fyfleni  of  immorality  and  licenticnfnefE — 
to  free  our  young  women  from  the  tyranny  of  cnfi:niy 
to  difengage  rheni  from  the  diftufes  cf  /rfphijiicattd  deli- 
cacy y  and  to  give  them  a  co^th.itir.g  voluplncufi.efs  1 
E  2  V. 


(     7'^     ) 

BIOGRAPHY. 

UioGHAPiiy  is  the  Eye  of  Uvjtokx, 


I 


BUONAPARTE. 

T  requires  but  a  very  fi^pcrficial  examination  in- 
to the  hiflory  of  maukiud  to  difcover,  tliat  great 
events  are  proclufiive  ot*  great  characlers.  They 
excite  t!ie  paflions  ;  invigorate  individual  talents^ 
rel'cue  merit  from  und^^lerved  obfcurity  ;  and  letting 
afiJe  the  Hc^ilious  diflinl-lions  founded  on  the  follies, 
rather  than  the  conventions  of  fociety,  pive  full 
play  to  exertion,  and  ample  fcope  to  j^cnius.  But 
tills  faO  h  never  more  iatisfaftorily  illuitrated,  than 
in  the  contcih  conne^Sled  with,  and  founded  en,  \hz 
love  of  Freedom,  a  princ:j)le  intimately  hlcnded  with 
our  exIHence  and  our  happinefs,  and  \vhich,  hein^r 
foimded  in  nature,  is  latent  in  the  baicli:  and  moit 
fcliifh  hearts. 

The  hemifphere  of  Greece  exhibited  a  galaxy  of 
1  ,e  oes,  durina  her  llruggle  for  Liberty,  againft  the 
domedlc  tyrants  who  opprefled,  and  the  foreign 
kings  v;ho  endeavoured  to  enflave  her.  The  names 
and  actions  of  Peiopjdas  and  Epaminondas;  of  Le- 
oni'Ja-:  andAgis  ;  of  tiarmodius  and  AriOogiton  ;  are 
familiar  to  every  chihcal  fcliolar,  and  have  been 
long  dear  to  mankind.  In  Rome,  we  behold  one 
Brutus  arifo  to  expel  Tarqnin,  and  another  to  punifli 
Cselar.  The  burnrng  liand  of  Scan'o^a  appalled  the 
heart  of  the  king  of  Etifuria  ;  and  a  fcngle  citir:cn, 
in  the  peribn  of  Horatius  Codes,  defending  a  bridge 
agamft  a  litrle  army,  flruck  an  aflonifhed  enemy 
with  terror  and  difmay. 

Similar  caufes  in  Fi-nnce  have  produced  nearly  fi- 
,  milar  effects,  and  the  triumplis  of  the  r-/Ionarchy 
I'sve  been  already  obliterated  by  the  glorie?  of  the 
Republic.  Diibrganiled,  iindilciplined,  dilfatisfied, 
her  armies,  at  the  beginning  of  the  contefl,  exhibit- 
ed numbers  without  valour,  and  ensrerprife  without 
fucceis.      It  can   have   been  no   comrooo  principle, 

then 


BUONAPARTE.  77 

then,  that  lias  forced  the  veteran  troops  of  Europe 
to  tur/i _pale  hc^ovc  hcv  freHi  levies,  and  the  Brunf- 
v/icks,  the  Cierfayes,  rlie  Wurmlcrs,  to  lend  their 
filvcr  locks  to  men,  new  to  the  Icience  of  war,  and 
unknown  to  hiftory.  At  one  time  we  have  i'een  Du- 
Riouricr  feeb-ly  oppofing  the  allies,  and  a'5iuallv'  de- 
precating their  ellbrts  ;  at  another  time,  invading 
their  ])oficinons,  and,  foon  afrer,  flying  to  them  for 
fncconr  and  protection.  jourJan,  by  the  exertion 
of  foldieriy  bravery  alone,  taught  the  enemy  to  ref- 
pc(^t  his  countrymen  ;  Pichcgru  d;fplaved  all  the  re- 
iburces  of  a  great  tactician,  and  diredied  every 
niovernent  by  the  rul-rs  of  art.  fvlorcan,  in  imitation 
of  Xenoi>bon,  acquired  more  glory  by  retreat,  than 
others  have  achieved  by  viclory  ;  and  Buonaparte, 
by  uniting  the  w  arrior  and  the  Uatesman  in  his  own 
perfon,  has  confummated  tlie  glory  of  his  adopteU 
country. 

This  extraordinary  man,  Buonaparte,  was  born 
Jn  the  town  of  Ajaccio,  in  Corfica,  in  1767,  is  the 
ion  of  Ch.ar.  Bjonaparic  and  LaetiriaRaniolini.  His 
father,  who  was  alfo  a  native  Ajaccio,  was  bred  to 
the  law,  at  B.ome,  and  took  part  with  the  celebra- 
ted Paoli,  in  the  me^vorable  ftruggle  made  by  a 
hau'lful  of  brave  iflander?:,  againfl  the  ryranniral  ef- 
forts of  Louig  XV,  and  the  Macliiavelian  fthemes 
of  his  minider,  Choilevil. 

1  am  aflt.u'cd,  by  a  near  relation  of  tl:c  famil'/, 
that  he  not  only  Uiid  afiOe  t)ie  jrown  I'.pon  this  occafi- 
on,  but  a;?iuaiiy  carried  a  ir-uiket  as  a  private  cen- 
tinel. 

On  the  conq»-,cri  of  the  iAand,  he  v;if]icd  to  retire, 
\\'h\\  the  galiint  chieftain  who  had  lo  nobly  ilrug- 
gled  for  its  independence;  but  he  Vv-as  prevented  by 
his  uncle,  a  Canon,  wlio  exerciibd  a  parental  au- 
tiioriiy  over  him. 

In  1773,  a  de}>t!tation  from  the  three  efla-es  was 
fent  to  wait  on  the  king  of  E'tance;  and,  on  tins 
occafion,  Charles  Buonaparte  was  fcleCtcd  to  repre- 
fent  the  Nobles.  He  was  foon  after  promoted  to  the 
cfiice  of  Procuroioie  Reale  of  Ajaccio,  where  his 
E    z  an- 


73  BUONAPAKTH. 

anceHors,  fuppofed  to  liave  been  originally  fromTuC- 
caiiy,  haJ  been  fettled  nearly  two  liundrt;d  years. 

The  family  of  the  el  !cr  Suvjnapajte  was  numer- 
ov.s,  for  he  had  fevtn  children  :  four  fon?,  and  ihree 
daughters.  It  was  his  good  fortune,  however,  to 
be  cherifhed  by  the  French  ;  and  both  he  and  his  fa- 
mily lived  in  the  greeted  intimacy  witli  M.  dc  Mar- 
boeuf,  the  Governor,  wlio  received  a  revenue  o 
60, ceo  livres  a  year,  on  condition  of  doing  noihing  ! 
An  Iiitendant  w;;s  paid  nearly  as  much,  and  a  (wai  ni 
of  hungry  leeches,  engendered  in  the  corruption  of 
the  court  of  Verfailles,  at  one  and  the  fame  time 
Jacked  the  blood  of  the  Corficans,  and  drained  the 
treaflire  of  the  mother  country  ;  in  fliort,  like  the 
conq'ieds  of  moje  recent  times,  the  fubjugation  oC 
iLat  illand  I'eems  to  have  been  achieved  for  no  oiher 
p-irpofe,  than  to  graiify  avarice,  and  fatiatc  ra]-a- 
ci'^y. 

On  the  deat'i  of  his  friend,  Ch.arles  Buonaparte,, 
M.  dc  Marboeuf  continued  to  patronize  his  family,, 
and  placed  his  fecond  fon,  Napolcone,  the  fubje6l  of 
thefe  memoirs,  ax  the  Ecole  Jdilita.'re,  or  Military  A- 
caden'iy.  The  advantage  refulting  from  Lhis  lemina- 
ry,  which  ha!^  produced  more  great  men  than  any  o- 
ilier  in  Europe,  were  not  loi'i  in  ycnng  Cuonaparte  ;. 
he  there  applied  himfelf  wi-:h  equal  afnduity  and  ad- 
d:efs  to  nia:aer::iatics,  and  Ituditd  the  art  of  war 
as  a  regular  fcitnce.  Born  in  the  midil  of  a  repub- 
lican Itrurgle,  in  hii  native  land,  it  was  his  g(<od' 
f  Ttune  to  ijurit  into  manhoc  d,  at  the  moment  when- 
the  country  of  his  choice  flio  k  cff  tie  chains  wltk 
\vhich  (he  iiad  been  manacled  for  centuries.  There 
wosallo  fomething  in  his  manners  and  habits  that 
jinoiuKcd  him  eql.al  to  the  fiiuation  for  which  he 
ilenis  U)  have  been  deflined  ;  inftcad  of  imitating 
the  frivolity  of  the  age,  his  mind  was  continually 
oc  cupied  by  ufeful  ihidies  ;  aiul  from  the  Lives  of 
Plurarcb,  a  volume  of  which  he  always  carried  in, 
his  pocket,  he  learned,  at  an  early  age,  to  co))y  the. 
nianuers,  and  emulate  the  ai^lions,  of  antiquirv. 

With 


BUONAPARTE,  79 

Whh  This  flifpofition,  it  is  but  litrle  wonr^er  tliat 
he  ihould  have  d.dic:ircd  liis  liie  to  ihe  profciilon  of 
arms.  Wc  accordnigly  Hnd  him,  wiule  yet  a  boy, 
prelcn^iiig  himfelf  as  a  candidaie  for  a  eommi(iiv)n  in 
tne  artillery  ;  and  his  iucceis  equalled  the  expecUii- 
ops  of  his  friends,  fur  he  was  the  iztiion  tlje  lilf, 
ont  of  tlie  36,  who  proved  victorious  in  the  contef!. 
In  confeqnence  of  this  event,  he  became  a  lieuten- 
ant in  the  French  army,  and  fervcd  as  furh  during 
TWO  or  three  years,  in  the  regiment  of  La  Fe  e. 

On  the  Ibcond  expedition  htied  out  againlt  Sardin- 
ia, he  embarked  with  his  countrymen,  and  iai.iied 
in  the  little  ifland  of  lYladd-tlena,  which  lie  took  pol- 
fvii^oa  of,  for  the  Fiench  llcp\iblic;  but  tinding  ilje 
troops  that  i,ad  been  got  logeiht-r  for  this  eK]>edition 
iititucr  pofrcilcd  organization,  nor  dilciplinc,  he  rt- 
itJiMed  ro  the  port  ol'  Ajr  cio,  whence  he  had  let  out. 

In  the  mean  time,  a  ii^lieme  was  forming  iur  the 
annexation  of  C'Mfi  a  to  the  crown  of  England  ;  and 
tiie  cabitiet,  in  an  evi'  hryur^  acceded  to  a  propofitjon 
wliich  w'-ile  it  diminifned  ihe  wcahli,  has  contribu- 
ted but  lime  either  to  the  honour  or  advantage  of 
t!at  country. 

Bwonapp.'-te  had  a  dimvult  part  to  at^  wpon  this 
o-calion  ;  he  was  perfonaily  attached  to  Palquale 
Paoli ;  he  refented  the  treatment  ho  experienced  ciu- 
rl -ijv  the  reign  of  the  TerroriJ]s,  and  had  at'^.ually 
drawn  up,  with  hi?  osvn  band,  the  renionftriHue 
tianfmirted  by  the  Mnnici;  al:ty  of  /^jaccio  agaiiu't 
tiie  decree  declaring  the  General  an  enemy  to  the 
Commonwealth.  Indeed,  he  was  fut^pofed  10  be  io 
inrimarely  connefled  with  him,  that  a  warrant  was 
a^lually  ifTued  bv  Lacombe  de  St,  Michel,  and  tl^e 
two  other  commiflioners  of  the  Convention,  to  arreii 
young  Baonaparte  ! — NotwithOanding  this,  he  was 
d^'termined  to  remain  faithful  to  his  engagements, 
and  learning  that  the  Englidi  fleet,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, had  failed  for  the  pnrpofe  of  feizing  his  na- 
tive ifland,  he  embarked,  along  svith  his  family,  for 
the  continent,  and  fettled  wi*thin  eighteen  leagues  of 
Ti)ulon. 

E  4  That 


So  BUONAPARTE. 

Tiiat  town^  the  fccond  Tea-port:  in  Fraiire,  was  at 
fliis  moment  iia  the  pof!ci!ion  of  ihe  i::ng'ilh,  having 
beenjuft  f'cizcd  upun  by  Admiral  Lord  Hood,  who 
liad  fiibflituted  the  Criiifli  ciofs  in  the  place  of  i ho 
three-coloured  Hag.  The  military  talents  of  the 
young  Cotlican  \vtre  well  known  to  ^alicctli,  who 
introduced  him  to  Barras,  to  wliou)  he  aftorded  in- 
dubitable proof  of  the  fmcerity  ot  his  profcffions,  at 
a  period  wlien  fuipiciou  was  judilicd  by  the  molt  is- 
rioLJS  and  frequent  defcctionsv  Me  was  acccrdinyly 
adavnced  from  the  rank  of  Chief  de  Brigade,^  to 
that  ol  General  of  Artillery,  and  directed,  under 
General  Dngommicr,  the  attacks  of  the  various  re- 
d^jubis  tliat  iurrounded  and  (rrcngihened  rh'is  inipor- 
tant  pert,  in  wliich  Coliot  de  Hei!)ois  focn  after  de- 
clared, '^  that  he  had  fciind  the  gaiiey-iiaves  alone, 
faithful  to  the  RepnblicI  '*— i:  is  aJnK)U  needjti's  to 
add,  that  the  ener|:y  of  the  Fiench  t!oo]>s,  adiied  lo 
the  fciefiiific  arran;;emenrs  of  the  ci'^jineer,.  over- 
came the  zeal  and  me  reiiOance  ofrhe  inotely  oarn- 
fon,  and  rclfored  the  key  cf  the  M'^ditci  ranta'n  to 
France. 

The  conqiTefl  of  Toulon  contribnted  not  a  little  (o 
ralfe  the  credit  of  Buonaparte  ;  and  it  proved  tqudl- 
ly  advantageous  to  his  friend  Barj'as.  That  deputy 
lidd  been  aifo  bred  a  military  rrjan,  and  was  em]>loy-. 
cd  by  his  colleagues  on  all  great  energies-.  One  of 
t))efe  foon  occurred  ;  this  was  the  cotnmoiicn  among 
the  fc'^ions  of  Paris,  kj;ov/n  by  the  name  of  the  Ju- 
Jcirre^ii'jri  of  Vtndctiiui/-e.  On  this  occafion,  he  tcndt 
care  to  be  furroundtd  by  able  men,  among  them 
was  General  Buonaparte,  whom  lie  had  inveiled 
with  the  command  of  the  artiller),  at  the  ric^;e  of* 
Toulon.  It  was  to  another  Coriican,  Jvowever,. 
that  he  confined  the  fureriniendance  of  the  army  ; 
this  was  Gentiii  wlio  had  jntl  acquired  a  great  repu- 
tation, by  his  gallapit  defence  of  Baftia.  On  trial, 
however,  it  was  immediately  df.overed,  tliat  the 
deafnels  of  Gentiii  was  an  invincible  bar  to  fuccefs, 
as  he  could  neither  hear  nor  attend  to  the  multiplied 
and  complicated  reports  of  the  Aids,  du  Camp,  whp 

w:cr<j 


BUONAPARTE.  8t 

wnerc  continuaHy  bringing  him  nieiTages,  rr  af!ditr- 
fi.tj,  !-i  i)  rddtive  to  ihe  fiiuanou  oi  the  Ci-imy. 
Luck.iv  for  the  Cdiivcntion,  Nap- leoiit  Buosiaj  ar-e 
^V4A,  ur  »l)is  cniiceil  and  dcc:(i V c  jiunKiii:,  appoinied 
h  >  .'mceiljr,  and  r  is  to  be  tlie  maiteiiy  ;ilpt  firu^ns 
mil;;  b/  him,  that  the  triunijih  of  tie  tcy rclcnta- 
t;ve  bodv  is  lo  be  printii-allv'.  aiiribtd  it  ts  but  j.il« 
ti  e  to  add,  that  the  moderation  clifplaNcdon  this 
occdHv)!!  IS  perhaps  iifitqiiailed  in  ihe  hiilory  of  the 
civ.l  v.a'sor'  m  )'lcrii  times  ! 

A  nnbler  tield  now  opened  for  the  exertions  of  Bu- 
oti?.;>drtc,  for  he  was  loon  after  invefkd  uitli  the 
cli  ef  commaiKl  t)f  the  Fieiicli  aimv  in  italy,  \\hich, 
under  his  d:  c  tion,  prepared  to  open  the  campai<^n 
ot  \'j:)S  In  the  fpr:ng  of  that  year,  we  iiiid  ilie 
A;i(lc  .-Sardinian  army  (^'t^^tated  within  forty  miles 
of  Turin  ;  i5»ooo  were  e  ther  killed  or  taken  pnlon- 
crs  on  t  .is  occafi/.n,  and  the  cannon  and  camp  iqiii- 
page  iiezed  on  by  the  vidors.  The  army  of  L<!in- 
bard-/  was  alfo  doomed  to  experience  a  moii  hiimdia- 
t  u^  de:"cat,  although  led  on  bv  a  cautit-us  ve  leran^ 
Beanlicu,  m  perfon  ;  t  is  was  attributed  folcly  to  the 
mauv^evivres  of  the  commander  in  chief,  feccuKied  by 
tjie  active  exertions  of  Ger.crals  Laharpe,  Maffcna, 
and  C'jrvona.  TheAulfrianGeneral  Provtra  s\  as  ta« 
ken  in  a  third  engagtmtnt  ;  in  conftquence  of 
which,  forty  ficid-p  eccs,  with  the  horfes,  nu.Its, 
and  artillery  wag-trons,  $iz.  were  captured  by  th? 
French  ;  zjoo  of  the  allies  killed,  and  <i,cco  made 
prifoncrs-  In  ihort,  the  batilesof  iM.liefimo  Dcgo, 
jMjiid.Jvi,  Monte  Leiino,  and  Monienorre,  were 
de-ilive  of  the  fate  of  Sardinia  ;  and  the  a^ed  aiid 
iuperftitious  iMonarch  then  I'cared  on  the  throne, 
found  himfelf  reduced  to  the  hum.lia.ing  fituarion  <if 
rclinqn  fiitiiJ  Sivoy  and  N-ce,  and  fvibicribing  lo  fu.h 
terms  as  were  granted  bv  a  gener<^iJ3  coiiqncrcr, 
\vi^)  could  have  driven  li  m  f. om  his  throne,  and 
cbiircd  him  to  Ipend  the  Ihort  remainder  of  a 
wrerched  life  in  c^  le,  antl.perhaijs  in  poveitv  ] 

file  battle  of  Lodi,  fonglit  on  the  2iit  floreal 
(Mviy  joih)  nearly  . torn pletcd  the  overthrow  of  t^e 
K  5        .  Auih 


Bi  BUON.iPAllTE. 

Auflrian  power  in  Italy,  and  added  greatly  to  th& 
reputation  of  the  French  arms.  On  this  occarioi>,  a 
battalion  of  grenadiers  bore  down  all  before  then:, 
and  reached  the  hrid^^e  of  Lodi,  fiioutin>;,  "  I-'Ong 
ij/e  the  l\epublic!"  but  the  dreadful  lire  kept  up  by 
the  enemy  h^^ving  fbpt  their  progrcfs,  Generals  i3er- 
thier,  MiviTcna,  Cervon),  &:c.  ruined  forward ;  eveiL 
their  prefence  would  have  proved  inefiet^ual,  had  it 
r.ot  been  fcr  intrepidity  of  Buonaparte,  \%ho  Inatch- 
3!ig  a  llandard  from  the  I'and  of  a  fubaliern,  like 
Ccfar,  on  a  iiini'ar  ooc&{ion,  placed  hinilclf  in  front, 
and  antiinating  his  fjldiers  by  his  actions  and  gerti- 
cuJations  (for  hi::  voice  was  drov%'ned  in  the  noile  of 
the  cannon  and  mu&etry)  viilory  once  more  arran- 
ged hcrfelf  under  the  Gallic  banners. 

In  confequence  of  this  llgQal  defeat,  or  rather  fc- 
ries  of  vii5lories,  Ei-aulieu  v.^as  obliged  to  yield  the 
palm  to  a  younger  riv^l,  for  he  feltTiimfelf  reduce<'. 
to  the  neceflity  of  retreating  among  the  moiintaiLc 
«f  Tyro],  on  which  the  French  took  pofTdlion  of  the 
gre^Ltcr  part  of  Lombardy,  and  acquired  aflonifliing- 
reJonrces,  and  immtnfe  magazines, 

After  croiling  the  Mincio,  in  the  face  of  the  Auf- 
Mians,  the  republican  army  entered  Vt^rona,  \vliith 
fo  lately  had  aftbrded  an  alyjam  to  one  of  the  titular 
kings  of  JJ'rance,  and  liezed  on  Pavia.  Here  a  nev/ 
and  a  more  dreadful  enemy  attempted  to  flop  the 
progrefi  of  the  conquerers.  It  was  Superiiirion, 
clothed  in  cowls  and  furpiices,  brandifhing  a  poniard 
in  one  hand,  and  a  crucifix  in  the  other  ;  but  the 
fpeedy  puniHiment  of  the  prieds  and  other  adherents 
put  an  end  to  the  jnfnrrecliun,  and  thus  laved  Buon- 
aparte and  his  arn^y  from  a  more  em.'neut  danger 
than  they  had  as  yet  experienced,  and  from  which 
no  French  army  that  has  hitherto  crofled  the  Alps, 
has  been  exempt". 

At  lengti),  Mantua,  alone,  remained  in  pofTelllon 
of  the  Auflrian:,  and  this  alfo  was  foon  inverted  by 
the  vi<5tors,  who,  at  the  fame  time,  made  inroads 
Snro  Tyrol,  and,  by  the  battle  of  Reveredo,  and  tlie 
pouellioQ  of  Trent,  became  mailers  of  the  pafits 
tliat  led  to  Vienna.  .  In 


BuONAP:^P.TE.  83 

In  the  mean  time,  tlie  gallant  Wurmfer  determin- 
ed to  fliut  himfeU  up,  wicb  the  remainder  of  his 
dilpirited  troops,  in  IVlantna  ;  and  the  Auflrians 
made  one  more  grand  effort,  by  means  of  GeneralAl- 
vinzy,  to  refcue  his  befieged  army,  and  regain  their 
ancient  preponderance  in  Italy.  Bat  the  battle  ot 
Areola  completely  difappointed  their  exve(51ations, 
and  the  capture  of  Mantua  at  one  and  the  lame  time 
concluded   the    campaign  and  their  humiliation. 

In  the  winter  of  1796,  General  Buonaparte  was 
united  to  Madame  Beauliarnois,  a  b^-autiful  French- 
woman, who  had  experienced  a  variety  of  perfccn- 
tions  during  the  time  of  Robel'pierre.  Her  former 
hufband  had  atU'ned  the  rank  of  General  in  the  fcr- 
vice  of  the  Pvcpuhlic,  and  had  always  condu5^ed 
himfelf  as  a  friend  of  liberty.  On  that  memorable 
day,  w'len  Louis  XVI,  and  his  familv,  repaired  to 
Paris,  M.  dc  Beauharnois  fat  as  prefident  of  the  Na- 
tional AflTembly,  exhibited  great  dignity  of  demeanor; 
notwithllanding  this,  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  Tcrro- 
rifts,  who,  joining  the  narrow  ideas  of  fc(5>ariils  to 
the  ferocious  character  peculiar  to  themfelves,  pcr- 
iccuted  all  whole  opinions  were  nctexavTtly  cciiform- 
able  to  their  own  flandard.  M.  Bar:as,  at  length, 
luckily  for  her,  extended  his  protet^ion  to  the 
widow,  who  is  now  the  wife  of  his  friend. 

The  campaign  of  1797  opened  under  the  moft 
anfpicious  circumdanccs  for  France,  as  well  as 
Spain,  who  was  now  in  alliance  with  her  ;  Sardinia 
a^^ed  a  fubordinate  part  under  her  control ;  Tuicany 
obeyed  her  requifitions  ;  Naples  had  concluded  a  fep 
arate  peace,  and  Rome  was  at  her  mercy.  In  thir> 
fituation,  the  eyes  of  the  Court  of  Vienna,  and  in- 
deed of  all  Europe,  were  turned  to  the  Archduke 
Charles,  who  was  faid-to  inherit  tlie  military  talents 
of  the  Huufe  of  Lorraine.  It  was  accordingly  de- 
termined, that  this  young  Prince  Ihould  be  appoint- 
ed Commander  in  Chief,  and  that  the  hero  of  Kehl 
should  oppofe  the  hero  of  Italy.  The  contell:,  liow- 
cver,  was  not  long  between  Birth  and  Genius — be- 
tween a  young  man  of  Royal  extravftion,  educated  in  . 

tiie 


Sj*.  BUONAPARTE. 

the  corrupting  circle  of  a  Court,  and  fi^rroiir-cfcd  hy 
flatterers;  and  a  lardy  Cot  fuan,  briHiciit  up  an.  dll 
perils,  acciillon.ed  to  danger,  and  breailiirifi;  'lie  Ipi- 
ric  of  rej'ublicanifm  ;  acqiiainted  with  all  the  ma- 
chinery of  war,  and  boldy  cin!  tkilaillv  dire(^liiig  c- 
very  mnvesntni  under  l.is  o\vu  eye — whofe  miltrefs 
was  the  Coirimonwtahli,  and  svhofe  companioa 
■was  Pluiarch  ] 

Tne  war  was  then  thought  to  be  at  an  end^ — An 
Emperor  and  a  Pope  humbled  ;  the  Imperial  Crow  a 
reduced  to  almofl  a,i  empty  name,  and  the  l^ontifi- 
cal  one  hel.l  at  the  will  of  the  Connnrn^r— two  Kings 
fu'i  jedtcd ;  one  to  huni'lia  it)n,  the  oiht-r  to  unc<'n- 
ditional  fubir.iftron— -Coi  iica  rcfk;red^tr/  France — and 
a  new  and  formidable  Republic  erec^ted  in  Italy, 
■\vhich  beheld  the  ovcrthroiv  of  hive  ai  mies  belonging 

to  its  late  maiter  ! Such  is   ilie  fiimmary  ol   tfe 

poliiica)  and  martial  achievements  of  a  General  be- 
fore he  had  attained  the  30th  year  of  his  a^e  ! 

As  to  his  perfon,  Buonaparte  is  of  irnaii  Itatiire^ 
but  well  proportioned  ;  he  is  of  a  f]  are  habit  of  bo« 
dy,  yet  robuil,  and  calculated  to  undergo  rf.e  great- 
eil  fatigues.  His  complexion,  like  that  of  all  the 
malts  of  loiuhren  ciunatcs,  is  olive;  his  eves  blue* 
bis  chin  p'  onnnent,  the  lower  parr  of  1  i.  face  tkin, 
and  his  forehead  Iquare  and  projecMinp; — The  whole- 
leni^th  Italian  pririt,  publifnea  in  London  bv  Stflohrii^ 
exhibits  a  good  likenefs  ;  but  the  beil  portrait  ever 
taken  of  him  wa"?  at  Verona,  in  ct)nlcquence  of  the 
felicitations  of  an  Lnyl.fh  artifl,  who  applied  to  him 
for  this  putpt>le,  bv  tr.eans  of  a  leiier  from  London. 

In  relj-eit  to  his  mmd,  h«  poffclfes  great  and  lin- 
common  talents,  lie  converles  freely,  and  withoirt 
pedantry,  on  almoii  all  fubicft.>,  and  wrifes  and 
JpeaUs  with  fluency  and  elcqiience.  Above  all,  he 
lias  atremp  ed,  and  obtained,  a  madery  ovtr  bis  paf- 
lions  ;  he  is  aWtemious  at  his  TOcals,  and  was  never 
feen  intoxicated.  He  has  n^any  friend.^,  but  no  mi- 
nions;  and  he  prei'ervts  an  inviolable  fccrecy,  by 
means  of  a  rigorous  filence,  far  better  than  fome  o* 
ther  ni'sn  do  b^  a  h)pj<.viiical  loquacity. 

An 


BUONAPARTE.  g^ 

p:^  Ait  account  of  the  tre^uv  of  Campo  Formio;, 
in  u::kIi  rlie  Frciali  tnoU  Uiijii/tly  ceccd  V^inre  to 
the  r.mucrui,  a  .d  wdieli  ireaiy  ibe  t'>«npcrf,r  afier- 
warJs  fiiu.Ticfiiliy  violated — BuDPMj.'ane's  fxped;tion 
to  t^yj't — hisliidden  refuru  (o  Fi  ciu<  c  ;  his  new  mo- 
deil;ii^  the  Coiifhtutiou,  and  his  rt{rumin;,r  the  Cliief 
C^)nl"u!ihip —  his  unparaiicTd  iix  v\c.ek«;  canij-aigri  in. 
Picdintiiir,  wleie,  »n  the  ever-niciTsoraUle  battle  ivf 
Maringo,  this  mofr  extraordinary  mari,  again  prol- 
trii-ted  the  Iniperiui  Kc^-ile  at    the    lect    of  the  Gallic 

Cock thcie,   with    othtr  of   i»is  li.irprirm{r  tran- 

fa£lioiis,  uuilt  be  delericd  mril  our  vn^m  Ilegilicr  j 

NO  nation  in  Ein-ojie  l>as  experienced  a  p;reater 
degicc  o'  drgenevac^  than  the  inl:abitHn  s  ot  ino  'era 
Italy  £!ce  our  account  oi'  modern  Runic],  Dues 
this  proceed  iVom  SuperftitJon  that  dcrxradcs.  Tyr- 
anny that  dcbales,  or  a  womanilh  corruption  iliat 
bnrUs  into  ch  lu.ih  eeflacies  at  the  elft  minate  waib- 
\\u<^^  o?  a  Cc'firaiOi  that  unmans  the  lex.  in  or  er  to 
deceive  the  car,  that  cats  off  population  to  g>atify 
the  monien.ary  !orgin2;s  of  a  debauched  appetne  ? 

it  has  been  afiertcd  bv  a  reipec^a'^le  Traveller, 
that  tl:c  defccndants  of  a  nasion  (the  Greelts)  which 
once  enriched  the  world  with  the  Arts  and  Sciences, 
aud  afforded  the  nobieil  nionuincnts  of  human  virtus 
and  of  human  Ikill,  not wiihitaiuling  the  cruel,  de- 
grading yoke  of  tbe  Muntlmans,  11  1!  call  to  raind 
the  greaTr»efs  of  their  anceffors.  We  are  alTiired, 
that  ihev  frequently  boali  that  ihey  aiefprnng  froni 
thoie  Greeks  who  arc  no  lefs  memorable  in  arts  than 
arnjs,  and  that  'hev  not  onlv  rccapicidattt  the  teats 
oftl.eii  prot»eni:ors,but  actually  point  out  the  fcenes 
of  their  glory. 

N<>rvvithftand'ng  very  unfavourable  appearances, 
this  IS  alio  'he  cafe  withfome  of  the  moderiulomaiis. 
A  Mong  thein,  too,  it  nnilt  be  remeir/nercd,  fi.'/J:  a:ofe 
■the  indipendcnt  little  IlepuUlics  of  Euro;  e  ;  and  the 
feeds  of  early  lii'cr;y  have  iH)i  been  entiiclv  cho'ced 
by  tlie  triple  fcrvitude  of  civil,  rcligiouis,  aad  foreiga 

do- 


85  MASSENA. 

iiorninution.  And  the  foundations  of  a  new  Repub- 
lic have  lately  been  laid  in  a  cbflic  foil,  and  the 
names  of  Baonaparte,  Maffena,  Cervoni,  &c.  may 
Itrve  to  re'.r.ind  them,  in  feme  degree,  of  the  Bru- 
Uifes,  the  CuoR,  and  xhe  Scipios  of  antiquity. 

General  iyiaifena  is  now  about  40  years  of  age. — 
Kc  was  born  in  Nice,  at  a  period  when  it  appertain- 
ed to  the  Houfe  of  Savoy  into  whole  fervice  he  en- 
tered early  in  life.  Tlie  reproach  is  not  i)ecu!iar  to 
tiie  Court  of  Turin,  that,  without  courtly  protec- 
tion, nitrit  makes  but  flow  progiefs.  How  many 
Officers  of  talents  have  we  beheld  in  obfcurity,  whilfl 
tiie  fon  of  a  King;,  or  the  baltard  Ion  of  a  Lord,  has 
been  lifted  to  high  command  and  rich  eniolumcnls  ? 
— It  was  well  obferved  by  an  Eiiplifh  fubaltern,  that, 
*•'■  in  order  to  attain  a  rapid  prom<jtion  in  the  Englifh 
r.?-my,  he  would  rather  be  backed  by  a  ro/U-/:  borough 
than  pr-ffofs  the  talents  of  a  Turenne  I" 

MdiTcna  became  an  Enlign  in  the  Sardinian  army, 
and  an  Enfiga  he  might  have  remained  to  this  day, 
had  he  continued  in  that  fervice.  But  another  dcf- 
tiny  awaited  him;  he  threw  up  his  commiHion,  and 
entering  into  a  French  legion,  his  talents  foon  began 
to  be  dillingui/Jied.  —  It  was  at  the  capture  of  Sof- 
pellotliat  he  rirJt  developed  his  m-litaiy  talents,  and 
it  was  entirely  owing  to  him,  that  Saorgio,  in  tbe 
campaign  of  1794,  yielded  to  the  French  arms.  For 
this  important  iervice  he  was  made  a  General  of 
Diviiion. 

When  Buonaparte  was  appointed  Com.mandcr  in  • 
Chief  in  Italy,  the  local  knowledge,  the  intrepidity, 
and  military  experience  of  MalTena,  pointed  him  oi^t 
a?  an  Oiiicer  every  way  capable  of  adding  fuccefs  to 
liis  plans.  A'.cordingly,  we  find  him,  in  the  fpring 
of  i79^>7  adiing  a  brilliant  part  under  the  command 
of  that  wonderful  Gener^iil,  at  the  battles  of  Monte 
Lezina  and  Monte  Notta,  againfl  tbe  Sardinian  ar- 
ir,y,  in  which  he  had  formerly  ferved  as  an  obfcure 
irdividual.  —  He  was  alfo  prefent  at  the  battles  of 
Dego,  Millefimo,  Mondovi,  and  Caflaria,  in  which 
he  diltinguiflied  himfelf  by  ihe  Ikilful  and  impetuous 

val- 


MASSiilHA.  87 

valour  with  which  hw  artacked  the  arniics  unu'.  r  Pro- 
ycyia,  and  iicaulieu.  He  was  no-  lei's  iuccclsfal  a- 
guin(^  the  aged  and  experienced  Count  Wurnnler, 
and  ccntribiired  not  a  linle  ro  the  capture  ot"  the  al- 
1110ft  imnregnable  fortiti's  of  Mantua. 

When  the  war  recommenced  at  the  infratlion  of 
the  treaty  of  Campo  Forir.io  by  the  Emperor,  Mafle-^ 
na  was  aoaiu  called  to  the  lie  id  ;  but,  in  the  aM'encc 
of  Biionaparte  to  romrnarid,  and  of  Carnct  to  direct, 
ilie  Fiench  arn)ies,  dii'organizcd  and  undifcipliued, 
were  no  longer  Ibccersrulj  iind  ihey  lolt  Italy  as  ra- 
pidly as  they  iiad  gained  it.  Buc  when  Baonnp:irte 
returi'ed  from  Egypt,  and  w'len  Carnot  a-vain  clirct^K- 
ed  the  great  and  complicated  machine  of  war,  lo 
powerful  were  tlieir  oenius  and  '.heir  influence,  that 
the  republican  arnis  again  appeared  in  ti-iumph  I — 
iMafTcna  was  the  firft  and  only  General  that  '^ave  a 
Liow  to  the  warlike  fame  of  Snwarrow;  he  baftled  his 
dcfigns  and  chec!  cd  his  prcgrcfs  in  SwifJerland  ;  and 
the  hoary  Barbarian  ''■•■  returned  in  chagrin  and  dif- 
appointment,  to  die  in  difgrace  alnioU  in  tiie  pit* 
jcnce  of  the  capricious  tyrant  liis  mader  I — AlafTcna's 
defence  of  Genoa,  which  he  furrendered  jult  a  day 
loofoon,  and  th.e  furprizing  eifecls  of  the  decifive 
battle  of  Marino^o,  are  evencs  too  recent  to  require 
Jjerc  a  repetition. 

It  has  been  lately  faid,  that  Maflena  has  tarni/lied 
his  laureh  by  an  exceHive  foodnefs  of  money,  and  ic 
has  been  hinrcd,  that  he  iullcred,  if  not  lliared,  in 
peculation  and  unjult  contributions— Whatever  miay 
be  the  caufe,  he  has  been  removed,  by  the  Chief 
Conful,  from  the  command  in  Iraly  ;  nor  does  he,  at 
prefent,  appear  in  any  a<5tive  capacity  in  the  armies 
of  the  French  Republic 

*  "  Hoary  barbarian"  —  What  o«^her  epithet  can  we  he- 
ftjw  on  a  nian  nurfed  in  llavery,  whofe  trade  was  tl-e  fpill- 
ivg  of  hmr.an  blood,  and  who  ilaiightered  thoufands  at  the 
command  oi'  a  Tyrant !  —  Wif-nefs  his  horrible  raaiTacres  av 
Ifmail  ard  V/crfaw.  Ilis  maxim  was,  "  that  the  more  men 
he;  billed  \r.  battle,  the  fooner  would  the  war  be  concliided  " 
— After  a  long  career  of  fuccefs,  he  at  length  became  un- 
fortunate ;  and,  after  all  his  butcheries,  he  died  in  uu- 
n:cri:ed  difzrace. 


(     88    ) 


Mr.  JLFFERSOW. 

X  F-ToMAS  Jefferson  was  lu.rn  in  the  year  174*:?* 
in  riic  c  luitv  o  Atbcjiifirlc  iu  Viig  ula  ;  h;s  it*  iicr 
W  a^  a  repurabie  Uiidljoldcr,  ajxi  gave  this,  iiis  tlHcd 
foiiy  a  (.(illege  edLKa;u>n  ar  tl,c  Uuivtifiiy  i;t  William 
and  IViarv.  Aix^t  palliii^^  h:S  dcjj^icxs,  being  dtfijin* 
cd  ior  ihe  Bar,  Mr.  jettciibn  con>inci)ccd  a  (tu<icrii  at 
Jaw  under  tlie  gu. dance  of  Mr.  Wythe,  .h-  vcueia- 
Lie  Judge  and  Clidiicclltir  ot  Virgin  a. 

Ill  i76''i,  Mr.  Jetiei  Urn  can-e  to  il-e  bar  of  the 
Sujjreme  Court,  and  cintinued  to  pratl  ce  with  luc- 
ce'.s  and  reputation  until  the  commenrtnjent  of  fhe 
Kevivliition  i.i  1774?  siid  the  con'tqucni  ci-n^lufiou 
of  the  Cc»uns  r-i  Juliirc.  Dnriiig  the  pern/d  of  !us 
practice,  his  indultrious  mind  I'oia.d  time  to  di^ei}  a 
volu'.iie  of  Reporia  of  adjut'ji^ed  Cdlts  iu  the  ^;u{>rt^l^e 
Coi'.rts  of  Vi'ffinia — a  boi.k  that  is  adn  in.  d  n<>s\  to 
be  a  good  aiithont\,  as  it  is  an  honourable  evitiercc 
of  his  early  labours  and  uf'cfiil  taleii;s. 

In  the  y-ear  1774,  wten  all  Anurica  was  roufed 
into  aelion  by  the  ■  ncoitilitoiionai  clain-.s  ot  the  Bri- 
tjfii  G  vernj-jieni.,  Mr.  JtlFcribn  Itepped  forward  a 
bold  a. id  able  champion  of  his  cotnxiy's  tights,  aHtl 
pubhdied  h:s  niuch  acifnired  pamphlet,  entititd,  *^A 
iuTimai  V  View  of  tht  Righis  of  Brinfh  Asrerit  a, 
addreirc!  to  the  Kinji,"  ^A-hich  bmught  a^^ainlt  the 
"writer  tnri.ats  of  prultcution  by  Lose)  Dunniorc,  then 
Governor  of  Virgii.ia  — •  threats  uhich  j)r<  dmed  ro 
other  eft'eit  on  tie  iii;'epeudent  mind  of  Mr.  Jeiier- 
fon,  than  pviblicly  to  avow  himielf  the  autiior,  pre- 
pa'-cd  ro  meet  every  <  onl€q'~«ente. 

About  th's  time,  Mr,  JcHbrfon  married  the  daugh- 
ter ot  i^/lr.  VVavIes,  an  emiuciu  lawyer,  and  lie  en- 
joyed much  diMiieftic  ielicitv  i.»  the  fociety  of  oue  of 
the  nio(t  am  able  of  women,  till  the  year  I78<»,  when 
by  her  dcatn  he  bci  ame  the  niournt^r  of  Ijer  virtues, 

•Old 

*  Dr.  Franklin  v/z-z  bnri  in  the  yenr  xyn^ — Gen.  V^z.flj- 
ington  1732 —  r.  /.dams  1733 —  r.  jcilerfon  1745  —  aa^ 
Mr.  Burr,  according  to  the  foUowir.^  acccuat,  in  J  j^o. 


Mr,  JEFFERSON.  89 

end  rli.e  guardian  of  two  daughters  anc?  only  fnrviv- 
ing  ilTae-,  to  whofc  efincation  and  IctrleiT^cnt  in  life, 
lic. ha.s  ever  il^cc  faitlifuiiy  devorcd  i-iinifelf,  fliii  re- 
maiiiing  a  widower 

In  the  year  1775,  Mr.  ].  was  elecled  a  member  of 
the  Virginian  Convcntitni  ;  and,  on  the  4ti)  of  Aii- 
pufl  in  tiie  fame  year,  one  or  the  ineinbeis  to  lepre- 
Icnt  the  ftate  (then  cohmy)  of  Virginia. 

In  the  memorable  year  1776,  the  natal  year  of 
American  freedom  and  independence,  Mr.  Jefiej-foa 
^vas  one  of  a  Coniniirtee  of  Five,  viz.  Tho.  jefFerion, 
John  Adams,  Benj.  Franldin,  Roger  Siieririan,  and 
k.  LivIn?,fUin,  appointed  by  Congrels  to  draft  tlie 
Declaration  of  iudepcndencc  ;  aad  it  was  from  the 
able  pen  and  cnlij,htencd  mind  of  I\lr.  JtiTcrfon,  firil 
named  (;f  the  Cxi'mtr.ittcc,  that  evei--nicir,oraMe  in- 
IhiirTA-nt  proceeded,  wliich  was  rcpovied  hy  thcCom- 
riiif-iee,  and  unanimonfly  a-d'3pted  by  Corigrefs. 

in  the  iame  year^  the  ardent  mind  of  P/ir.  Jcucr- 
f-^n,  eagerly  pur(hing  the  glorious  princip'cs  of  the 
Kevoliition,  and  fortfteing  that  io  long  as  the  cor- 
ruptions of  Britifli  fyliems  exilied,  we  were  inde- 
pendent in  name,  br.t  not  in  faii,  produced  for  the 
adoption  ot  tlie  Leg'.flarure,  the  foUovviug  Ac^ts,  viaL 

1.   An  AtSl  to  ellabliih  religious  Freeiiom. 

2,.  An  Ai\  to  regiilate  defcer.t?,  to  prevent  eliates 
cnta.l  and  ihe  rights  of  primogeniture. 

3.  An  Act  ibr  the  apport.oiiment  cf  crimes  and 
pvininimems. 

4.  An  Act  to  eflabliili  public  Schools. 

Tlie  influence  of  tiieie  Acts  upon  the  relative  prin- 
cipbes  they  embrace,  will  be  iecn  and  felt  by  all 
thofe  w!io  nei/.e  Civil  Liberty  as  a  ]V/im-:iry  ble'ling  — 
\vhiH>  fyliems  of  univeifal  toleration  in  matters  of 
religion  ;  for  an  equal  diftriburion  of  property,  and 
a  fnbverfuv.i  of  the  unjail,  ariilocratiral  principle  of 
of  entail  and  primogenirure  riglit  ;  for  anteliora^ing 
ibe  fanguinarv  code  of  criminal  law  ;  and  for  ex- 
tending to  the  poored  of  citizens  the  benefits  of  e- 
du  ation;  mufl  be  viewed  as  the  emanations  of  a 
great  and  good  mind,  zealoufly  endeavouring  to  pro- 
iPiOtc  ihe  happiiitfs  of  his  fellow  mca. 


90  Mr.  JEFFERSON. 

Equally  evincive  of  a  watchful  re|;ard  for  the 
rights  of  his  countrymen,  was  his  riiogeflion  for  the 
formation  and  adoption  of  the  Conititiition  of  Vir- 
ginia, in  the  fame  year,  and  for  prefixing  iheret;* 
**  A  Bill  of  Kigiits,  declaratory  of  the  natural  and 
unalienable  Rights  of  Man" — which  was  according- 
ly d.)ne. 

In  the  year  177S,  Mr.  Jeiferfon  being  then  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Virginia  Lcfriflaivire,  preTented  'to  that 
body  "  An  Ad  to  prever.t  the  importation  of  Slaves'' 
>vhlch  wasenaA^Lcd  into  a  law,  ami  ^vas  (honly  afrer 
followed  by  another  humane  Acl  ^'^to  antliorize  Man- 
iira:'Tior,«i,"  being  the  ccnimencement  of  a  fyUem  of 
gradual  emancipation,  alio  propnfed  by  liim. 

In  the  year  1779,  at  il;e  age  ot  36,  Mr.  Jeflerfcn 
%v as  c^iofen  Governor  of  Virginia,  a^;d  continued  in 
ll>at  ofr:;;e  until  June  1781,  during  which  the  State 
fi'.ltered  by  three  .'nvafions,  and  was  alfo  brought  into 
a  critical  condition  refpe<:"ting  its  boundary  liiies  witli^ 
Pennfylvania  and  North  Garolina.  His  condutft  in 
that  flation,  amidft  the  jarring  conflicts  and  trying 
difficulties  of  both  foreign  invafion  and  don)eftic 
feuds,  was  fuch,  as  fecured  to  him,  fix  months  afier 
he  left  the  ofTice,  and  upon  the  fullt/l  enquiry,  the 
unanimous  i  hanks  of  the  Legiflature,  then  confilting 
of  180  members,  for  "  his  attentive  admini/lration 
of  the  powers  of  the  Executive  while  in  ofike." 

During  die  year  178:,  airJdfl  the  cares  of  govern- 
Tuent  aiid  fcenes  of  private  afHidion,  Mr.  Jef^. 
fcrfon  prepared  his  celer.rated  work,  which  he  mo- 
cleftly  ilyled  Nores  on  Virginia,  *     In  this  work,  fo 

jufl- 

*  About  the  year  1797  or  8,  when  the  political  fervor  (  f 
the  country  had  been  trepaurjed  into  a  -vvr-jng  bias  by  the 
arts  of  a  cer;ain  Faaion,  and  War  was  loudly  reeommen- 
ded  by  high  authority,  a  rude  and  wanton  attack  was  made 
upon  Mr.  jeL'erfon,  in  Porcupine's  Brhhb  Gazette,  by  a  Mr. 
T^  artin  of  Iviar  land,  all  edging;  that  the  celebrated  ilory  of 
Lotrau  was  a  fabrication  calculated  to  injure  the  reputation 
of  Capt.  CrelTop,  &.c.  —  'v  r.  JeiTerfon,  in  an  Appendix  to 
his  Notes,  calmly  invelHgates  all  the  circumlLances,  and 
authenticates   the   fad.      The  calumny  now  recoils  on  thfi 

heads 


Mr.  JEFFERSON.  91 

juniy  admired  for  ira  j^hilofophical  refearclj,  inc^eni- 
ous  theory,  and  able  dilquilhion,  the  author,  in  a 
luperior  (liain  of  cluquenct;,  boldly  attacks  and  fully 
rcfurcs  the  fallacious  theories  of  Buiion  and  ilayna!, 
^vhicli  tended  to  difparage  both  ti.e  man  and  the 
bcafl  of  America,  and  rtduce  them  to  an  inferior 
Ica'.e  with  thofe  of  Europe  ;  and  vindicating  the  e- 
q'-iai  diitribution  of  Nature's  bkllincs  to  this  conti- 
iicnc  both  in  the  animal  and  vegetable  creation. 

In  the  year  17B3,  Mr.  Jtfferion  was  a^^ain  appoint- 
ed to  a  feat  in  Congrefs  from  his  native  (tare,  and  the 
tl:e  following  ytar,  on  the  yih  of  iViay  was  noniina* 
tcJ  by  that  hon.  body  i\lini/ter  Plenipotentiary  of 
t:  e  United  States  to  the  Court  of  France,  as  the 
iuccefior  of  our  illufirious  Franklin,  whither  he  em- 
barked early  in  the  fainc  year,  and  remained  abltnt 
from  the  United  Sates,  in  the  exjcution  of  the  dritits 
cf  that  importaRt  trull,  until  ih^  monili  of  Ocrobcr, 
3;  89,  when  he  returned  home  by  permillion  of  the 
then  Prefuient,  Wafhington,  who,  upon  bt;ing  e- 
lected  Lo  the  chief  mag'iiracy  of  thcFetlcral  Guvtrn- 
menr,  immediately  dc'tmed  Mr.  Jtifcrfon  the  ntxc 
moQ,  honourable  and  cor.fidential  liation  in  the  exe- 
Cistive  government,  near  his  own  perfon. 

During  his  mliTion  to  F;ancc,  IVlr.  Jeiferfon,  \\:lh 
that  pevuiiar  addrcfs,  intelligence  and  attention  to 
promote  tie  eifential  intereds  of  the  United  Slates, 
which  directs  all  his  aiftions,  obtiii;ied  from  the 
French  King,  an  arrette,  highly  beneficial  to  the 
American  cominerce,  for  the  free  admifllon,  exempt 
from  the  cn{u>mary  foreign  duties,  of  oil,  hih  and 
whalebone,  the  produft  of  the  x'^merian  fiflieries,  in- 
to ctrtain  ports,  and  for  tlie  (ale  of  American  built 
ihips  in  all  rheporrs  of  France — benefts,  vvhich  our 
Eaftern  brethren  continued  to  reap  the  peculiar  ad- 
vantage of,  until  the  commencement  of  the  revolu- 
tionary ccnvulGons  wliich  have,  urdiappiiy,  too  long 
.'iijitated  that   country. 

About 

heads  of  rhcTe  pcrf-nis  who  rafnly  undertook  the  dirty  work 
oi"  a  mifc'iievous  Taftion,  in  order  to  blacken  the  fair  fa  na 
oi"  .r,r.  JeJerfon, — bee  his  Appendix. 


9^  r\lr.  JEFFEIISON, 

/ibont  the  fame  period  Mr.  Jcfforrop,  in  conjvrjC' 
tion    with  our  immortal   t'rankiin,  ntpoiiated    with 
a  INlinifter  from  the  court  of  Pri ilia,  ilicn  at  Hague, 
tiiat  celebrated  trc^ity  known  by  the  name  of  *•'  The 
rruflian  Treaty,'*  in  which  an  afloniilied  \vorld  h^s^ 
for  the  lirll   time,  fcen  a  pr.biic  avowal  and  pofitive 
provilion  by  treaty,   between   two  fovercign  and  in- 
dependent   rxaiioDS,    for    the   eflabiiiliincnt    of  thofc 
two  great  and  glorious  principles,  promotive  of  uni- 
verlal    peace,  and   happinefs,  to    wit,     lit.    **  That 
fr&^  ihips  make  free  goods  ;"  and,  2d.   *■'•  That  prij- 
vateering   in    the   time  of  war  be  aboliflied  ;"    priii- 
cipies  whicio  it  were  to  be  wiPned  could  be 'rendered 
unsverfai  and  eternal.     Mr.  Adams  now  Prcfident  of 
the  United  States,  was  one  of  tlie  comirjifiion  to  ne- 
gotiate this   treaty,  and  on    its   completion,  it   was 
ient  over  to  London,  where  Mr.  Af-aius  then  redded 
as    mliiifler  of  the  United  S^i^tes,  for  his    {jgnaiure. 
Ii"  is  greatly  to  be   regretted  that  j>1r.   Adams  could 
not  he   content   to'reiain   to  himfeif  a  fiiare  of  the 
ri,lory  which  reiledison  the  authors  of  this  celebrated 
treaty.     Bur,  unhappily  for   our    country,     fince  he- 
became  l-refident   of  the  United  States  we  have  feeri 
him  nominate  his  fon  John  Qjjincy  Adams,  as  rninif- 
ter  to  the   court  of  Pruflia,  ior  the  exprefs  purpofe, 
as   declared,  of  rentwiug   the   treaty  with   that  na- 
tion, whicii  having  been  iiinited  to  continue  in  force 
for  ten  years  only,  had  expired.       Accordingly  ano- 
ther trcacy  has    been  made  by  his   fon    Nvith  PrufTu,. 
which  has  been  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  Senate 
and    ratified  by  rhe  Prefident,  but  which,  initead  of 
renewing  and    contintiing   the  old  treaty,  is  in  itfclf 
a  new  one,  expreisly  abandoning  and  renouncing  the 
two  i}»c(Umable    ptinciples,    if^.    **  That   free   fliips 
make  fi-ee  goods,"  and    2d.   *'•  That  privateering  in 
time    of  war  be    aboli/ned  ;'*    principles   which,    it 
a})pears,  fronj  the  correCpondence  accompanying  the 
Logotiation,  laid   before    the  Senate    of  the    United 
Slates    by  the    Prefident,  the  wife    and   enlightened 
n:iini{}crs  of  the    Pruffian    Monarch    were    brought, 
^^ith  great  diflKuhy  and  reluilUnce,  to  abacdon,  on 


tn< 


Mr.  ji:rcr:R30N.  <P3 

•the  earnefl  folicitatioa  antl  rciteraieJ  deinand  of  the 
/American  nejvotiator,  nnJ^r  the  iiigoeflion  chat  the 
maritime:  powers,  parriculaily  Grea:  Britain,  avouU 
never  fanclion  or  permit  th  m.  * 

la  ths  vcar  J7S(;,  Mr.  Jtfien'bn  being  returned  to 
the  Unite.']  States,  ami  ap])o!iited  by  Preildcnt  Wafii- 
iiigton.  Secretary  to  the  department  of  Srate»  im- 
mediately entered  on  the  arduous  duties  of  that 
isTiportaiir,  flation,  having  previouily  ftipulated  witli 
the  Prefident,  tliat,  on  conlideration  of  the  many- 
years  ahfeaee  from  his  fanidy  and  c(Ute,  he  migiit 
be  permitted  at  the  expiration  of  the  conibiutioiuil 
term  for  which  the  Prefident  was  cLiled,  to  retire 
from  the  public  fervice. 

The  fir(l  refalt  of  the  labours  of  Mr.  J-.  iTerf  )n  in 
the  department  of  flate,  were  exhibited  to  Congrefs 
in  tbe  folio wini>;  leports, — !"o  wit, 

I.  A  report  on  the  tifheries  of  the  United  Stales. 

z.  A  report  on  coins,   wei^?;!its  and  meafures. 

3.  A  report  on  the  wai'e  and  unappropriated  land 
of  the  Uruted  Stares. 

4.  \  report  on  privileiies  and  reilrifiions  on  the 
commerce  of  tlie  United  S  arcs  in  foreign  countries. 

Each  of  thelc  reports  difplayed  the  uliial  accuracy, 
inf)rmar!on,  and  intelligence  of  the  svriter. 

But  it  was  reiVrvc^d  for  a  more  critical  an.ddeUcare 
period  in  the  alfjirs  of  the  United  Sta'-es,  that  the 
.pre-eminent  talenfs  of  the  American  Secretary 
Ihould  become  mod:  confjfiruous,  and  interefling''y 
ufc(ul  to  his    country.       Tlie   non-execution    of  the 

treaty 

*  Of  the  alleviations  contained  in  the  above  paragraph, 
we  dr>  not  fpeak  wi'.h  abfolute  precifion-— As  in  the  coHIiion 
of  party  vicw-s,  and  in  the  confufion  of  i'elGfti  reprefenta- 
tions,  it  is  diiFicuh:  to  difcover  the  truth  (ci\id  which,  infpite 
of  the  j^reateil  political  fagaciLy,  often  depavids  on  contin- 
gent  circumitances)    it    becomes  us  to  be  diriident. The 

new  Treaty,  which  contains  37  Arricl*'?.,  and  is  to  continue 
a.no':her  ten  years,  has  la:ei/T3een  piihliflied,  and  is  open  to 
the  impartial  inveili^^acion  cf  the  pubfic.  —  If  the  Kiii;j^  of 
T'ruiTia  obtains  poflefSon  of  that  great  commerial  city,  Ham- 
burgh, the  Treaty  will  be  of  more  confcquence  to  America, 
thuii  cipher  JNlr.  Adams  or  liIs  opponaau  at  hril  imagined. 


^^  Mr,  TEFrERiON. 

/  T-  .J 

tfeaty  of  jx-ace  >vith  the  United  Stales,  on  the  part 
o^  Greai-Britain,  her  detention  of  our  WcfJern 
pods,  and  the  attendant  fpoliations  on  our  cern- 
merce,  both  by  Great-Britain  and  France,  then  at 
\var  with  each  other,  added  to  the  irt^i^'uss  of  the 
AliniHer  of  the  latter,  Genet,  all  conduced  to  a  fitu- 
^iiivHi  dfTiCiilt  and  perple>;ing.  Befides  which,  Spaia 
vontinwied  to  withhold  from  us  the  free  navigation  of 
the  Milnflippi,  ip  tiTential  to  all  V/eOcrn  /iraerica. 
In  this  (tute  of  things,  the  jult  tci.fidtnre,  which 
the  difcriminating  mind  of  Waf];jiR^^toii,liad  repofcd  in 
Mr.  JcfTerfo^n,  was  amply  repaid,  by  the  prompt- 
nefs,  zeal  and  ability,  with  which  tlie  Amtriian 
Secretary,  contributed,  by  his  labours,  to  relieve  tl-.e 
txccu live  from  eiribariaffrretn.  Through  a  fcrv'ce 
of  niaHerly  and  uneqvialied  diplomatique  ccrrefpond- 
ence,  wiiich  he  maintained,  at  the  fame  time,  wi"h 
X\\Q  refpetPtiye  »riini(^ers  of  Great- Britain  and  France, 
r.amcK  Flammcud  and  Genet,  lie  ttaverkd  and  re- 
burrcd  their  refpeCtive  caufes  of  d  ara;e  and  covii- 
plalnt  agaiiifl  the  United  States,  and  having  fuily 
proved  the  various  s^gief^^ons  and  infra<ftions  of  trea- 
ty on  the  part  of  ti)cir  rei'pecftive  governments, 
pointed  to  the  means  of  preferving  the  honour  and 
maintaining  the  rights  of  his  own  country,  whil(^, 
a!  ke  fuperior  to  the  intiigues  o\  Great  Britain  or  of 
Fiance,  he  fully  manifeHed  that  he  held  no  panicn- 
Jar  attachment  to  any  foieign  nati«>u,  but  \\  as  ecjual- 
Iv  prepared,  with  the  ct  cifjcn,  £rmnefs  and  intelli- 
gtnce  of  a  true  American,  to  oppoic  and  refift  the 
ai'iM-cflions  of  all.  T/ie  recal  of  Genet;  and 
appoiiiinicnt  of  his  fucft-iTor,  with  the  fubfcqueut 
proceeding's  between  the  United  States  and  France, 
the  appointment  of  Mr.  Jay,  his  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  and  the  recal  of  pi'l  r.Hummond,  the  appoirt- 
ment  of  Mr,  LiOon,  and  tlie  fuhfcquent  proceeding 
wirh  Great  Britain,  are  all  uel!  kr.own. 

In  refpe<5l  to  Spain,  the  laboi  rs  of  i\'^r.  JcfTetf  n 
were  more  immediately  elfcftive  and  ccMT;plt;e. 
Having  podtfTed  the  Cor  miflicners  of  the  United 
Slates  then  at  Madrid,  rcfictiatng  a  treaty  \^\xh  the 

Court 


i 


Mr.  JF.FFERSON.  95 

Court  of  Spain,  witii  tlie  mcfl  amiile  and  pointed 
inltrii61ions,  and  alfo  of  tlie  A  urn  and  provifions  of 
a  treaty,  predicated  on  the  bafis  of  the  fiee  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mifiiilippi,  it  remained  only  for  J'Tr, 
Thomas  Piiickney,  llicn  Minifler  of  tlie  United 
States  at  London,  under  fpccial  inftruction  from  tlie 
Prelidcnt,  and  appointed  Knvoy  for  tl:at  purpofc,  to 
repair  to  Madrid,  and  ieizingthe  favourable  moment 
for  efi'ecling  it,  to  accomplifli  this  d^lirable  work. 
This  was  accordingly  done,  with  equal  pjomprntis 
and  decifion  on  his  part,  and  joimly  to  that,  and  the 
labours  of  the  American  Secretary  in  thv  Cdbiutt, 
are  the  United  States  indebted  for  the  molt  liberal, 
honourable,  and  beneficial  treaty,  they  have  ercr 
yet  entered  into  v.  ith  a  foreign  nation. 

About  this  rime,  having,  av  the  pre{]]ng  entreaty 
of  the  then  Prefident,  Wafliington,  remained  one 
year  longer  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  flatc, 
than  he  had  before  flipnlated  to  do,  he  refigned  l;is 
office,  and  retired  with  the  warmcrt  thanks  and 
regret  of  the  Prefident,  VVafniitgr on,  to  hiseftate  at 
Monticello,  in  Albemarle  county,  Virginia,  where 
he  continued  for  upNvards  of  two  years  uninttrruj  r- 
edly  to  enjoy  the  fweets  of  domellic'  cale,  and  a 
i-cfpite  from  the  fatigues  of  public  life,  followino- 
with  avidity  his  favourite  purfuits  of  philofophic  ai 
refearcli  and  agricultural  improvement, until  the  voice 
of  his  Country  again  fummoned  him  to  tlie  more 
a^51ive  fcenes  of  public  duty,  and  placed  him  in 
nomination  for  the  prefidential  chair,  as  the  fucctfl- 
or  of  Wafliington.  The  ifTue  of  that  eie(5tion  is 
well  knov.n,  aud  but  ^or  a  falfe  return  in  <  nc  flare, 
and  the  fuppredion  of  a  return  in  another,  Mr  Jcf- 
fcilon  would  have  been  declared  Prefident  ;  as  t' e 
returns  iiowever  (lood  before  Ci'ngrefs,  it  appears 
that  he  had  68  votes,  and  Mr.  Adams  71,  confe- 
quently  the  latter  was  declared  Prefident,  and  ilie 
former  Vice  Prefident  of  the  United  States. 

The  tongue  of  Party  malite,  which  is  never  at 
refl,  and  gives  to  every  fubjedt  a  malignant  hre, 
perceiving  Mr.  JeHerfort's  riling  popularity,  in  order 

to 


96  Mr.  JEFFERSON. 

to  prejudice  the  public  mind,  and  ro  dilappoint  his 
future  clcclion,  brought  forward  a  charge,  that  he 
■^vas  indebted  to  the  Britifli,  and  took  mealurcs  to 
difappoint  his  creditors.  This  charge  has  been  re^ 
futed  in  a  manner  highly  honourable  to  Mr.  Jeftcr- 
ibn's  chara^iier,  by  certain  gentlenicn  in  Philadel- 
phia, who  took  particular  pains  to  invefligate  the 
fubjec^.  r.-nmt;diately  after  Mr,  JefFerfon's  arrival 
in  Virginia,  in  the  fail  of  1789,  he  procured  a  jneet- 
ing  wiiii  ihe  Agent  and  the  geiKlemen  inierefted,  and 
an  amicable  fettlemeiit  \vas  made  in  writing  on  the 
principles  of  liis  letter.*  Mr.  Jeffcfon  again  -f" 
ibid  proj)erty  to  the  amount  of  the  debt,  and,  in  the 
courfc  of  the  firfl:  and  fecond  ^ears,  delivered  over 
th'j  obl^fr^^'<^'is  received  for  ir  to  the  Agenr,  who 
took  on  himfclf  ihe  collection  of  the  money — io  that 
•  it  is  now  feven  or  eight  years  fi.ice  he  paid  the  debt. 

But  there  was  another  claim  made  by  the  Agent 
of  the  houl'e  of  Farrel  and  Jones  a}i,aiji(l  ttjc  execu- 
tors cf  Mr.  V/ayles,  and  another  for  a  cargo  of  a- 
boiit  4000I  vair.e,  to  be  fdd  on  commifli'm,  on  ac- 
connr  of  the  confignecs.  Mr.  ■VVaylcs  afl-ided  in  tlie 
fale,  but  died  foon  afcer,  when  the  whole  collection 
furvived  to  liie  other  confignee,  who  received  it, 
walled  it,  and  died  a  bankrupt.  The  Agent  thought 
he  would  try  the  chance  of  recovering  the  money 
from  the  execnrors  of  Mr.  Wayles,  alfho'  he  knew 
they  had  not  received  ir  ;  on  the  trial,  11  of  the  jury 
detcr:r.iiie  1  apainff  the  liability  of  the  executors,  but 
the  i2rh  difitnting,  the  cale  was  laid  over  to  the 
next  Federal  Court,  when  a  fecond  jury  unanimouf- 

ly 

*  Referring  to  a  letter  from  ^''r.  JelTerfon,  dated  the  5^1 
oF  January  1787,  wherein  lie  made  amicable  piopofalc  of 
fettling  and  paying  the  demands  agaisll  him,  and  which 
were  accepted.  —  vVe  are  forry  we  have  not  room  for  this 
letter,  as  it  does  much  honour  to  his  feeliug;j  and  principles, 
bcOdcs  (lie wing  the  diurcllVtd  liaCc  of  tiie  country  during  die 
revolutionary  war. 

f  r.  caning,  diat  he  had  before  paid  tlie  amount  of  the 
debt  into  the  treafury  of  Virginia,  agreeably  to  the  then 
law  of  that  State,  which  f.rll  payment  proved  an  entire  lofs 
to  V.r.  Jcfltrfon  ! 


Mr.  JEFFERSON.  97 

1'/  concurred  with  the  eleven  of  the  lirfl,  and  gave  a 
verdi6^  for  the  executors,  agreeably  to  the  opinions 
of  Judge  Iredell  wlio  prefided  at  one  hearing,  and 
of  Judge  Patterfon  who  prtfidcd  at  the  otlier. 

Periiaps  there  is  no  man  in  America  better  calcu- 
lated to  fill  the  chair  of  ftate  than  Mr.  Jefferfon. — 
Few   men   who  have  travelled  at  all,  have  travelled 
with  more  advaniage,    and  had  a  greater  capacity  of 
receiving   improvement  from  this  mode  of  it,  than 
liim.     Tlie  genius  of  each  nation,  its  particular  cul- 
toms  and  manners,    and  the  great   relative  intcrcHs 
which  regulated  the  policy  of  Courts,  v.ere  fubjecls 
with   which  he   was  acquainted  ;  and  eminently  fit- 
ted him,  to  fill  a  department,  the  peculiar  organ  of 
their  communications.      Controverfy,  which  lb  fre- 
quently betrays   the  fallibility  of  the   underftanding, 
beraule    it  begets  intemperance,  never  makes  him  a 
viiftim    to   the  defigns    of  his  opponent.     He  liflens 
to"  his   argument  with   icrupuloi;s  attention  ;  drav-fs 
new  fources   of  information  from  conflictino'   princi- 
ples ;  and,  if  he    is  animated  at  all,  it   is  vvith   the 
difcovery  of  a  new  truth.     There  are,  perhaps,  few 
men    better   calculated  always  to  triumph,  and   al- 
ways to  leave    upon  the  other's  mind,  at  lead,  the 
juoil  favourable   impredions,  if  not  the  mofl  decifive 
conviction.    This  is  not  diilicult  to  account  for,  when 
applied   to    Mr.  Jeflerfon  ;    becaufe  few    men,    like 
him,  dcfcrves  the  application.     He  never  hazards  an 
opinion    without   the  authority    of    experience,  and 
the    convi<5lion  of  reafon.     Travel  and  oblervatioii 
have  matured  the  one,  and  cxtenfive  application  and 
r^^fieclion,   liavc  invigorated    the    other.    His  princi- 
ples,   thcTcfore,    convey    the   flrongell    imprefiions, 
which    be   inforces    by  logical  deducTtion  and   mathe- 
narical   precifion,  drawiug  froni  an   exparded  intcl- 
le^.H,   tliat  ftparatcs,   v/iih^infinire  facility,  the  purity 
of  Trut-h  from  tiic  grofler  materials  of  Error. 

Difdaining  the  charaaer  of  the    Courtie",  where 
ptifillanimity  and  tlattery  are  the  flep^  by  which    the 
obfcquious  arife  to  diftinaion,  Mr.  Jeiien'on  has  fill- 
ed the   highcfl:  ofFues   of  government,  by  his  own 
F  in- 


98  Mr.  JLFFERSON. 

intrinfic  merit.  The  fimplicity  of  his  manners,  and 
the  refervednefs  of  his  temper,  are  the  charadlerif- 
tics  of  a  vigorous  mind,  which  grafps  at  higher  ob- 
jefts  than  the  mere  arts  of  plealing.  Yet  there  is 
no  man  in  private  life,  more  amiable,  none  more 
dignified,  and  none  whofe  manners,  polTefs,  in  a 
higher  degree,  the  incomparable  felicity  of  infpiring 
the  combined  emotions  of  attachment  and  refpedt. 
He  has  contemplated  miCn  and  things  in  the  different 
lights  in  which  they  are,  and  in  which  they  fliould 
be.  His  refledlions  on  this  fubjedt,  are  the  fources 
of  his  humanity  and  forbearance ;  qualifications 
which  travel,  bufinefs,  and  books,  have  matured 
into  practice,  and  given  to  his  mind  a  degree  of  phi- 
loibphical  tranquility— But  let  not  this  placidity  of 
temper,  be  millaken  for  coldnefs  of  apprehenfion. 
He  pofTefTes  an  underflanding,  capable  of  being  in- 
ipired  with  intrepidity,  when  great  objccfts  demand 
its  energy.  The  American  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, his  negotiatior^s  in  feveral  of  the  moil  fubtle 
cabinets  of  Europe,  and  his  communications  with 
the  intriguing  Miniflers  of  France  and  England, 
while  Secretary  of  Sate,  will  remain  the  durable 
memorials  of  a  great  mind,  at  once  capable  of  com- 
bining the  various  qualifications  of  energy,  pene- 
tration, and  deliberate  coolnefs. 

It  has  been  fneeringly  faid,  **0,  Mr.  Jeiferfon  is 
a  PhiloiOpher," — meaning,  tl  at  from  the  habits  of 
iiis  lif€,  he  is  unfit  to  be  the  Chief  Magiflrate  of  an 
active,  mix^ed,  extended  community. — If  Mr.  J.  had 
all  his  days  be^n  fecloded  in  a  clofet  or  a  cloyffer, 
the  infinuation  might  not  be  improper — We  have 
fl]ewn  the  contrary  ;  that,  to  the  attainments  of  a 
Scholar,  and  the  accomplifiiments  of  a  Gentleman, 
he  adds  the  neceflary  qualifications  of  a  StateTman, 
«*one  well  acquainted  with  the  world  and  its  ways" 
— But  wx  do  not  believe  that  Mr. J.  himlelf  ever  faid 
he  was  a  Philofopher  ;  he  knows  too  well  the  vaft 
dignity  of  the  character;  he  is  too  modeft  and  too 
fenfihle  a  man,  to  take  upon  himTelf  a  title  which 
requires  a  rare  afiemblage  of  all  the  exalted  qualities 

of 


Mr,  JEFFERSON.  99 

of  fhe  human  mind,  united  to  all  the  poffible  attain- 
Rienrsof  jiuinan  learning. — We  believe  Mr. J.  is  not 
or  the  NEW  Philolbphy,  the  iargon  of  the  day,  that 
vague,  iindeiineH  jUmble  of  words,  which  pulls  dov/n 
every  lydem,  whether  moral  or  religious,  and  lets 
up  nothing  in  their  place,  leaving  the  pocr  wanderer 
in  a  wildernefs,  and  depriving  fociety  irfelf  of  a 
guide  !  —  Nor  of  that  old,  cold-blocded,  machiavel- 
ian  Philolophy,  which,  under  the  femblance  of 
*'^  political  (Vilem,"  connects  immorality,  fraud,  am- 
bition, and  tyranny,  facrificing,  on  the  altar  of  Dtf- 
porifm,  the    liberty  of   nations,    and  the   felicity   of 

millions !  *  

Our  readers  know  the  iiUie  of  the  late  elcClion  ; 
that  a  decided  majority  of  tiie  people  of  America  has 
given  their  voice  for  Mr.  jelferlbn  to  be  Prefident 
of  the  Federal  Government  of  the  i6  States.  —  At 
the  moment  that  tliis  flieet  is  going  to  prefs,  the 
people  of  America  are  waiting  in  anxious,  awful  ful- 
penfe,  to  fee  whether  the  prefeut  Congrcfs  will  cO' 
incide  with  or  oppofe  their  choice. 


Philofophical  Hall,  Philadelphia,  Jan.  i,  i8ot. 

AT  a  Meeting  of  the  Ameykan  Pbilosopkic.il  Society,  the  fol- 
lowing Members  were  duly  eleded  Officers  for  the  eufuing 
Year  agreeanle  to  Charter. 

Prefklent,  Thomas  Jeffei^so:'!,  Efq. 

V'ice-Prefidents,  Cafper  WilVar,  R.Patterfon,  A.  EUicet  ; 

Secre  i.ries,  John  R.  Loxc,  A.  Seybert,  J.  Clay,  B.  Alifon; 

C^uriiellors  for  three  years,  Jon.  B.  Smith,  William  Currie, 
Sam.  Wheeler,  P.  S.  Duponceau  ; 

Curators,  C.W.Peelo,  J.R.bmith,  Rob.Leflie  ; 

Tveafurer,  John  Vaughan. 


""  Among  ft  many  others,  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  and  Fre- 
derick of  Pru.'P.a,  are  notable  inilances  of  this  fcrt  of  philo- 
fophy  ;  perhaps  the  late  Catherine  of  RuiEa  excelled  both 
thefe  kingly  gentlemen.  — -  It  is  almoft  needlefs  to  remark, 
that  the  French  revohuioo  has  begottena  liolt  of /xj/Zf/cc/Zphi- 
lolophers  on  both  fides  of  the  queftion — Robefpierre  fet  out 
on  the  NEW  fcheme,  and  a  bloody  ufe  he  made  of  it.  Be- 
fore he  died,  however,  he  meanly  fkulked  from  one  fcheme 
to  the  other,  and  both  of  them  failed  him. — Anvrnglt  many 
others,  poor  Mifs  -•  clftoncraft  fell  a  vidim  to  the  deluding' 
ideas  of  the  ne^Ji  Philufophy.  F  j, 


joo  Mr.  JEFFERSON. 

[At  the  rcquefl:  of  a  Correfpondent,  we  infert  the 
follosving  exira(5t  from  Mr.  Jelferfon's  **  Notes  on 
Virginia."  It  is  that  part  of  them  nhich  has  been 
the  fubjeift  of  fo  much  cavil  and  criticifin  ;  v/hich  has 
given  lo  mt^cli  ofi'ence  to  tend:r  coniciences,  and  which 
has  been  To  greedily  (hatched  at  by  the  dircij.les  of  tlie 
iieiu  Philofophy  —  We  therefore  deem  it  a  neceifary 
acccmpanyment  to  an  account  of  that  Gentleman's 
life  and  chara(fier. 

WlnHl  v/e  believe  that  m;)ny  of  the  remarks  made 
upon  this  portion  of  Mr.  JefFerfon's  Notes  have  come 
frosn  pious  and  Nvell-meaning  men,  we  mufl  at  the 
fame  time  obferve,  that  the  groffeft  and  mofl  illiberal 
lbi6lures  have  been  made  by  others  fiomfolitical  and 
Jelfijh  motives,  as  was  fuliy  evidenced  pending  the 
late  election.  —  It  is  thus  that  tiue  Religion  is  dif- 
lionoured  ;  the  fpiritua!  affairs  of  the  other  world  are 
dragged  into  the  temporary  concerns  of  this — it  is 
thus  that  Religion  is  thrown  cut  as  a  tub  to  ihe 
\Thale,  in  oider  to  deceive  and  miflead  the  unthink- 
ing multitude  I 

To  that  part  of  the  extract  which  appears  mofl 
objectionable,  our  Correfpondewt  has  fubjoined  a  note 
of  obfervation,  which  we  inlert  verbatim.] 


EXTRACT  from  Mr.  Jefferson's  Notes. 

In  anfwcr  to  the  queflion,  What  religion  is  in  the 
Hate  of  Virginia? — Mr.  JefFeribn  proceeds  thus  : 

"  The  prefent  flate  of  our  laws  on  the  fubje6l  of 
Religion  is  this.  The  Convention  of  May  1776,  in 
their  Declaration  of  Rights,  declared  it  to  be  a 
truth,  and  a  natural  right,  that  the  exercije  of  Religion 
Jhou-ld  be  free;  but  when  they  proceeded  lo  form  on 
that  declaration  the  ordinance  of  government,  in- 
ftead  of  taking  r.p  every  principle  declared  in  the 
Ijill  of  Rigiits,  and  guarding  it  by  legiflative  fanc- 
tion,  they  paffcd  over  that  wliich  afferted  onr  religi- 
ous rights, leaving  them  as  tl:ey  found  them. The  fame 
Convention,  however,  when  tl;ey  met  as  a  member 
of  the  general  aiTembly  in  October  1776,  repealed 
sU  Avfls  of  Parliment   wliich  had  rendered  criminal 

the 


Mr,  JEFFEllSONT.  lot 

the  maintaining  any  opinions  in  matters  of  religion, 
the  forbearing  to  repair  to  church,  and  the  exerciling 
any  mode  of  worfliip  ;  and  Ibfpended  the  laws  giving 
laiaries  to  the  Clergy,  whicli  iuipenfion  was  made 
perpetual  in  Oiitober  1779.  Statutory  opprellions  in 
rciioion  bcinp;  thus  wipt-d  away,  we  remain  at  pre- 
ll-nc  under  thofe  only  impofed  by  the  common  law, 
or  by  our  own  Acts  of  /iiiembly.  Ai  the  common 
law,  Herafy  was  a  capital  offence,  puniiliable  by 
burning.  Its  delinition  was  left  to  the  eccleliafHcal 
judges,  before  wiioni  the  conviction  was,  till  the 
Itatute  of  the  1  Eliz.  c.  i.  circumfi-rlbsd  it,  by  de- 
claring, *'  Tl  at  nothing  Hioald  be  deemed  H:refyi 
but  wiiat  had  been  fo  determined  by  authority  of  the 
Canonical  Scriptures,  or  by  one  of  the  four  firf>  Ge- 
neral Councils,  or  by  fome  otlier  Council  having  lor 
the  grounds  of  their  declaration  the  eiiprtfi  aud 
plain  words  of  the  Scriptures."  Hereiy,  thus  cir- 
camfciibed,  being  an  oflence  at  the  common  laWy 
our  a(5t  of  iifTembly  of  1777,  c.  17,  gives  cognizance 
of  it  to  the  General  Court,  by  declaring,  that  the 
jurifdiction  of  that  Court,  ihall  be  general  in  ail 
matters  at  the  common  law.  The  execution  is  t>y 
the  writ  Dd  H<:?retico  canbtirendo.  By  our  own  ?-ii  of 
Alfcmbly  of  170.';,  c.  30,  if  a  ptrfon  bcought  up  in 
the  ChridJan  religion  denies  the  being  of  a  God,  or 
the  Trinity,  or  allerts  there  are  more  Guds  than  one, 
or  denies  the  Chriftian  religion  to  be  true,  or  the 
Scriptures  to  be  of  divine  authority,  he  is  punishable 
on  the  firfl  olfence  by  incapacity  to  hold  any  cilice  or 
employment  ecclefialtical,  civil,  or  military  ;  on  the 
fecond  by  diiability  to  fue,  to  take  any  gift  or  legacy, 
to  be  guardian,  executor,  or  adminiltraror,  and  by 
three  years  imprifonment,  without  bail.  A  father's 
right  tQ  the  cultody  of  his  ov/n  children  being  fouKd- 
ed  in  law  on  his  right  of  guardianihip,  this  being 
taken  away, they  may  of  courfe  be  fevered  from  him, 
and  put,  by  the  authority  of  a  court,  into  more  or- 
thodox hands. 

''  This  is  a  fummary  view  of  that  Religions  Slave- 
ry, under  which  a  people  have  been  willing  to  re- 
F  3  main 


102  Mr.  JEFFERSON. 

main,  who  have  laviflied  their  lives  and  fortunes  for 
the  cflablifhment  of  their  civil  freedom.  The  error 
feeins  not  fufiicienily  eradicated,  that  the  operaiioRS 
of  the  mind,  as  well  as  the  acls  of  the  body,  are 
lubjed  to  the  coercion  of  the  laws.  But  our  rulers 
can  have  authority  over  Ibth  natural  rights  only  as 
we  have  fubmitted  to  them.  The  rights  of  confci- 
ence  we  never  iabmitted,  we  could  not  fubmit. 
\Vc  are  anfwerable  for  tijem  to  our  God.  The  legi- 
timate powers  of  Governinent  extend  to  I'uch  aCis 
only  as  are  injurious  to  others.  But  it  does  me  no 
injury  for  my  neighbour  to  fay,  there  are  twenty 
Gods-,  or  no  God  ;'^'  it  ncith-cr  picks  my  pocket  nor 
breaks   my  leg.     if    it   be  faid^  his   teliimony  in   a 

Court 

*  It  fometimes  happens,  that  even  the  befl  Writers,  in 
their  endeavours  to  eilablilli  a  fad,  or  iljullrate  a  principle, 
urge  too  much,  and  overfhoot  their  mark. — With  great  def- 
erence to  the  higlily  refpeAable  Author  of  the  Notes  on 
Virginia,  I  think  the  above  paiTage  a  proof  of  the  remark — 
nay  more,  it  appears  to  nje  a  very  objedionable  one  ;  and  I 
do  not  wonder  at  irs  giving  cf.ence  to  pious  minds,  and  of 
being  made  the  gr'ound-work  of  much  cenfure  and  mifrepre- 
fentation, — After  the  kncv.lcdge  he  now  has  of  human  na- 
ture, does  T-  r.  Jeiierfon  really  think,  that  the  man  who  be- 
lieves in  no  God,  is  as  good,  or  as  uleful  a  member  of  foci- 
ety,  as  he  ix^lo  b<el!eves  in  one,  or  three,  or  twenty  Gods  ? — 
Mr  J.  is  too  dignlfted  a  character  to  make  a  needlefs  play 
npon  words,  of  -*  picking  pockets,  or  of  breaking  legs — but 
it  may  eaiily  be  imSigined,  and  experience  confirms  the  fa«S, 
that  the  man  who  dilbelieves  all  Deity,  and  who  has  diveft- 
ed  himfelf  of  all  mor^l  and  religious  obligations,  v/ould  not 
only  pick  pcckes  and  break  legs,  but  alfo  commit  theft  and 
perpetrate  murder,  to  gratify  his  greed  or  his  revenge,  i-f 
he  could  a£l  v.'idi  impunity. — What  piudent  man  would  en- 
truit  the  honour  of  his  wife,  or  his  daughter,  or  his  filler,  or 
the  care  of  his  goods  or  his  money,  to  the  keeping  of  a  pro- 
felfeJ  Athieil,  who  is  difengaged  from  every  facred  tie,  who 
is  afraid  of  no  law  but  the  pii^.ol  or  the  gallows? — 

I  cc-uli  fay  much  more  on  thi.3  fubjedl,  IV  r.  Editor,  if  you 
would  give  me  room  —  but  tlie  pofition  Is  fo  very  plain  and 
demonkrative,  that  it  requires  no  ingenuity  to  fupport  It — 
1  therefore  conclude  with  only  remarking,  that  in  a  book 
which  is  fo  ably  and  laudably  calculated  to  vindicate  and  11- 
Inftrate  the  ijoble  principles  of  Civil  and  Religious  Liberty, 

I  am 


Mr.  JEFFERSON.  103 

Court  of  Juftlce  cannot  be  relied  on,  reje(fl  it  then, 
and  be  the  ftigma  on  him.  Conltraint  may  make  him 
worie  by  making  hi:n  a  hypocrite,  but  it  will  never 
make  him  a  truer  man.  It  may  fix  him  obliinately 
in  his  errors,  but  will  not  cure  them.  Real'on  and 
free  enquiry  are  the  only  eftedual  agents  agaiuil  er- 
ror. Give  a  loofe  to  tliem,  they  will  fupport  the 
true  religion,  by  bringing  every  falCe  one  to  their 
tribunal,  to  the  tell  of  their  invelHgarion.  They 
are  the  natural  enemies  of  error,  and  of  error  only. 
Had  not  the  Roman  government  permitted  free  en- 
quiry, Chriflianity  could  never  have  been  introdu- 
ced. Had  not  free  enquiry  been  indulged,  at  the 
?era  of  ihe  Reformation,  the  corruptions  of  Chriih- 
anity  could  not  have  been  purged  away.  If  it  be 
retrained  now,  tlie  prefeut  corruptions  will  be  pro- 
tected, and  new  ones  encouraged.  Was  the  go- 
vernment to  prefcribe  to  us  our  medicine  and  diet, 
our  bodies  would  be  in  fuch  keeping  as  our  fouls  are 
now.  Thus  in  France  tlie  emetic  was  once  forbidden 
as  an  article  of  medicine,  and  the  potatoe  as  an  ar- 
ticle of  food.  Government  is  juft  as  infallible  too 
when  it  iixes  fydems  in  phyfics.  Galileo  was  lent 
to  the  Inquifition  for  affirming  that  the  earth  was  a 
{]"»liere :  the  government  had  declared  it  to  be  as  fiat 
as  a  trencher,  and  Galileo  was  obliged  to  abjure  his 
error.  This  error  however  at  length  prevailed,  tlic 
earth  became  a  globe,  and  Delcartes  declared  it  was 
Avhirled  round  on  its  axis  by  a  vortex.  The  govern- 
ment in  which  he  lived  was  wiie  enough  to  fee  that 
this  was  no  queltion  of  civil  jurifdi^lion,  or  we 
fhould  all  have  been  involved  by  authority  in  vorti- 
ces. In  fa(St,  the  vortices  have  been  exploded,  and 
the  Newtonian  principle  of  gravitation  is  now  more 
firmly  ^abliihed,  on  the  bafis  ot  Reafon,  than  it 
would  be  were  the  government  to  flep  in,  and  to 
luake  it  an  article  of  necelTary  faith.  R.eafon  acd 
F  4  Ex- 

I  am  forry  to  fee  fuch  a  paiTage  ;  and  I  cannot  help  thinking, 
that  the  cool  judgement  and  mature  experience  of  the  writer 
muft  now  make  him  wifh,  that  it  never  had  appeared  among 
his  Notes.  O. 


104  Mr.  JEFFERSON. 

Experiment  have  been  indulged,  and  Error  has  fled 
before  them — It  is  Error  alone  which  neej^s  the  fup- 

port  of  Government  —  Trtith.  can  jland  by  iijdfy 

London  edition,  page  262, 

Copy  of  a  Lettrr  from  Mr.  Jefferson  to  a 
Gentie:nan  in  Berkley  County,  dated  IVlonticello,. 
4th  Sept.  1800. 

**S1II, — YoiT  favour  of  Augu(l  216th,  has  been 
duly  received,  and  is  entitled  to  my  thankfulneis  for 
the  perfonal  conliderationsyon  are  pleafed  to  exprefs 
in  ir.  How  far  the  meafure  propofed  miglii  have 
the  expevfle  J  eficiil,  you  can  bell  judge  ;  however^ 
in  the  great  exerciie  of  right  in  vNliich  the  Citizens 
of  America  are  about  to  aci,  I  have  on  mature  con- 
liJeration,  feen,  that  it  is  my  duty  to  be  pafllve. 
The  intereris  which  they  liave  at  flake  are  entitled 
to  their  whole  attention,  unbiaffed  by  perfocal  ef- 
teem  or  local  coniiderations  ;  and  I  am  far  from  the 
prcfumption  of  ccnfidering  myfclf  equal  to  the  av/ful 
duties  of  the  firfi  magillracy  of  ihis  country.  That 
tlicre  Ihouki  be  cilTerences  of  opinion  among  our 
fellow-ciiizens,  is  to  be  expected  always.  IVlen 
who  think  freely,  and  have  the  right  of  expreiling 
their  thoughts,  will  diifer.  It  is  true  that  thefe  dil- 
fcrences  have  of  late  been  artiHcially  increaltd  ;  but 
th.ey  are  now  again  fubfiding  to  thtir  natural  level, 
and  all  will  foon  come  right  if  no  adis  of  violence 
intervene.  The  great  quttlion  which  divides  our 
citizens  is,  wlieiher  it  islafell  that  a  preponderance 
of  power  fhould  be  lodged  with  the  monarchical,  or 
the  republicaa  branch  of  our  Government  r — Tempo- 
rary panics  may  produce  advocates  for  the  former 
opinion,  even  in  this  country  ;  but  the  opinion  v.'iJl 
be  as  fhort-lived  as  the  panic  with  tlie  great  mafs  of 
our  fellow-citizens.  There  is  one  circumdance 
which  will  ahvays  bring  them  to  rights:  a  prepon- 
derance of  the  executive  over  the  Icgifiative  brancli 
cannot  be  maintained  but  by  immcnfe  patronage,  by 
ir.ultiplying  offices,  making  them  very  lucrative,  by 
armies,  liavies;  &c,  which  may  enlill  on  the  fide  of 

the 


Mr.  JEFFERSON.  105 

the  patron  all  thofe  whom  he  can  inrerefb,  and  all 
their  families  and  connexions ;  but  tkei'e  expenccs 
mui\  be  paid  by  the  bbcuring  citizen  ;  he  ccinaot  loni^ 
continue,  therefore,  the  advocate  of  opinions,  whicli, 
to  fay  only  the  leafl  of  them,  doom  the  labouring 
Citizen  to  toil  and  fweat  tor  ulelefs  pageants. 

*'  I  Hiould  be  unfaithful  to  my  own  feelings  were  I 
not  to  fay,  that  it  has  been  the  grcatcfi-  of  ail  human 
confolatioiis  to  mc,  to  be  confidcred  by  the  republican 
portion  of  my  fellow-citizens  as  the  fafe  dcpolitary 
of  their  rights.  The  lirft  wifli  of  my  heart  is,  10 
fee  them  fo  guarded  as  to  be  fafe  in  any  hands,  and 
not  to  depend  on  the  perfonal  difpofirion  of  the  depo- 
fitaiy:  and  1  hope  this  to  be  practicable  as  long  as 
the  people  retain  the  fpirit  of  freedom.  When  that 
is  loit,  all  experience  has  fiicwn,  that  no  forms  can 
keep  them  free  againft  their  own  will.  Eut  that 
corrupt  Hate  of  mind  muft  be  very  didantin  a  coun- 
try where,  for  ages  to  come,  unoccupied  foil  will 
ftill  offer  itfelf  to  thofe  who  wifh  to  reap  for  them- 
felves  what  themfelves  have  fown. 

**  Our  chief  object  at  prefent  fnould  be,  fo  reconcile 
the  diinfions  zuhich  have  been  arUficially  excited^  and  to 
rejhre  Society  to  its  zuoJited  harmony*  Wiier.cver  this 
fhall  be  done,  it  \vill  be  found,  that  there  are  few 
real  opponents  to  aGovernmcnt  e!c(5^ive  at  Ihovt  inter- 
vals. Accept  alTuranccs  of  the  refpect  cf, 

Sir,  your's,&e.  THO.  JEFFEllSON.- 

Mr.  BURR. 
Aaron  Burr  was  born  at  Fairfield  ;  he  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  College,  New  Jerfey,  of  which 
ieminary  his  father  was  Prefident.  In  the  year  1775, 
when  be  was  at  the  age  of  25,  he  was  made  Aid  de 
Camp  to  General  Putnam,  and  dillingniOied  himftlf 
in  fo  eminent  a  manner  as  an  able  Officer,  that  he 
wasfelicSled  by  General  Waihicgton  to  be  Lieu.  Col. 
of  cne  of  the  12  additional  Regiments.  Tnrou*rh 
the  whole  of  the  war,  he  was  djftin^ruifhed  by  the 
fame  ardent  devotion  to  the  principles  of  Liberty, 
the  fame  courage  and  judgement,  which  mark  liis 
character  at  this  day,  F  5  At 


ic6  *      Mr.  BURR. 

At  the  ren:ora!:ion  of  peace,  having  cxhaufted  an 
ample  patriinony  in  the  fervice  of  his  Country,  Mr. 
Burr  found  himfelf  compelled  to  the  profefTion  of  the 
Law  as  the  means  of  fubfillcnce.  Here,  not  with-  " 
finadiag  the  conjpetition  of  Mr.  Hamilton  and  otlaer 
gentlemen  of  great  talents  in  New  York,  he  foon  ob- 
tained an  high  reputation  ;  and  the  rapid  fortune  he  ' 
acquired  from  an  exisnfive  pradlice,  declared  the 
favourable  opinion  of  his  fellow  citizens.  PoflcfTed 
once  more  of  an  independent  fortune,  he  forfook  the  . 
troublefome  occupation  of  an  Advocate,  for  one  more 
fuited  to  his  inclination,  and  better  adapted  to  the 
difplay  of  his  talents.  He  entered  the  Legiflature  of 
New  York,  then  became  a  Senator  of  the  U.  States, 
and  in  both  places  he  was  equally  refpe^lable  and  al- 
ways patriotic. 

Endowed  with  a  mind  firm,  liberal,  and  compre- 
henlive,  America  can  claim  but  few  citizens  as  fit  as 
Mr.  Burr  to  be  placed  as  a  fecond  in  the  government 
of  the  country.  With  an  energy  and  decifion  ot 
character  peculiar  to  himfelf,  while  orher  men  are 
debating,  he  refolves  j  while  they  think,  lie  a(5ls. — 
His  manners  are  amiable,  his  reputation  unblemifh-'' 
cd.  He  has  overthrown  the  dangerous  influence  of 
Foreigners  intheflate  of  New  York;  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  highly  refpetTlable  compeer  Mr.  Jeifer- 
fon,  it  is  hoped,  that  they  will  banifti  it  from  the 
national  councils  altogether,  leaving  A)nerica  to  be 
governed  by  its  own  Citizens.  —  In  (horr,  Mr.  Burr 
isanunifurm,  conHilent,  tried  Republican, 

We  conclude  this  lliort  account  of  Mr.  Burr,  with 
giving  a  place  to  the  following  extract  of  a  letter 
'written  by  hiin  ro  a  Member  of  Congrefs,  when  he 
learned  that  it  was  probable  the  votes  would  be  e- 
qual  for  Mr.  Jeifcribn  and  himfelf,  in  order  to  con- 
vince Cono^rel's  in  particular,  andAraerica  in  general, 
that  he  difclaimed  all  idea  of  contefting  the  pofl  of 
honour  with  that  Gentleman.  —  The  letter  retle(Sts 
much  credit  on  Mr.  Burr,  and  muft  raife  him  (fill 
higher  in  the  eftimation  of  his  fellow  citizens. 


Mr.  BURR.  107 

Extra^l  of  a  Letter  from  Colonel  Burr  to  General 
Smith,  dated  New  York,  Dec.  16,  1800. 

"  I  think  it  not  probable  that  1  (hall  have  an 

equal  number  ot  votes  wiihMrJefferlon  ;  but  if  fuch 
fhould  be  the  refult,  every  man  who  knows  me  ought 
to  know,  that  1  fhould  utterly  difclaim  all  competi- 
tion. Be  aflured,  that  the  Federal  Party  can  enter- 
tain no  wifli  for  fuch  an  exchange.  As  to  my  friends, 
they  would  difhonour  my  views,  and  infult  my  feel- 
ings, by  a  fufpicion  that  I  could  fubmit  to  be  inftru- 
mental  in  countcra^ling  the  wifhes  and  expectations 
of  the  people  of  the  United  States.  And  I  now  con- 
llitute  you  my  proxy,  to  declare  thefe  fcntiments  if 
the  occafion  fliall  require." 


PRESIDENTIAL    ELECTION. 

The  political  (lorm,  which  lately  raged  with  fo 
much  violence,  has  at  length  happily  fubfided. — The 
two  Parties  have  tried  their  ftrength,  and  fuccefs 
has  crowned  the  efforts  of  the  Republicans  in  the 
ele<5\ion  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

To  Republicans  it  muft  be  a  caufe  of  fmcere  feli- 
citation, that  their  Country  has  furmounted,  with- 
out any  other  agitation  than  that  of  public  fentiment, 
the  choice  of  their  Firfl  Magiflrate — The  example 
is  auipicious  to  the  deflinies  of  the  world — Whilft 
other  nations^  the  victims  of  Monarchical  power,  or 
Aridocratical  ambition,  on  fimilar  occafions,  appeal 
to  the  fword,  America  prefents  the  augufl  fpet^acle 
of  a  great  people  reforting  only  to  argument,  and 
to  republican  principles. 

On  fuch  a  refult  as  this,  every  friend  to  his  coun- 
try, every  true  American,  will  reflect  with  high  fa- 
tisfac^ion  —  Beholding  in  the  fyflem  of  Reprelenta- 
tlon,  founded  on  the  right  of  general  fuflVage,  the 
fource  and  (trengrh  of  his  political  freedom,  he  will 
rejoice  to  behold  the  confirmations  of  experience  im- 
parting new  (lability  to  the  republican  flrudiure. — 
And  while  he  mourns  over  the  tctter'ng  ruins  of 
European  fyftems  and  dates,  and  over  the  miferies 
of  the  nations  of  the  old  worlxj,  he  will,  with  proud 

phi- 


io8  PIIESIDZNTIAL  ELECTION. 

philanthrophy,  prefent  his  own  fyftem  to  them  as  a 
cure  for  all  their  evils. 

On  this  great  occafion,  it  is  the  duty  of  every 
friend  to  republican  Libert/,  to  fupport  the  caulb 
with  gentlenefs  and  equanimity — Having  the  gene- 
ral v/elfare  at  heart,  and  luperior  to  the  gratifica- 
tion of  perfonal  motives,  whilll  his  joy  is  animated, 
let  it  be  ration.il  and  unalloyed  with  party  refent- 
inent  —  Let  him  hold  out  the  hand  of  friendfiiip  to 
his  neighbour,  of  whatever  opiaion  or  country,  and 
fay,  "  I  refpe<5l  virtue  and  talent  wherever  they  are 
"•  found  ;  come,  let  us  live  in  fellowfhip ;  let  every 
'*  man  flrive  to  deferve  well  of  the  Country,  al- 
**  ways  remembering  the  important  maxim,  UniUd 
**  ive  fland^  divided  ive  falL^^ 

"  In  Union  and  Harmon)'  let  us  combine, 

•'  And  kneel  with  devotion  at  Lieeiitv's  flirlne.'* 


RETURN  OF  VOTES  for  Prefident  and  Vice-Prefident 
©f  the  Unitep  StxIteg — Dec.  1800. 

New  Hampfhirc  —  00660 

Maffachuffets  —  o       o     16     16     o 

Rhode  liland  —  00431 

ConneAicut  —  00990 

Vermont  —  00440 

New  York  —  iai2       o       co 

New  Jerfey  —  00770 

Penfylvania  —  88770 

Delaware  —  00330 

Jvlaryland  —  5        5        5        5° 

Virginia  —  21      ai        o       o     o 

North  Carolina  —  88440 

South  Carolina  —  88000 

Georgia  —  44000 


Kentucicy 
Tennefiee 


Total        ^ 


4 

4 

0 

0 

0 

3 

3 

0 

0 

0 

73 

73 

65 

64 

I 

(     ^^9    ) 

PEACE  BETWEEN  FRANCE  and  Ay.ElUCA. 

FRANCE. 

Parts,  0<ft.  2,  1800,  Yeilerday  a  treaty  of  Amity  and 
Commerce  between  tlie  French  K.epiiblic  and  the  United, 
States  of  America,  was  I'gned  by  the  three  Fre^f^h  Mir.illers 
on  one  fide,  and  by  three  American  Con-'miili  )n?;ri  on  tl.c 
other — rcUoring,  wc  hope,  a  fyllem  of  Concord  between  the 
two  countries,  which,  as  Republics,  ought  never  to  be  at 
variance. 

0<a,  6. — Citizen  Jofeph  Buonaparte,Prefident  of  the  Coir.- 
jnittee  of  ivinliit'.rs  Plenipotentiary  charged  to  negociate 
with  the  Miniilcrs  IMcriipotentiary  of  the  Un. States  of  Ame- 
rica, gave  a  moll  fplendid  entertainment  to  thcle  iVjiuiUcrs, 
oil  the  3d  inil.  at  i\iCrfontaine,-  to  celebrate  tlie  return  of  an 
amicable  underilandiiig  bsftween  tlic  tv/o  Republics.  There 
Avere  prefent  the  thr;e  Confuls,  all  the  IViiniilers  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Corps  l")iplomatique,  the  CounicUors  of  State, 
^c.  and  feveral  gentlemen  friends  to  America,  among  whom 
vve  obferved  General  La  Fayette. 

At  6  o'clock,  the  Mi.iiller  fur  foreign  affairs  delivered  to 
the  Firil  Conful,  a  copy  of  the  Convention,  which  was  an- 
nounced by  a  difchargc  of  cannon.  The  dinner  ccnfifced  o{ 
180  covers,  ier/ed  on  three  tables  in  three  hulls  comniuui- 
cating  with  each  other.  The  firll  was  the  Hall  of  Union  ;  the 
fecoiid  and  third  bore  the  names  of  Franklin  anti  Wa-^hington, 
and  were  ornamented  with  the  bulls  of  thefc  illullriou.s  cha- 
raeters.  The  hril  hall,  however,  was  the  moll  brilliantly  de- 
corated, prefenting  emblamatic  devices  of  all  the  moll  re- 
niarkable  events  of  the  American  Revolution. 

After  dinner,  feveral  toalts  were  drank.  The  Firfl  Con- 
ful gave,  "  To  the  manes  of  the  French  and  Americans  who 
died  in  battle  for  the  independence  of  the  new  world." 

The  Conful  Cambacerea  gave,  "  To  the  fucceffcr  of  Waih- 
ingion." 

The  Cor.ful  Lebrun  gave,  "  To  the  union  of  America 
•with  the  Powers  of  the  North,  to  enforce  refpedl  to  the  Li- 
berty of  the  .'^eas." 

After  dinner  were  fire-wcrks  emblematic  of  the  occafion, 
which  were  fucceedtd  by  a  concert,  and  that  was  followed 
by  a  f])e'ilacie,  which  clofed  the  bnfmefs  of  the  night. 

On  the  i2th,  about  mid-day,  the  American  Ajiniiters  took 
leave  of  the  Chief  Conful,  to  whom  they  were  prei'e.'itcd  by 
the  Minifier  of  Foreig-n  Affairs.  N  r.  Elfworth,  in  the 
name  of  his  colleagues  laid,  "  that  he  hoped  the  Convention 
would  prove  the  bafis  of  a  lafting  friendfnip  between  France 
and  America;"  and  ^  r.  Murray  added,  "  that  rhe  ^^  mcrican 
Iv'.iaifiers   would  aegleifl  nothing  to  promote  this  defirablc 

Gb- 


I  TO  FRENCH   CONVENTION. 

objeft."  The  Chief  Coniul  anfwer&d,  "  that  the  differencerj 
between  the  two  nations  being  adjufted,  there  fnould  no 
longer  remain  any  trace  of  them;  that  the  liberal  principles, 
witli  regard  to  navigation,  confidered  in  the  Convention, 
onght  to  be  the  balls  of  a  growing  intimacy;  and  that,  m 
the  preient  circumltances,  it  was  more  than  ever  the  intereft 
of  the  two  nations  clofely  to  adhere  to  them." 

The  Aiiniiler  of  War  to  the  Maritime  Prefeds. 

"  I  make  haite  to  inform  you,  Citizens,  that  the  Con- 
vention of  Amity  and  Commerce  between  the  French  and 
American  Republics,  has  juft  been  figned  by  the  Minifters 
Plenipotentiary  of  France  and  the  American  Ccmmiffioners, 
— I  pray  you  to  communicate  this  news  immediately  to  the 
military  Officers  of  the  Adminiftration,  as  well  as  to  the 
Commerce  of  your  City.  (Signed)  FORSAIT." 

AMERICA. 

Norfolk,  Dec.  5.  Arrived,  the  Portfmouth  fhip  of  war, 
dire<fl  from  France,  on  board  of  which  is  Governor  Davie, 
one  of  our  AmbaiTadors  to  France,  with  the  Treaty  of  A- 
mity  and  Commerce  with  the  French  Republic. 

Washington  (Federal  City),  Dec.  15.  Mr.  Davie,  one 
of  our  Envoys  to  France,  has  arrived  in  this  city.  He  is  the 
Messenger  of  Peace,  being  the  bearer  of  the  Treaty  v/ith  the 
French  Reublic. — iv^r.  Davie  left  xN^efT.  Elfworth  and  Murray 
in  France. 

OFFICIAL     COPY. 
CONVENTION   between  the  French  Republic  and  the 

Uniteu  Si  ates  of  America. 
THE  Premier  Conful  of  the  French  Republic  in  the  name 
of  the  People  oi  France,  and  the  Prelident  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  equally  defiruus  to  terminate  the  difler- 
ences  which  have  arifen  between  the  two  States,  have  re- 
fpefiively  appointed  their  Plenipotentiaries,  and  given  therrr 
full  powers  to  treat  upon  thofe  difterences,  and  to  terminate 
the  lame;  that  is  to  fay,  the  Premier  Conful  of  the  French 
Republic,  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  France,  has  appoint- 
ed for  the  Plenipotentiaries  of  the  laid  Republic,  the  Citi- 
zens Jofeph  Buonaparte,  ex-Ambaffador  at  Rome  and  Coun- 
fellor  of  btate  ;  C.  P.  Fleurieu,  member  of  the  National  In- 
lliiute,  occ.  and  Pierre  L.  Roederor,  member  of  the  fame, 
&c.— and  the  Prelident  of  the  United  States  of  ^imerica,  hj 
and  with  the  advice  and  conient  of  the  Senate  of  the  faid 
Sates,  has  appointed  for  their  Plenipotentiaries,  Oliver 
Elfworth,  Chief  Juitice  of  the  United  States,  Wm. R.Davie, 
late  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  and  Wm.  Vans  Murray, 
rcfident  ^.inifter  of  the  U. States  at  the  Hague — who,  after 
having  exchanged  their  pov.'ers,  and  after  full  and  mature 
difcuffion  of  the  refpe^live  interefts,  have  agreed  on  the  fol- 
lowing articles :  •  Art. 


FRENCH  CONVENTION.  iii 

'  Article  I.  There  Hiall  be  a  firm,  invioliable,  and  univer- 
fal  peace,  and  a  true  and  fincere  friondihip  between  the 
French  Republic  and  the  United  States  of  America,  ar.d  be- 
tween their  rei'peftive  countries,  territories,  citiea,  towns, 
and  people,  without  exception  of  places  and  perfons. 

II.  The  ^Unil\ers  Plenipotentiary  of  the  two  parties  not 
being  able  to  agree  at  prefent  refpefting  the  Treaty  of  Al- 
liance of  Feb.  T778,  the  Treaty  of  Amity  and  Commerce  of 
the  fame  date,  and  the  Convention  of  Nov.  1788,  nor  upon 
the  indcvnnities  mutually  due  or  Ciaiir.ed ;  tke  parties  wifl 
negociate  furtlier  on  thcfe  fubjefts  <^t  a  convenient  time  ; 
and,  until  they  may  have  agreed  upon  ihefe  points,  the  fald 
Treaties  aud  Conventions  Ihall  have  no  operation,  and  the 
relations  of  the  two  coi^ritrles  Ihall  be  regulated  as  follows  : 

III.  The  public  ilvips  which  have  been  taksn  on  one  ]jart 
and  the  other,  or  which  may  be  taken  before  the  exchange 
«f  ratifications,  {hall  be  reltoi-ed. 

VI.  Property  captured,  and  not  yet  definitively  condem- 
ned, or  which  ma/  be  captured  before  the  exchange  of  rati- 
fications (contraband  goods  deftined  to  an  ene?ny':3  port  ex- 
cepted) fhall  be  mntualjy  reliored  on  the  following  proofs  of 
ownerHiip,  viz.  the  proof  on  both  fides  with  refpeft  to  mer- 
chant fiiipr,,  whether  armed  or  unarmed,  Ihall  be  a  PaiTport 
in  the  fallowing  form  :  — 

"  To  all  who  fnall  fee  thefe  Prefents,  Greeting: 

"  It  is  hereby  made  known,  that  leave  andpenniffion  has 
been  giv^n  to  mailer  and  commander 

of  the  (hip  called  of  the  town  of 

burthen  tons,  or  thereabouts,  lying  at  prefent 

in  the  p«>rt  or  haven  of  and  laden  with 

after  that  hi r,  Ihip  has  been  viuted,  and  before  failing,  he 
llrall  make  oafh  before  the  OtF»cers  who  have  the  jurifdicftion 
of  maritime  affairs,  that  the  faid  Ihip  belongs  to  one  or  more 
of  the  fubjef.s  of  the  ad  whereof  (hall  be  put 

at  the  end  of  thefe  prefents,  as  likewife  that  he  w^ill  keep, 
and  caufe  to  be  kept  by  his  crew  onboard,  the  marine  ordi- 
nances and  regulaiions,  and  enter  in  the  proper  ofRce  a  liil, 
iigned  and  witiielTed,  containing  the  names  and  furnames, 
the  places  of  birth  and  abode  of  the  crew  of  his  fliip,  and  of 
all  who  fliall  embark  on  board  her,  whom  he  fhall  not  take 
on  board  without  the  knowledge  and  permiiSon  ®f  the  offi- 
cers of  the  marine,  and  in  every  port  cr  haven  where  be 
fhall  enter  with  his  fliip,  he  fliall  Ihew  this  prefent  leave  to 
the  officers  and  judges  of  the  marine,  and  fnall  giveafaivii- 
ful  account  to  them  of  what  pafied  and  was  dons  during  hi.s 
voyage  ;  and  he  (liall  carry  the  colours,  arms,  and  eniigns  of 
the  French  Republic,  or  the  United  States,  during  his  voy- 
age. —  In  wltnefs  whereof,  we  have  figned  thefe  pre fent.s, 
and  put  the  feal  of  our  arms  thereunto,  aud  caufed  the  fume 
to  be  counterligned  by  at  on  the 

duy  of  Anno  Domini." 


ria.  FRENCH  CONV'EXTION. 

And  this  pallport  v.ill  be  fufficient  -without  any  other  pa- 
per, and  ordinance  to  tlie  contrary  notwiihllanding;  v/hiclt 
paHpnrt  fiiall  not  be  deemed  requiflte  to  have  been  renewed 
or  recalled,  Avhatever  nuniiier  of  voyages  the  faid  Ihip  may 
have  made,  unlefs  Ihe  fliail  have  returned  home  v.'itlvin  the 
fpace  of  a  year.  Proof  with  refpecl  to  tbe  cargo  fhall  be 
certircates,  containing  the  feveral  particulars  of  the  cargo, 
the  place  v.-hence  the  fliip  failed  and  Mhither  Ihe  is  bound, 
fo  that  the  forbidden  and  contraband  gc'ods  may  be  diftin- 
guifhed  by  the  certiiicates  ;  which  certificates  Ihall  have 
been  made  out  by  the  ofllcers  of  the  place  whence  the  ihip 
fet  fail,  in  the  accuRomed  form  of  the  country.  And  if 
fuch  pafiport  or  certificates,  or  both,  ihall  have  been  deilroy- 
ed  by  accident,  or  taken  a-way  by  force,  their  dehclency 
may  be  fupolied  by  fuch  other  proofs  of  ownerfliip,  as  are 
iidmiffibie  by  the  general  nfage  of  nations.  Proof  with 
rL.Tped  to  other  than  merchant  Ihips,  fnall  be  the  commiiuon 
they  bear. 

This  article  {hall  take  eiteii  from  the  date  of  the  fignature 
of  the  ])refcnt  Convention.  And  if,  from  the  date  of  the 
faid  fignature,  any  property  fhall  be  conJemnc^-i  contrary  to 
the  intent  of  the  faid  Convention,  before  the  knowledge  of 
this  ilipiilation  fliall  be  obtained,  the  property  fo  condemn- 
ed fliali  without  delay  be  reftored  or  paid  for. 

V.  I'he  debts  coniracTied  by  one  of  the  tv^ro  nations  with 
iidividuals  of  the  other,  or  by  the  individuals  of  one  with. 
the  individuals  of  the  other,  ihall  be  paid,  or  the  payment 
may  be  profecuted  in  the  fame  manner  ?.s  if  there  liad  been 
no  mifunderfumding  between  the  two  8ta';es.  But  this 
claufe  friail  not  extend  to  indemnities  claimed  on  account  of 
captuies  or  confifcations. 

VI.  Commerce  between  the  parties  fnall  be  free.  The  vef- 
fels  of  the  two  nations  and  thsir  privateers,  as  well  a?  their 
prizes,  fnall  be  treated  in  the  refpec^cive  ports  as  thofe  of 
the  nation  tiie  moft  favom-ed ;  and,  in  general,  the  two 
parties  fnall  enjoy  in  the  ports  of  each  other,  in  regiu'd  to 
commerce  and  navigation,  the  piivilcgcs  of  the  moil  fa- 
voured nation. 

V.II.  The  citizens  and  inhabitants  of  the  United  States 
{liall  be  at  liberty  to  dilpoie,  by  teflament,  donation  or  o- 
•fnerwiie,  c,f  their  goods,  movable  and  immovable,  holdcn 
in  the  ttrrit(-ry  of  the  French  Republic  inEurc]ie,  and  the 
citizens  of  tae  French  Republic  fhall  have  the  fame  liberty 
with  regard  to  goods,  moveable  and  immovable,  holdcn  in 
the  territory  of  the  United  States,  in  favour  of  fuch  per- 
fons  as  they  fliall  think  pro];er.  The  citizens  and  inhabit- 
ants of  either  of  the  two  countries,  who  fliall  be  heirs  of 
goods,  moveable  or  immovable,  in  the  other,  ihall  be  able  to 
Succeed  ab  imestc a j^wiihGnt.  being  obliged  to  ebtain  letters  of 


FRENCH  CONVENTION'.  113 

jiattTrali ration,  and  without  having'  the  effe<ft  of  this  provi- 
fion  contelled  or  impeded,  undei-  any  pretext  whatever ;  and 
the  faid  heirs,  whether  l\jch  by  particular  title.cr  ah  h;iestato, 
fhall  be  exenipt  from  every  duty  whatever  in  both  countries. 
Jt  is  agreed  that  this  arciclc  Ihall  in  no  manner  derogate 
from  th;;  laws  which  either  fiate  may  now  have  in  force,  or 
may  hereafter  enadl,  to  prevent  emigration  ;  and  alfo  that 
in  cafe  of  the  laws  of  either  of  the  two  lla':es  fnunlil  reflraia 
llrangers  from  the  exercire  of  t!ie  rights  of  property  with 
refpe(5l  to  real  ellate,  fuch  real  ellate  may  be  fcid,  or  other- 
wife  difpofed  of,  to  citizens  or  inhabitants  of  the  country 
where  it  may  be,  and  the  other  nation  fnall  be  at  libsrty  to 
cnaA  fjmilar  laws. 

VIII.  To  favour  commerce  on  both  fides,  it  is  agreed, 
that,  in  cale  a  war  ihould  break  out  between  the  two  na- 
tions, which  God  forbid,  the  term  of  {ix  months  after  the 
ciec)aratton  of  war  {hall  be  allowed  to  the  nierchckcts  and  cu- 
ther  citi/t-us  aiid  inhabitants,  refpedivcly,  on  one  fide  aaid 
the  other,  during  which  rime  ihey  fiiail  be  r,t  liberty  to 
withdraw  themfelves  with  their  effects  and  moveables, 
v/hich  they  Hiall  be  at  liberty  to  carry,  fend  away  or  fell,  as 
they  plea'.e,  \^  ithont  the  leatl  ob llru 611  on ;  nor  fliall  their 
e^tC\<,  much  kis  their  perfons,  be  feizcd  during  fuch  ttim 
cf  hi  months,  on  the  contrary  paHports  which  ihall  be  valid 
for  a  time  necelTary  for  their  return,  fliall  be  given  to  them 
for  their  velTels,  ai'.d  the  eilefis  which  they  iliall  be  willing 
to  fend  away,  or  carry  with  them  ;  and  fuch  palfpovts 
flr.ll  be  a  fafc  condiuft  againil  all  inl'ults  ajid  prizes  which 
privateers  may  atten-.pt  againil  their  perlbna  and  eifefts. 
And  if  any  thing  be  taken  from  them,  or  any  ii\jiiry  done 
to  them  or  their  efieAF,  by  one  of  the  parties,  their  citizens 
er  inhabitants,  >\-irhin  the  terra  above  prel'cribed,  full  latif- 
fcition  fnall  be  made  to  them  on  that   account. 

IX.  Neither  the  debts  due  from  individuals  of  the  one 
nation  to  individuals  of  the  other,  nor  fliares,  nor  manies, 
whicii  they  may  have  in  public  funds,  or  in  tho  public  cr 
jnivate  banks,  flia.ll  ever,  in  any  event  of  war,  or  of  nation- 
al diflerence,  be  fcqueflered  cr  conr.fcated. 

X.  It  fliall  be  free  for  the  two  contrafting  parties  to  ap- 
point commercial  agents  for  the  protection  of  trade,  to  re- 
lide  in  France  and  ihe  United  States.  Eitlier  party  may 
c::cept  fuch  })lace  as  may  be  thought  proper,  frem  the  resi- 
dents of  thefe  agents.  Before  any  agent  ihall  exercife  his 
funcliou,  he  Ihall  be  accepted  in  the  ufual  forms  by  the  party 
to  whom  he  is  lent ;  and  when  he  fliall  have  been  accepted 
and  furnilhed  with  his  exequatur,  he  fliall  enjoy  the  rights 
and  prerogatives  of  the  ilnulav  agents  of  the  piofl  favoured 
nations. 

The 


114  FRENCH  CONVENTION. 

XI.  The  citizens  of  the  French  Republic  fliall  pay  in  the; 
ports,  htvens,  roads,  countries,  illands,  cities  and  towns  of 
the  United  States,  no  other,  or  greater  duties  or  impoils,  of 
what  nature  foever  they  may  be,  or  by  what  ^name  foever 
called  than  thofe  which  the  nations  moil  favoued  are,  or 
fhall  be  obliged  to  pay  ;  and  they  fhall  enjoy  all  the  rights, 
liberties,  privileges,  immunities  and  exemptions  in  trade, 
navigation  and  commerce,  whether  in  passing  from  one 
port  in  the  faid  itates  to  another,  or  in  going  to  and  from 
the  fame  from  and  to  any  part  of  the  v/orld,  which  the  faid 
nations  do  or  Ihall  enjoy.  And  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  fhali  reciprocally  enjoy  in  the  territory  of  French  Re- 
public in  Europe,  the  fame  privileges  and  immunities,  as 
well  for  their  property  and  perfons,  as  for  what  concerns 
trade,  navigation  and  commerce. 

XII.  It  ihall  be  lawful  for  the  citizens  of  either  country 
to  fail  with  tlieir  flii})S  and  merchandize  (contraband  goods 
always  excepted)  from  any  port  whatever  to  any  port  cf  the 
enemy  of  the  other,  and  to  fail  and  trade  with  their  fliips 
and  merchandize,  with  perfect  fecurity  and  liberty,  from 
the  countries  and  ports,  and  places  of  thole  who  are  ene- 
mies of  both,  or  of  either  party,  without  any  oppcfition  or 
difturbance  whatfoever,  and  to  pafs  not  only  diredly  from 
the  places  and  ports  of  the  enemy  aforementioned,  to  neu- 
tral ports  and  places, but  alio  from  one  place  belonging  to  an 
enemy,  whether  they  be  under  the  jurirdidion  of  the  fame 
power,  or  under  ftveral;  unlefs  fuch  ports  or  places  fhall  be 
actually  blockaded,  befieged,  or  invef.ed. 

And  whereas  it  frequently  haj^pens,  that  veffels  fail  for  a 
port  or  place  beL')nging  to  an  enemy,  without  knowing  that 
the  fame  is  either  befieged,  blockaded,  or  invefled,  it  is 
agreed  that  every  veflel,  io  circumfLanced,  may  be  turned 
away  from  fuch  port  or  place,  but  (hall  not  be  detained,  nor 
any  part  of  her  cargo,  if  not  contraband,  be  confifcated, 
unlefs,  after  notice  of  fuch  blockade  or  inveftment,  fhe 
fhall  again  attemot  to  enter :  but  flie  ihall  be  permitted  to  go 
to  any  other  port  or  place  (he  fliall  think  picper.  Nor  fhall 
any  veilel  of  either,  that  may  have  entered  into  fuch  port  or 
place  before  the  fame  was  aAually  befieged,  blockaded,  or 
invefled  by  the  other,  be  reftraiued  from  quitting  fuch  place 
with  her  cargo,  nor  if  found  therein  after  the  reaudion  and 
furrender  of  fuch  place,  ihall  fuch  veffel  or  her  cargo  be  li- 
able to  coniifcation,  but  they  fliall  be  reltored  to  the  owners 
thereof. 

XII  r.  In  order  to  regulate  what  fnall  be  deemed  contra, 
band  of  war,  there  fliall  be  comprifed  under  that  denomina- 
tion gunpowder,  faltpetre,  petards,  match,  ball",  bombs, 
grenades,  carcalfes,  pikes,  fwords,  belts,  piftols,  holtflers, 
cavalry  laddies  and  furniture,  cannon,  mortars,  their  car- 
riages 


FRENCH  CONVENTIOIC.  ii=5 

rlages  and  beds,  and  generally  all  kinds  of  arms,  ammuni- 
tion of  war,  and  initruments  fit  for  the  ufe  of  troops ;  all 
the  above  articles,  vvher>evcr  they  are  deflined  to  the  port  of 
an  enemy,  are  hereby  declared  to  lie  contraband,  andjuit 
objee^s  of  confifcation  ;  but  the  vef^cls  in  which  they  are 
laden,  and  the  refidae  of  the  cargo  iV.ali  be  confidered  free, 
and  not  in  any  manner  infefted  by  the  prohibited  goods, 
whether  belonging  to  the  lame,  or  a  diil'erenL  owner. 

XIV.  It  is  hereby  llipulated,  that  free  Ihips  IhiuU  give  a 
freedom  to  goods,  and  that  every  thing  fnall  be  deemed  to 
be  free  and  exempt,  which  Ihall  be  found  on  board  the  (liips 
belonging  to  the  citizens  of  either  of  the  contracting  par- 
ties, although  the  whole  lading,  or  any  part  thereof,  Ibould 
appertain  to  the  enemies  of  either,  contraband  goods  being 
always  excepted.  It  is  alio  agreed,  in  like  manner,  that 
the  fame  liberty  be  extended  to  perfons  who  arc  on  board  a 
free  (hip,  with  this  eftea,  that  although  they  be  enemies 
to  either  party,  they  are  not  to  be  taken  out  of  that  free 
fnip,  unlefs  they  are  foldiers  and  in  ailual  fervice  of  the 
enemy. 

XV.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  agreed,  that  whatever  fliall  be 
found  to  be  laden  by  tlie  citizens  of  either  parry  on  any 
fnip  belonging  to  the  enemies  of  the  other,  or  their  citizens, 
fnall  be  ccntifcated  without  dilUntStion  of  good*-,  contraband 
or  not  contraband,  in  the  fame  manner  as  if  it  belonged  to 
the  enemy,  except  fuch  goods  and  merchandize  as  were  put 
on  board  inch  fhip  betcre  the  declaration  of  war,  or  even 
after  fuch  declaration,  if  lb  be  it  were  done  without  know- 
ledge of  fuch  declaration  ;  fo  that  the  goods  of  the  citizens 
cf  either  party  whether  they  be  of  the  nature  of  fuch  as  are 
prohibited,  or  otherwife,  as  is  afore  laid,  were  put  on  board 
any  Ihip  belonging  to  an  enemy  before  tke  war,  or  afrer  the 
declaration  without  delay  to  the  proprietors  demanding  the 
fame,  but  fo  as  that  if  the  faid  merchaudizer,  be  coatraband, 
it  fnall  not  be  anyways  lawful  to  carry  them  anerwards 
to  any  ports  belonging  to  the  enemy. 

The  two  contracting  parties  agree,  that  the  term  of  two 
months  being  pafied  after  the  declaration  cf  war,  their  ref- 
pedive  citizens,  from  whatever  part  of  the  world  they  come, 
Ihall  not  plead  the  ignorance  mentioned  in  this  article. 

XVI.  The  nierchant  fliips  belonging  to  the  citizens  of 
either  of  the  contra-iting  parties,  which  fnall  be  bound  to  a 
port  of  the  enemy  of  one  of  the  paities,  and  concerning 
whole  voyage,  and  the  articles  of  their  cargo,  there  fhall 
be  jnll  gi'ounds  of  fufpicioa,  iliall  be  obliged  to  exhibit,  as 
well  upon  the  high  feas  as  in  the  ports  or  roads,  not  only 
their  palTports,  but  likewife  their  certincates,  {I'.ewing  that 
their  goods  are  not  cf  the  quality  of  thofe  which  are  (pecifi- 
ed  to  be  contrband  i:i  the  thirteenth  article  of  the  preient 
Convention.  And 


ii6  FRENCH  CONVENTION. 

XVII.  And  that  captures  on  light  fiifpiclons  may  ht  a- 
voided  aud  injuries  thence  arifing  prevented,  it  is  agreed 
that  when  one  party  fliall  be  engaged  in  a\  ar,  and  the  other^ 
I)arty  be  neuter,  the  Ihips  of  the  neutral  party  fliall  be  fur- 
nillied  with  pallports  limilar  to  that  delcribed  in  tlie  fourth 
Article,  that  it  may  appear  thereby  that  the  fliips  really 
belong  to  the  citi2ens  of  the  neutral  party ;  they  Ihall  be 
valid  for  any  number  of  voyages,  but  Ihali  be'  renewed  every 
>ear,  that  is,  if  the  fi-iip  happens  to  return  home  in  the 
fpacc  of  a  year.  If  the  H.ips  are  laden,  they  fiiail  be  pro- 
vided not  only  with  the  pafiporcs  above  m.eu'.i'cned,  but  alfo- 
•^yi^hcertii:cate3  fimilar  to  thoie  defcvibcdin  the  fame  i.rticle, 
lo  that  it  may  be  known  v/hether  they  carry  any  contraband 
goods.  No  other  paper  fhall  be  required,  any  ufage  or  ordi- 
nance to  the  contrary  notwithftanding.  And  if  it  fliall  ap- 
j;ear  from  the  faid  cenificates  that  there  are  contraband 
goods  on  beard,  the  Ihips  Ihall  be  permitted  to  proceed  en 
tlieir  voyage.  If  it  fliall"  appear  frcm  the  certiRcates,  that 
there  are  contraband  goods  on  board  any  fiieh  (hip,  and  the 
ommander  of  the  fame  ihvU  offer  to  deliver  them  up,  the  of- 
fer flmll  be  accepted,  and  the  fnip  fliall  be  at  liberty  to  purfue 
i*s  voyage,  Uhlefd  thi  cxmntity  of  the  contraband  goods  be 
g-reater  than  can  ccn/eniemly'be  received  on  board  the  Ihip 
of  v/ar  or  privateer,  in  which  cafe  the  fhip  may  be  carried 
into  port  for  the  dehver}- of  the   fame. 

If  any  fldp  ihall  net  be  furniihed  with  fuch  paflport  or 
certificates  as  above  required  for  the  fame,  fuch  cafe  may  be 
exami)ied  by  a  proper  judge  or  tribunal,and  if  it  fball  appear 
from  other  documents  or  proofs,  admiffible  by  the  ulage 
of  nations,  that  the  fhip  belongs  to  the  citizens  of  the  neu- 
t'-a)  party, it  fnall  not  be  confifcated,but  fhall  be  releafed  with 
her  cargo  (contraband  goods  excepted)  and  be  permitted  to 
proceed  on  her  vov  age. 

If  the  raalter  of  v.  fhip,  named  in  the  pafTport,  fhculd 
ha{;pcn  to  die  or  be  removed  by  any  other  caule,  and  ano- 
ther })ut  in  his  place,  the  fliip  and  cargo  fhall  neverthelels  be 
equally  fecure,  and  the  paaport  remain  in  full  force. 

XVIII.  If  the  fhips  of  the  citizens  of  either  of  the  par- 
ties fhall  be  met  vv  iih,  either  failing  along  the  coalls,  or  on 
the  high  feas,  by  any  ihip  of  war  or  privateer  of  the  other  j 
for  the  avoiding  of  any  diforder,  the  faid  fl;lps  of  war  or 
privateers  Ihall  remain  out  of  cannon  fnot,  and  may  fend 
their  boats  on  board  the  fhip  which  they  fliall  fo  meet 
with,  and  may  enter  her  to  the  number  of  two  or  three  m.en 
only,  to  whom  the  mafler  or  coinmander  of  fuch  fliip  fliall 
exhibit  his  })afrport  concerning  the  property  of  the  fliip, 
made  out  according  to  the  form  prefcribed  in  the  fourth  ar- 
ticle. And  it  is  exprefsly  agreed  that  the  neutral  party 
ihiiil  in  no  cafe  be  required  to  go  on  board  the  examining 

vei- 


FRENCH  CONVENTION.  117 

•vefTel  for  the  purpofe  of  exhibiting  his  papers,  or   for  any- 
other  exarriiaation  whatever. 

XIX.  It  is  exprefely  agreed  by  the.two  contra^ling  par- 
ties, that  the  ftlpulations  abnve  mentioned,  relative  to  the 
conduit  to  be  obferved  on  the  fca  by  the  cruifers  of  the  bel- 
ligerent ])arty  towards  the  (hips  of  the  neutral  party,  fl-.all 
be  ap\)lied  only  to  fliips  failing  v/ithout  convoy,  and  when 
the  faid  {liij>s  fliall  be  convo)  ed,  it  being  the  intention  cf  the 
parties  to  obJerve  all  the  regard  due  to  tlie  ])roteftion  C'f  the 
flag  difplayed  by  public  fliips,  it  fliall  not  be  lawful  to  vilit 
them,  but  the  verbal  declaration  of  the  commander  of  the 
convoy,  that  the  Ihips  he  convoys  belong  to  the  nation  whcfe 
flag  he  carries,  and  that  they  have  no  contraband  goods  en 
board,  fnall  be  confidered  by  the  rcfpet^ive  cruifers  as  fully 
fufficient:  the  two  parties  reciprocally  engaging  not  to  ad- 
mit under  the  prote«ftion  of  their  convoys,  fl/ips  which  (hall 
cari-y  contraband  goods  delLined  to  an  enemy. 

XX.  In  all  cafes  where  vtiTels  Ihall  be  captured  or  detained 
under  pretence  of  carrying  to  the  enemy  contraband  goOvk, 
the  cn.ptor  fliall  give  a  receipt  for  fuch  of  the  papers  of  the 
veflel  as  he  fnall  retain,  which,  receipt  fliall  be  anne>:cd  to  a 
defcripiivc  lill  of  the  faid  papers  :  and  it  fliall  be  unlav/ful 
to  break  up  or  open  the  hatclics,  chells,  trunks,  calks, 
bales,  or  vefiels  found  on  board,  or  remove  the  finallell  part 
of  the  goods,  imlefs  the  lacliiig  be  brou-irht  on  fliore  in  pre- 
fcnce  of  the  competent  ofiicers,  and  an  inventory  made  by 
them  of  the  faid  goods.  Nor  Ihall  it  be  lawful  to  fell,  ex- 
change or  alietiate  the  fame  in  any  manner,  unlefs  there  have 
been  lawful  prccefs,  aTid|the  com.petent  judge  or  judges  fliall 
have  pronounced  againft  fuch  goods  fentence  of  confifcation, 
faving  always  the  fiiip  and  the  other  goods  which  it  con- 
tains. 

XXI.  And  that  proper  care  may  be  taken  of  the  vefiel 
and  cargo,  and  embezzlement  ])reven'ied,  it  ir.  agreed,  that 
it  fliall  not  be  lawful  to  remove  tlie  mailer,  commander  or 
fupercargo  of  any  captured  fliip  from  on  board  thereof,  ei- 
ther during  the  time  the  fliij)  m.ay  be  at  fea  after  her  ca]>ture,' 
or  pending  the  proceedings  againft  her,  or  her  cargo,  or  any 
thing  relative  thereto,  /jnd  in  all  cafes  where  a  veflel  of 
the  citi/.cns  cf  either  ja-rty  fliall  be  captured,  or  fei/ed,  and 
held  for  adjudication,  her  ofiict'rr.,  paifengers  and  crew  fliall 
be  hofpitably  treated.  They  fliall  not  be  imprifmed  or  depri- 
ved of  any  part  of  their  wearing  api^arel,  nor  of  the  poflef- 
fion  au'l  uie  of  their  money,  not  exc:'^ding  for  the  captain, 
fu)/en-.»r^o  and  mate  tiv  hundred  doll srs  each,  and  for  the 
I'ailovs  3nd  ]):i!lengers.  oric   hundred  dollars  each, 

XXII.  It  is  further  agreed, that  i.i  all  cafes,  t!\e  eftahliflied 
ronrrs  for  pri;':e  caufes,  in  the  country  to  Avhlch  the  prizes 
ma;    be  con^uded,  fnaii   alone   txlc  cc>g:ii;;u.rice    of   thefn. 

And 


ii8  FRENCH  CONVENTION. 

And  ^vhenevcr  fuch  tribunal  of  either  cf  the  parties  fliall 
pronounce  judgement  againft  any  vellel  or  goods,  or  property 
daimed  by  the  citizens  of  the  other  party,  the  fentence  or 
decree  fiiall  mention  the  reafons  or  motives  on  which  the 
famelhall  have  been  founded,  and  an  authenticated  copy  of 
the  frntence  or  decree,  and  of  all  the  proceediiigs  in  the 
cufe,  {hall,  if  demanded,  be  delivered  to  the  commander  or 
agent  of  the  faid  vefiel,  without  any  delay,  he  paying  the 
legal  fees  for  the   fame. 

XXIIT.  And  that  m^ore  abimdant  care  may  be  taken  for 
the  fecurity  of  the  refpedive  citizenr,  of  rhe  contraf-ing  par- 
tits,  and  to  prevent  the'r  differing  injuries  by  rlie  men  of 
\\-ar  or  privateers  of  either  ])arty,  all  commanders  of  ihips 
of  war  and  privateers,  and  all  others  the  fiid  citizens,  ihai'l 
fi^rbear  doing  any  dam.age  to  thole  of  the  otli.^r  party,  or 
comimitting  any  outrage  agalnil  them,  and  if  they  adt  to  the 
contrary  they  Ihall  be  puniihed,  and  fliall  alio  be  bound  in 
perfons  and  eftates  to  make  fatisfadion  and  reparavicn  for 
all  damages  and  the  intereft  thereof,  of  whatever  natiu-e  the 
faid  damages  may  be. 

Foi'  this  caufe  all  commanders  of  privateers  before  they  re- 
ceive their  comniilFions,  (hall  h.ercaf:er  be  obliged  to  give,  be- 
fore a  com})etent  judge,  fufticient  fecurity  by  at  leaft  tv/o  re- 
fponfiUe  fureries,  who  have  no  intereft  in  the  laid  privateer, 
each  cf  v/hom,  together  w  ith  the  faiu  cornmarider,  liiati  be 
jointly  and  feveraily  boimd  in  the  fum  of  7000  dcllars,  or 
36,820  francr.,  or  if  fuch  fliips  be  jjrovided  v.  ith  above  150 
feariTcn  or  foldiers,  in  the  fum  of  14000  dollars,  or  73,640  f. 
to  farisfy  all  damages  and  injuries  which  the  faid  privateer, 
OT  her  officers  or  men,  or  any  of  them  may  do  or  commit 
during  their  cruife,  contrary  to  the  tenor  of  this  Convention 
or  to  the  lavv's  and  inilrucf^icns  for  regulating  their  conduft  ; 
aiid  further,  that  in  all  cafes  of  aggiellions,  the  laid  com- 
mifKon  il.all  be  revoked  and  annulled. 

XZIV.  When  the  fhips  cf  war  of  the  two  contraifting 
parties,  or  thole  belonging  to  their  citizens  which  are  arm- 
ed in  v.-ar,  fliall  be  admitted  to  enter  v/ith  their  prizes  the 
jjorts  of  either  of  the  two  parties,  tlie  faid  public  or  private 
fnii)s,  as  well  as  their  prizes,  fl:all  not  be  obliged  to  pay  any 
duty  either  to  the  olScers  of  the  place,  the  judges,  or  any 
others;  nor  ll;all  fuch  prizes,  when  the}  come  to  and  enter 
the  ports  of  either  party,  be  arrelled  or  feized,  nor  flmll  the 
officers  of  the  place  make  examination  concerning  the  law- 
fulnefs  of  fuch  prizes,  but  they  n-.ay  hoift  fail  at  any  time, 
and  depart  aiul  carry  their  prizes  to  the  places  expreifed  in 
their  comm.iiiions,  which  the  commanders  of  fuch  fiiips  of 
w  ar  fnall  be  obliged  to  lliew.  It  is  always  imderflced,  that 
the  ftipulations  of  this  Article  fliall  not  extend  beyond  the 
privileges  cf  the  moil  favoured  nation.  It 


FRENCH  CONVENTION.  119 

T.XV.  Tt  dial!  not  be  lawful  for  any  foreign  privateers 
v.'ho  have  commifTions  from  any  Prince  or  State  in  enmity 
M  ith  either  nation,  to  fit  their  (hips  in  the  ports  of  either 
nation,  to  fell  their  prizes,  cr  in  r.ny  manner  to  exchange 
tliem  ;  neither  ihall  they  he  allov.-ed  to  purchafc  provifions, 
except  fuch  as  fhall  he  necefTary  for  their  going  to  the  next 
port  of  that  Prince  or  State  from  which  they  have  received 
their  comniiflions. 

XXVI.  It  is  further  agreed,  that  both  the  faid  contraaing 
parties  fliall  not  only  refufe  to  receive  any  pjirates  into  any 
of  their  ports,  havens,  or  towns,  or  permit  any  of  their  in- 
habitants to  receive,  proteft,  harbour,  conceal,  or  affift  them 
in  any  manner,  but  will  luring  to  condign  punifliment  all 
fuch  inhabitants  as  (liall  l)e  guilty  of  fuch  ortences. 

And  all  their  fnips,  vith  the  goods  or  merchandizes  taken 
bv  them  and  brought  into  the  port  of  either  of  the  faid  i)ar- 
ties,  fliall  be  feizcd  as  far  as  they  can  be  difcovert-d,  and 
fliall  be  reftored  to  the  oAvners,  or  their  factors  or  agents 
duly  authorized  by  them  (proper  evidence  being  firft  given 
before  competent  judges  for  jn-oving  the  property),  even  in 
cafe  fuch  effetfls  flioiild  have  jjalfed  into  other  hands  by  fale, 
if  it  be  proved  that  the  buyers  knew,  or  had  good  leafon  to 
believe,  or  fufped,  that  they  had  been  piratically  taken. 

XXVII.  Neither  party  will  intermeddle  in  the  fifheries  of 
the  oth.er  on  its  coails,  nor  diiturb  the  other  in  the  exercife 
of  the  rights  which  it  now  holds,  or  may  aci]uire,  on  the 
coaft  of  Newfoundland,  in  the  Gulph  of  St.  Lawrence,  or 
("Ifewhere  on  the  /American  coaft  northward  of  the  United 
States.  But  the  whale  and  feal  fiflieriei  fnall  be  free  to  both 
in  evers'  quarter  of  the  world. 

This  Convention  {hall  be  ratified  on  both  fides  in  due 
form,  and  the  Ratifications  exchanged  in  the  fpace  of  fix 
months,  or  fooner,  if  polTible. 

In  faith  whereof,  the  refpedive  Plenipotentiaries  have 
figned  the  above  Articles  both  in  the  PVench  and  Englifh 
languages,  and  they  have  thereto  affixed  their  feals  ;  de- 
claring neverthelefs  that  the  figning  in  the  two  languages 
fliall  not  be  brought  into  precedent,  nor  in  any  way  operate 
to  the  prejudice  of  either  party. 

Done  at  Paris  t]\e  8th  day  of  Vendemrare  of  tl.c  pth  year 
of  the  French  P.epublic — the  13th  da,y  of  Sept.  1800. 

L.S.  Jo.BuoNAPRTE,  L.S.  Ol.Elswortw, 

L.S.  C.P.  C.  Fi,E«REiu,  LS.  W.  R.  Davie, 

X..y.     P.  L.ROEDEHER,  L.S.    Wm.   V.   IVIURUAY. 


(       120      ) 

CITY  OF  WASHINGTON. 

THE  clofe  of  the  i8th  Century  will  be  a  remarkable,  and, 
we  hope,  an  aufpicious  period  m  the  hiliory  of  the  New 
World — In  the  month  of  November  t8oo,  the  Reprefenta- 
tives  of  the  People  of  the  United  States  commenced  their 
deliberations  for  the  public  good  in  the  City  of  Wash- 
ington, deftirted  to  be  the  Capital  of  the  confederated  lie- 
publics  of  America. It  has  been  faid,  that  the  founding 

of  this  City  was  a  fym])tom  of  vanity  in  the  illuftrious  per- 
fonage  whofe  name  it  bears — May  it  be  afked,  is  there  nei- 
ther envy  nor  pecvifhnei's  in  the  remark  ?  —We  are  inclined 
to  afcribe  its  rife  to  a  laudable  motive  ;  it  was  the  i'uggclli- 
on  of  a  great  and  compreheniive  mind,  looking  forward  to 
the  prcf};erity  andhappinefs  of  future  generations  ;  an  hon- 
ourable wifh  to  perpetuate  his  name  to  poilerity  by  a  ufeful, 
a  durable,  and  a  noble  monument,  a  great  and  flouriihing 
City.  —  The  man  v/ho  is  the  means  of  raifmg  but  one  blade 
of  grafs,  is  faid  to  be  praife-worthy— the  building  of  but 
one  houfe  adds  to  tlie  comfort  of  the  community — how  much 
more  praife-v/orthy  is  that  man,  who  is  the  fouiider  of  a 
City  intended  to  be  the  elegant  depofitaryc  f  the  Arts  andSci- 
ences,  the  empcrium  of  a  Free  Feo])le,  and  the  capital  of  a 
£rest  Republic  ?  —  Other  great  men,  as  tliey  have  been  erro- 
neouily  called,  have  rendered  their  names  famous  by  the 
deftrutftion  of  Cities,  and  by  the  mifery  of  Nations — Wafh- 
ington's  fame  rells  on  other  principles;  in  having  fought 
for  the  liberties  of  his  countrymen  :  in  a/Tuling  to  frame  for 
them  a  free  Conllitutlon  ;  and  in  devifing  means  for  their 
future  happinefs  and  ]jrofperity. 

Let  us   confult  both  ancient  and  modern  hiftory Tlie 

city  of  Alexandria  long  ftood  a  monument  of  propitiation 
for  the  deftruftive  wars  and  mad  ambition  of  Alexander — 
The  new  city  of  Peterlburgh  makes  us  forget,  and  ahnofl 
ftrrgive,  the  coarfe  manners  and  cruel  deeds  of  the  tirll  Peter 
—  What  a  fuperior  chara^ler  is  our  Wadiington  to  thefe 
men  ?  —  The  even  tenor  of  his  conduft  fubjefts  bis  fame  to 

no  fucb  unpJeafant  drawbacks Shall  we  then  attempt  to 

weigh  all  the  circumftances  of  his  life  in  the  nice  fcales  of 
fcrupolofity,  or  witli  a  microlcopic  eye  fearch  for  blemilT\cs, 
and  jjecviihly  map,ii!fy  deA'cls  from  which  no  hnmian  bc"ng 
is  excmj)ted  ? — Is  Kepublicanifm  of  that  hadb,  ungracious, 
uncharitable  temper,  as  lligh^Jy  to  pafs  over  the  beauties, 
and  dwell  v/ith  malicious  pleaiure  on  the  imperfeftionsof  the 
pi«5lure  ?  —  Forbid  it  Generofity,  forbid  it  Giatitude,  forbid 
it  Patriotifm ! 

yay  the  City  of  IVnahivf^-ton,  therefore,  fulfilJ  the  inten- 
tions of  lis  illullrious  foiUHicr  —  JVIay  it  be  the  feat  of  juf- 
ticc,  je?.rning,  and  fcience  ;  the  fountain  of  good  iavvs  ;  arid 
the  raJlyiug  point  of  all  the  republican  virtues.  V. 


CONOISSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  t2i 

'^CiTv  of  Wasiiixgton,  Nov.  17,  1800. 

The  Legiilature  of  the  United  States  of  America  meet  this 
'■.y.  ?  s  they  are  tbe  [irand  depofitory  of  natio;i?.l  cotiP- 
'■<  ncr,  to  whom  are  entrofied  powers,  on  the  correaexerclfe 
tif  which  the  public  felicity  greatly  depeiids,  it  is  natural 
that  a  pen^ral  foiicitiule  fuculd  accompany  their  delibera- 
:  Ions.     PoiTeiring  the  power  of  prefervinr  peace  or  declaring 

ir,  of  increaiiii^- or  diminiraing  taxes,  the  welfivre  of  the 
.on*.m.inity,  on  ooints  of  the  deep-P.  and  mcft  cxtenuve  iii- 
te-.nl,  can'uot  f-nl  to  be  ars  much  promoted  bv  an  enlighten- 
ed, 3s  It  would  be  injured  by  a  contracted  policy. 

There  is  one  circiimftance  which  leads  us  to  hope,  that 
Congrei's  commences  ivs  proceedings  in  the  new  Cai)ital  at 
via  aufpicinus  period. —The  unfortunate  difleieiices  wliich 
have  too  long  fubfifted  between  the  French  and  American 
Repu.hlics,  are,  we  triiH,  nearly  terminated;  and  that  iLc 
t^i-o  countrler,,  fitted  by  their  forms  of  government,  to  be  on 
rmicable  terms,  will  henceforth  he  on  terms  of  concord  and 
harmony. — Wirh  refpcct  to  tlie  nature  of  the  Treaty,  no  one 
v;lU  imagir.e,  that  the  American  Envoys,  either  from  parti- 
cdity  or  prejudice,  will  have  conferred  any  advantages  on 
France,  not  divflated  by  a  [crupulous  adherence  to  the  prln- 
c  iples  of  a  jujl  reciprocity.  The  fenvimenrs  they  are  known 
to  poiVefr,,  and  their  high  refpeclability  and  integrity,  are 
AifTiciont  pledges  of  their  upright  cov.dud. 

The  prt-IervH^  ion  of  peace  i.s  ib  plainly  and  unequivocally 
•  .e  policy  of  KepuldicE,  and  lb  pecViliavly  the  policy  of  this 
'Jountry,  that  every  true  fne^odto  it.s  prcfpcriry  wiil  rejoice 
■  I  an  honoui^able  temriuation  of  difputes,  thcct  hazarded  its 
tranquility  at  home,  and  diilivrhed  its  relations  abroad. 

The  American  per.ple  are  not  averfe  to  w r»r,  bccaufe  they 
fear  to  try  their  ftrengrh  v^ifn  any  fne  that  menaces  th.eir 
rights — l»at  they  deprecate  war  as  one  of  the  gr^ateii  curies 
•nilicled  upon  mankind.  Knowing  that  it  renders  nations 
depnived,  and  gcver"im?nt.<5  defpo*-ic,  they  view  li  as  the 
inltrunient  of  Tyra-i.-.y  andOppreilon — as  fuch,  they  do  v.-eil 
to  be  jealous  of  the=.r  Rulers,  and  by  an  unfi-eping  vigilance, 
io  reihaia  that  fpirit  of  encroachment  and  donTinatioa 
\\  hich  y\rril.itlf>n  is  perp>etu3{!v  prompting. — Nothing  can  be 
m  ^rc  ciear'.y  expreiVcd  by  the  late  elections,  from  one  end  of 
the  Unioi>  to  the  other,  tlvan  the  marked  hoilility  of  the  pub- 
lic mind  to  war  wi:h  any  nation,  unlcfs  f5r::ed  upon  che 
country  by  dire  neceJiVy. 

Among  the  immediate  hcne.fits  v/hich  may  be  expecied  to 
flov.'  from  the  akc-evl  ilxte  of  our  atTairs,  is  a  repeal  of  cer- 
tain laws,  whole  only  apology  was  looked  for  in  "  the  war- 
like attitude  of  the  country." — .A.nd  irav  we  not  euterLa^n  a 
fjncoi  2  M  ilh  for  the  revocation  of  t'-e  Alien  Law,  whole  e.%r 
iilenci  has,  in  all  probability',  wicli-heid  from  our  ccunti-y 
G  many 


1-2  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS, 

inauy  weaUl-.y  merchants,  ingenious  meclianics,  ami  induftTJ- 
ous  farmers,  *  while  it  has  proved  no  reftraint  upon  idle  and 
diTorderly  charafcers.  Taxes 

*  The  Alien  Law,  and  the  general  complexion  of  the 
then  American  Government,  did  difcourngc  leveval  ulcful 
and  opulent  men  from  coming  to  this  country.  —  Asa  prccf 
of  a   hofiile  difpcfition    to    emigrants,  the  following  circum- 

P^ance  is  related. A  Gentleman  whofe  moral  condu£l  would 

llandthe  iiri<l^eft  fcrutiny,  whofe  difpo^non  is  temperate  and 
religious,  but  whofe  principles  were  repuhlican,  obtained  jier- 
rniClon  of  the  government  of  Ireland  ro  bring  himfelf  and  his 
})roperty  (about  30,000!.)  to  the  I.  ni ted  States  ;  to  his  great 
furprife,  obftacles  were  thrown  in  his  way  by  the  American 
Minifler  in  London  ;  at  length,  after  a  tedious  ar.d  difagree- 
able  procefs,  he  was  permitted  to  come,  but  he  was  rudely 
given  to  undeviland,  "  that  he  muH  behave  himfelf!" — as  if 
the  principles  for  w^hich  he  was  banifhed  from  his  native 
country  were  adverfc  to  thofe  of  the  peopjle  of  thefe  States  — 
Was  it  natural  to  fuppofe,  that  a  m.an  of  ftricl "integrity  and 
conHderable  property,  v.ho  hod  fuffered  every  ttujig  but  death 
for  fupporting  republicanifm.  in  Ireland,  would  come  to  ovei-- 
throY^  the  republican  Governrr.ent  of  Anicrica  ?  —  Or,  are  v.e 
to  believe,  that  .he  American  Rulers  were  Ccjcled  into  a  dif- 
pofition  to  abet  the  fell^fli  views  of  England  to  the  manifell 
prejudice  of  their  own  country  ? 

Where  was  the  conhfLency,  where  w^as  the  good  policy  of 
this  aft?  —  If  the  poor,  ailiiaed  people  of  Ireland,  after  ages 
of  oppreiTion  and  contumely,  were  provoked  to  reiiitance, 
what  a  damnable  deed  did  MelTrs.  Walhington,  Adams,  and 
Co.  commit  in  their  rebellion  ! 

It  is  proper,  however,  to  obferve,  that  the  above  circum- 
flaace  took  jdace  duriiig  the  deluiion  of  98  or  99,  v;h©i-i 
Fcter  Porcupine  v.'as  confidered  as  the  Saviour  of  America  ! — 
Tvtr.  A.  was  then  deep  in  the  trammels  of  the  New  York  fac- 
tion —  We  are  inclii'-ed  to  believe,  that  he  new  entertains  a 
very  different  opinion  of  the  political  vuiv.cej'Kves  of  that  me- 
morable period  n^  the  hiftory  of  tlie  United  States. 

P.  S  Tbe  unfortunate  Gentlemen  nov/  languifhing  in  a 
Scottifli  prifon  had  alfo  obtained  permlfGon  to  come  to  A- 
merJca  —  Whatever  may  be  the  real  faft,  tiie  pretext  v/as, 
*'  that  the  American  G<wernment Would  not  receive  them." — 
Upon  this  ground,  whether  true  or  falfe,  the  Iri!^h  Rulers 
broke  their  compaft — If  it  had  been  adhered  to,  thefe  Gentle- 
rr.en  could  have  l)rought  property  v/ith  them,  to  the  amount  of 

rriore  than  loo.oool. 'I'hs  particidar.^    f   this  tranfuction, 

v.-ith  feveraJ  others  concerning  that  ill-fated  country,  Ireland, 
we  are  obliged  to  omit;  perhaps  they  may  come  before  us  iu 
?i  fuccecding  volume — From  an  able  writer,  the/  would  mfike 
a  moft  intcreftin^^  and  inllruftivc  hiitcry. 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIKS.  123 

ixes,  uudpr  mofl  governments,  are  a  n^ceirary  evil ;  but, 
.1:  a  Republic,  where  ihc  Rulers  arc  vvile  and  hcnell,  they 
•ceaie  to  be  a  grievance.  Impoicd  on  principles  of  jui^ite 
ami  equality,  and  devcted  only  to  obje(fls  of  national  im- 
.pnrtaiice,  they  are  not  thout^ht  opprelfive,  and  feldom  be- 
■conie  the  obje6^s  of  populr.r  difcontent.  A»d  to  the  honour 
of  the  Am-'rican  people,  the  juft  wants  of  their  government 
)iavc  rlways  been  Supplied  \vith  rcadijicls  and  liberality. 

!■  ihouid,  however,  ever  be  imprefied  upon  the  minds  cf 
"^tp-.rlentatives  of  the  People,  that  the  ])ublicimpo{itious 
.1,  .:  I  niver  rile  above  the  real  wants  of  the  government— 
JVu  the  fame  fpirit  that  gives  with  cheerfrilntls  whatever  is 
■■needed  for  national  purpofes,  will  refill  every  impofitioa 
that  is  unjuil  and  unneccfiar\ . 

The  prcfent  crifis  of  human  aff"airs  is  deeply  awful  and 
momentous.  The  European  werld  prefents  the  almoil  uni- 
form fpf-c'tacle,  of  governments  oj^prefilng  theii  fubjecis,  or 
■of  fubjecls  rifiiig  in  iirms  againit  tlieir  governments  —  War, 
dcftiudive  V/ar,  rages  with  all  its  calamities — Human  life, 
for  the  protedion  of  which  governments  were  iulliLuted,  is 
there  facrificed  to  lawkfs  ambitic-i,  to  the  red  of  power,  or 
to  The  fword  of  the  onqucrcr  ! 

]Vbat  an  cnvfiil,  Kv/.iat  an  instructive  lesson  is  here  for  the  A- 
nier/can  people  and goven-.wcnts  ! 

Rifuir  in. o  national  impcrtancc  on  the  principles  of  Re- 
publicanifm,  ourGovcrncrs  need  only  to  be  guided  by  rhoie 
princ'ples,  to  be  beloved  by  their  country,  and  applauded 
by  the  world.  Puri'u.ing  the  plain  path  of  juilice  with  re- 
f])e(fl  to  foreig-n  natiois,  and  dlalufng  amcmg  their  Citizens 
the  bleffings  of  equal  rights  and  impartial  laws,  the  fpirit  of 
candour,  cf  harmony,  and  conciliation  will  be  dii^'ufcd,  cal- 
culated to  lical  the  canrarouswounds  inadeby  party  violence, 
ptrfonal  animofitj-,  and  political  difcord. 

I     The  following  Refolutions  were  agreed  to  in  the  Se!^iate 
'  of  tlie  United  States: 

Dec.  Z2.  tRoo. — Refolvcd,  That  all  crnfidentiai  communi- 
ticns,  made  by  the  Prelident  of  the  United  States  to  the  Se- 
nate, <lu.il  l)e  by  the  members  thereof  kept  Inviolably  fec-et ; 
3knd  that  all  treaties,  which  may  hereaf  er  be  laid  before  the 
%z-Jx,  fhil!  alio  be  kept  fecre^  until  the  Senate  ftiall.  o)' 
their  refoluti on,  take  oft"  t],e  ii^junfTtion  of  fccrecr. 
\  Jnn.  6,  1801.— Refoived,  as  a  landing  Rule.  That  when- 
cvvi-  a  Treaty  {\\\\\\  be  laid  before  the  Senate  for  ratiPcation. 
i^  liiall  be  read  a  f rft  time  for  inform.ation  only;  ^.hcn  lio 
imovion  vo  reject,  ratify,  or  nudity,  the  whole  or  any  part 
fluiil  be  received 

That  its  fecond  rending  {hall    be    for  confiUeration,  and 
|on  a   fubfcquent  day,  when  it    fltall   be   taken   up    as    iii  a 
G  2  Com- 


t:4  congressional  AFFAIRS. 

Cojnmiitce  of  the  whole,  nnd  every  one  fliall  be  free  to  ir.ove 
a  queillon   on   any  particular  article  in  this  form,  "  Will  tht 
Senate  advife  and  con  font  to  the  ratil-.cation  of  this  article  ;' 
or  to  propoied  amendments  thei-eto,  either  by  infertirg  or  : 
leaving'out    v/ords,  in  which  laft  cafe  the  qucftion  Ihall  ! 
'•  ShalUthe  words  uand  part  of  the  article?"  And  in  every 
tl;e  faid  cafes,  the  concurrence  of  tvx-o-thirds  of  the  Stnat  , 
pvefcnt  {liali   be  requihte  to  decide  affirmatively.     And  w].- 
through   the  whole,  tl-:C   proceedings   fliall   be  flated  to   ;l. 
houfe,  and   queftions  be  acain  fcverally  ])ut  thereon  for  con-. 
firmation,  or  new  ores  prc})ofed,  requiring  in  lil;e  nir.nr.er»| 
concurrence  of  two-third;-,  lor  whatever  is  retained  or  infervrl.  ' 
That  the  votes  fo  conf.rmed  fliall,  by  the  I-Ioufe,  or  a  Coni- 
niitte  thereof,  be  reduced  into  the  form  of  a  ratification  v. uli 
or  without   raodifcations,  as   may  have  been  decided,  ; 
fhall  be  }Vroi)ofed   on  a  fubfequent  da)-,  v.hen  every  one  !l 
be  free  to   move   amendments,  either  by  inferting  or  ka\ 
out  words.;  in  vrhich  laft   cafe  the  quefLion   fnall  be,   ''SI 
the  words  fcand  part  of  the  refoluticn  ?"    And  in  both  c  . 
the  concurrer.ee  of  two-thirds  fliall  be  requilite  to   carrv  : 
ruFivmative  ;  as  well    as  on  the  fmal  queuion    to  advife   ai.l 
confent  to  the  ratilicalion  in  the  form  agreeed  to. 


The  Comm/jttee  of  Wavs  and  Means,  who  v.ere  inflrutf^e^! 
enquire  into  the  cxpedincy  of  repealing  the  "Ad  to  pro. 
for  the  Valuation  of  Lands   and  dwelling  Houfes,  and 
EnvuTieration  of  Slaves  within  the  United  States," 
>?€i)ort,  That   the   valuation  of  lands   and  dwelling  ho. 
has  not  yet  been  completed  in  all  tlie  States ;  and  to  repeal 
law   bf-fore   that    cbjeft  is   accompli Ihed,  would,  in  its   el', 
defeat  the  direft  tax   in  thofe    States  v/here  the  valuation  re 
mains  incompleat. 

Tluit  one  great  obje£l  contemplated  at  the  time  of  pafEni 

the  law,  and  which  it  is  prefumed  ftiUexiils,  was  to  organizi 

a  fvRem  for  laying  dire<fl  taxes,  to  which  the  ieglHature  migh 

retort  if  the  exigencies  of  government  fliould  require  more  re 

veviue  than  could  conveniently  be  drawn  from  indirctfl  taxes 

and  to   relinquifh  this  obje<fi,  after  the  e.xpence  of  accon  } : 

ing  it  has  be6n  incurred,  might  be  a  proof  of  inftabilit) ,  •■ 

not  of  VvMfdom.  .  ,  r' 

That  the  expence  of  procuring  the  diltrd)Ution  and  transti 

of  real  eltate;'.  to  be  recorded  in  the  lui-veycr's  office,  incurrr 

by  individuals,  is,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee,  an  obje 

of  little    importance  when  oppofed  to    the  advantages  arilis 

fi-'om  a  publ'c  record  cf  titles,  and  ihc  more  important  advaJ 

ta{yes  which  the    government  will  derive  from  the  fyftem^  v 

aii'y  event  fnould  render  a  direct  tax  necefTary.  J 

Although  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  no  further  dire(^  taxes  wi 

become  ncceffary,  yet,  as  it  is  impcfible  to  j/rouounce,  avM 


CO^^GRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  125 

.certainty,  that  this  will  not  be  the  cafe,  theConlmlttec  believe 
thciL  it  is  hig'nly  expedient  to  puvlue  a  fyilem,  which,  in 
tales  of  ernergeucy,  may  be  ufed  to  draw  into  the  Trealury, 
with  certainty  and  expedition,  any  realonable  l\ims  which 
the  public  neceffiues  may  require 

liie  Committee  are  therefore  of  opinion,  that  it  is  not  ex- 
pedient to  repeal  the  aft  providing  for  the  valuaiiun  of  lands 
and  dwelling  houfc:;,  and  the  eiuimjradon  of  llavea  within 
the  United  States. 


.The  following  are  the  AM£NDMu:ris  to  the  ConiVitu'.ion  is 
prr;p-ned  by  Mr.  Nicholas. 
Previoiiily  to  reading  th?m,  Mr.  Nicholas  noticed  the 
propofitions  iubniitted  by  hira  during  the  lail  icrCon,  and 
the  extraordinary  provilions  made  in  a  bill  reccivea  frr.m 
the  Senate,  and  u.ited  the  improbabiMty  of  his  voting  ior 
his  ov.'a  Dreporitions,  in  cafe  they  had  been  called  up  by  tiic 
Houie.  ' 

Uefolved  by  the  Sv:nate  and  IJnv.Ce.  of  Reprertntatives  fvc" 
the  U.  States,  tv/o  thirds  of  both  Hcul'es  concurring, 
that  the  following  Articles  be  propoied  to  the  ljCvHH- 
tuves  of  the  U.  States,  as  Amendments  to  Uic  Ci>u;ii;:a- 
lion  cf  the  United  States  :  — 

I.  That  af;er  the  3d  day  of  March,  in  the  year  1801,  the 
cliolce  of  Eiefijrs  of  Prefident  and  Vice-Prefident,  Ihall  be 
made  by  dividing;  each  fiate  iato  a  number  of  d-iLvids,  equal 
to  the  number  of  Eleitors,  to  be  chofen  in  fucU  ilate,  and 
by  the  perfons  in  each  of  tiicfe  dlilrids  v/ho  ihali  have  the 
qualinc'itions  requiiite  for  eieltJrs  of  tiie  moii  numerous 
branch  of  the  le[;iilature  of  fuch  f.ate  chulin^?  one  eleftor  in 
the  u"ianner  v/hich  the  legifi?<,ture  thereof  Ihall  prercribe. 

II.  Th?.t  the  tlccc'ivon  of  reprefentatives  to  ferve  afver  the 
3d  day  of  March  In  the  year  ii<c3,  Ihali  be  by  dividing  each 
ttatc  into  a  num.ior  of  diftrift-^i  equal  to  the  number  ol  re- 
prefentatives to  -^'hich  f'lcii  ilate  iliall  be  enaded,  and  by 
the  people  in  each  of  ihofe  diilriiUs  who  (hall  have  the  qaal- 
iikatlons  reoviifiie  for  the  cle-Jlors  of  the  moll  nv.iserous 
branch  of  the  leijillatue  af  fiuh  ilate  chufing  one  representa- 
tive in  the  manner  which  the  le^iliature  thereof  Ihall  pre- 
fcrVoe. 

REPOIIT  of  the  Select  Committee,  to  whom  were  referred 
Mr.  Nicholas's  propofed  Amendment  to  the  Confiitu- 
tion  in  relation  to  the  mode  of  elecling  a  i-'rciidcnt  and 
Vice  Prefident,  and  Mcmberii  of  the  floi.fe  of  Pveprefeu- 
tative:,. 

The  Committee  to  whom  were  referred  the  foregoing  Re- 
■folutions,  have  had  the  fame  under  their  confideration,  and 
as  the    refult   of  that  confideration;  beg  leave  to   make  the 
foUov.ing  Report :  G  3  ll 


126  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS. 

It  is  conceived  that  it  may  be  aflumed  as  one  of  the  irojff 
indifputahle  maxims  of  Air.ericcTi  pdky,  that  no  charge  in 
the  Coiiititutlon  of  the  United  States  be  admitted,  without 
a  well  p-ounded  ailarance  of  the  attainment  of  iome  gvfati. 
er  gcod  under  the  ])ropofed  change,  than  under  the  e-xiiliiij; 
prcvifions  cf  the  Conlt itutiou 

In  relation  to  the  object  of  the  firft  of  the  a-fcrelaid  P.e- 
foluticns,  the  exiiiing  provifions  of  the  i.  onflitu'iioa  of  tliu 

tinited  States    are  in    the  fcllcwing- teims : ('Il.e  Co:r.- 

i>i!ttee  here  quote  the  Coniiitution,  and  then  go  on  to  arg ;.:<.' 
againft  the  Rerdutlon,) 

A  mode  of  eitxfting-  the  Piefident  and  Vice-Pifefjdent  of  tire 
United  States,  v/hich  might  at  once  combine  the  expvcflion  of 
tJie  public   fentiments  cf  the    people  of  the  icfpeciive  ilatcs, 
with  a  due   appointment  of  the    electors  fur   that  impcr^art 
purpf.fe,  is  a  difcnvery  gvea-ly  to  be  dfeCiea;  that  fuch  nvcie 
miij-  be   found,  under  the  prefent  prcvllions  of  the  crnfti-i.- 
tion  of  the  Unite;'  States,  and  will  be  diicovercd  by  the  good 
fenfi  of  the  American  people,  when  a'.deJ  by  further  experi- 
ence, is    confidently  hoped      Under   fiich   circumilances,    vr; 
adept  exclufivcly  the  mode  proposed  by  the  f.rfi  refokuioa  . 
ferred  to  your  C03iimittee,might  not  only  j;reclude  ihe  ■■x^\: 
tages  of  further   exj)erience  and  ii;e  adcp-acn  of  a  mere  t 
gibk  m.ode,  but  ir;;£,ht  tend  to  perpeu;a'.e,  as  well  as  to  i* 
dtr   m.ore   frequent   the    occurrence   of  tliofe   exceptior  r. 
incidents  which  have  been  before  fnggeiied,  and  fcr  wldcii 
is    riiiTxuh,  if  not  impradicable,  to  ihul  adequats  ar.d  vt..- 
venjent  means  cf  prevention  or  rcnacdy. 

Thefe  Conf.derations  indtjcc  }-oi:rCommittee  to  prefer  tl  e 
cxiiling  proviilcns  of  the  C<»viiutr»tion  of  the  Unittd  Sta-c;, 
to  the  chsiv;e  propofed  by  the  fail  of  iLe  refcluticna  refti- 
Tcd  to  tliem. 

I-.i  rfla'.ion  to  the  fecond  Refclution  referred  to  yc.,i- 
Cqnimittee.thcy  report  that  the  rbjecis  diret'y  c(ntcn-:phreil 
therein,  i-.rc  already  wi.hin  the  limits  of  the  legiilalve  ::u- 
t.Aority  cf  the  gcverninent  of  the  Uni'ed  States.  To  c(  .- 
vert  a  ccnllitii'.ional  prcvihon  for  the  excrcife  of  legilla":' 
authcriiy,  to  which  rttuiience  may  be  had  at  all  times,  a. 
under  which  luch  ricdii)cations  may  be  introduced,  fi(  .^^^ 
time  to  time,  as  the  public  good  and  convenience  may  rr- 
q' lire  in  the  ordinary  forms  of  legislation,  into  a  Ipecil  c 
conftitutional  prefcription,  feenis  to  be  both  Ancrtlucus  ar  d 
iijtonvenient.  i  i>   r  , 

T]:c  adcpti<  n  of  tlie  plan  propofed  in  the  lecond  l<e5(  Ki- 
lion,  would  ;'.iio,  in  the  opinion  of  your  committee,indirt::- 
Iv  tend  to  vviihdraw  frcrn  tlie  government  of  the  Unj  ^ 
States,  its  exilliiig  coniroul  over  the  appointment  of  one  <  ; 
i\s  moft  efl'cutiul  larauches,  and  to  veil  tliat  authority  exel;:- 
fVelv  in  the  ftate  Governments.      Such  arrangement  miglit 


I 


C0XGK.ES5I0NAL  AFFAIRS.  127 

pv^duce  confequences  not  contcmj)latecl,  and  too  unpleafant 
to  be  anticipated.  Your  Comniittee  therefore  conceive  it  to 
be  inexpedient  to  adopt  tlie  propoled  change  on  this  iubjea, 
and  lubmit  the  followinjj  relolutions  to  the  conlideratiou  of 
the   Houlc 

Rcljlved,  That  it  is  inexpedient  to  change  the  ConRitn. 
tioii  of  tiie  United  Slates,  in  the  manner  propofed  by  the 
firil  of  the  aforefaid  jefolutions,  in  relation  to  the  eleftioii 
of  thi  Preiident  ond  Vioe-Prefident  of  die  United  StateJi. 

Reiolved,  (hat  it  is  i.iexpedioiU  to  ciiange  the  Conllitu- 
tjcn  of  the  Unitei.1  States,  in  the  man'ier  p50j)ored  by  the 
fecoiid  of  the  aiorelaid  refolutinis,  in  rela:io/j  to  tht  elec- 
tion of  naembcrs  of  tiie  Houfc  of  iiepreicata-.ivcs  of  the 
United  Stales. 


The   following  Kefolutions  were  laid  before    Conjrefs    by 
Mr.  Harper,  and  ordered  to  be  primed:  — 

Refolved,  Tliar  for  comij'ea.ing  the  public  buildings  alrea- 
dy commenced  at  the  City  of  Wafnington,  tlie  funi  cf 
dollars  to  be  paid  in  annual  inilallnijnts  cf  ioo,&oo  dollars 
ttj.ch,  ought  to  be  advanced  by  the  Uniied  States  by  way  of 
I4  )an  ;  and  tha:  the  public  property  in  the  faid  ciiy,  after  dil- 
cViur^iug  the  incumbrances, incurred  for  former  advances  tor 
the  faid  city  and  buildings,  oa,^ht  to  be  jdedged  and  applied 
under  the  dlre<rtion  of  Congreis,  as  a  fund  tor  the  reiniourf- 
jnent  of  the  faid  lean. 

Rcfolved,  That  the  faid  ium  and  all  other  fums  applicable 
to  the  fame  objeds,  and  hereaf'er  to  be  received,  or  now  on 
hand,  ought  to  be  apjilied  under  the  direcfiiou  01  tiie  Secre- 
taries of  the  Sia  e,  Treafury,  I^  avy  and  War  departments, 
•\7ith  the  appiobatiun  of  the  Prefident  of  the  United  Srates; 
and  tiiat  the  laid  Secretaries,  or  any  three  cf  them,  ought  to 
be  empowered  to  employ  a  proper  clerk  or  clerks  for  keeping 
the  accounts  of  the  faid  openditures,  and  all  fuitablc  ai- 
chitefcs,  agents  and  workmen,  for  carrying  on  at.d  compleat- 
iiig  faid  buildings. 

Reiolved,  That  a  fuitable  apartment  or  apartments,  in  that 
part  of  the  Capitol  already  linifhed,  owght  to  be  ntted  up  for 
the  temporary  accommodation  of  the  Courts  of  the  United 
States,  appointed,  or  hereafter  to  be  appointed,  to  be  held  in 
tlie  faid  city,  and  of  fuch  Couris  as  may  hereafter  be  ap- 
pointed to  be  held  therein  for  the  Territory  of  Lolunibia  ; 
and  that  in  compleating  the  Capitol,  permanent  accommoda- 
tions for  the  faid  Couits  ought  to  be  provided  therein. 

Refolved,  That  the  fum  of  dollars  annually  ought 

to  be  appropriaced  towards  the  eftablilhmcnt  of  a  I\atiowal 
Library,  to  be  applied  under  the  diredion  of  the  Secretary  of 
State,  and  that  a  fuitable  apartment  in  that  part  of  the  Capi- 
tol which  is  now  iiniflied,  ought  to  be  fitted  up  for  the  recep- 
G  4  tion 


I iS  CONGRESSIONAL  AI- FAIRS. 

tion  of  the  fa  id  Library  ;  and  thst  v.-hcn  the  Capitcl  fliail  he: 
compleated,  fuitable  apartments  for  the  reception  and  lue  of 
tne  iliid  Library  oi^ght  to  be  provided'  therein. 

Rerdved,  That  the  fum  of  ddiars  oug-b.t  to 

be  approp/iuied  ft.r  the  fuirable  fumifi/ij-'g  of  the  Preiicient's 
houfe,  to  be  applied  under  the  dirsxf^lpn  of  the  Secretaries  of 
titate,  Treafury,  War  :ind  Navy  departments,  ^A'ith  the  ap- 
prcbation  of  the  PreJident  of  the  United  States;  and  that 
the  laid  Secretaries,  cr  any  three  of  ihein,  ci:ght:  to  be  em- 
powered to  employ  a  fuitable  agent  for  that  purpclc. 

Reroived,  1  hat  the  bi'ard  of  comruf3orier&  fcr  the  City  of 
W^Ihingtcn,  ought  to  be  dilconihiued,  and  i he  public  pro-- 
perty  in  die  faideity  to  be  placed  under  the  di;;e6ion  of  th&. 
Secretary  of  the  Treafury,  with  amhcrity  tj  appoint  luch 
clerk  or  clerks  for  the  particuiur  nian.igemcrt  thcvecf,  as  he 
may  judge  neceffary,  ami  that  dtpo-cvtrs,  liglits,  -duties,  and 
truiis,  l•o^y  veited  in,  or  belonging  to  ietid  bcwu,  ought  to 
•be  tr:>nsiured  to  the  fcid  i;eciei:ary. 


AMOUNT   of  the  Pusj.ic  Degt,  as  flatcd  by  tl.e  Gcmnrlt- 

•:ee  appointed  to  examire  the  Acccu.  t^  of  the  Lf^aitedScates, 

ai'd  reported  8i:h  May  iSoo. 
ITorniuctl  Amount  of  the  National   Debt  on         Brs.        Cu. 

the  ill  of  Jamasiry  17C.C,  —  7-.^37.3-i     97 

True  Amount  of  Debt  ill  Jan.  1751  74,185-59'^     ^^ 

>kminai  Amount  of  Debt  ii\  Jjin.  1800  £o,2yi,82o     30  • 

True  Amount  of^  Debt  ill  Jan.  iSco  70,212,718     16 . 

"  From  v/hence  it  refults  (fay  ihe  Committee)  thkt   if  thfe 
amount  of  Dr-bt  in  Jan.  1800   is   ccnip^aved  with  that- 1791, . 
the  debt  has  diminished  3,572,878  drs.  and  66  cents. 

"  The  Committee  dcvm  it  iinportrint  to  add,  that  the  ex- 
traordinary exrence  which  has  ariien  wifhin  a.fev'/ years, 
hr.s  fwallcwed  up  large  fums  of  the.  public  \vrealth,  and  di- 
verted tiie  application  of  thole  inonies  which  migUt  oti.erwifc 
liave  gone  io\lie  extinguisinnent  of  the  ]>ublic  debt,  ;o  cbjeeis 
ccnne-fttd  wi:.h  the  honour,  and,  in  Ibine  cafes,  with  the -im- 
mediate exiitence  of  the  Government 

"  In  this  clafs  of  evpence  w ill  be  included  a  large  fum  oc- 
cafioucd  by  the  Indian  war— one  millicn  ewo  hundicd  and  fif- 
ty thoufand  dollars,  ey.per.ded  in  qnellingtwo  infarreaicns  in 
tiie  Hate  of  Pennfylvania— more  ihan  ore  million  and  giu  half 
expended  in  our  tianiaaions  whh  Algiers  and  the  other  Med- 
iterranean powers,  together  with  a  much  larger  expeucu  occa- 
honed  by  the  unprovoked  aggrefilons  of  France  upon  this 
country.^  Had  it  been  ])oT:ble,  fteadily  to  have  applied  ?h.ofe 
various  funis  to  the  purcliaie  of  debt,  it  b  tallly  to  coixeive 
hov.'  rapidly  the  fame  might  have  been  extinguished — The 
connnitLee  have  likevvile  noticed  the  large  iumswVach  have 
been  neceliaiily  expended  iu'  the  erection  of  lighthoufes,  rs- 

pair- 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  129 

pairing  fortifications,  in  purchales  for  replenishing  ourrr.ill- 
tary  and  naval  arfcnals,  and  in  the  building,  purchafe,  and 
equipment  of  more  than  forty  fail  of  ships  and  armed  veucls, 
together  with  a  confiderable  loan  of  money  to  the  ccmmifiion- 
ers,  of  the  City  of  NVashingcon.  The  money  expended  en 
thefe  objecls,  it  is  well  known,  arifes  to  a  very  large  amount, 
and  the  property  thus  acquired  by  the  government:,  and 
which  is  now  oa  hatid,  cannot  be  efclmated,  on  the  moft  mo- 
derate calculations,  at  a  fum  lefs  than  four  millions  of  dol- 
lars. The  value  of  this  property  mig)it  be  ccnlidtred  as  ccm- 
])ofnig  another  item  in  the  credit  of  the  general  account  of 
debt,  but  the  Commirtee  have  not  thought  it  necefiaij-  to  in- 
clude it,  arid  have  noticed  it  particularly  at  this  time,  for  the 
purpoie  of  exhibiting  a  more  general  view  of  the  extraordi- 
nary expence  incurred  by  the  govcrnment.and  for  the  purpofe 
prtfcnting  all  that  information,  in  relation  to  the  debt, 
which  will  enable  th^  Houfe  accurately  to  appreciate  the  great 
and  increafing  relburces  of  the  country;  and  on  this  point 
the  committee  cannot  forbear  to  remark,  that  the  progvefs  of 
tiic  government,  in  its  financial  operations,  muit  aftbrd  the 
moll  flattering  prefages  of  its  future  fucccfs,  if  the  fani3 
fyitem  is  purfued. which  has  liitherto  proved  10  fuccefsful. 

"It  cannot  certainly  be  unworthy  of  remark  that  ten  years 
have  not  at  this  time  elapied  fince  the  government  fairly 
commenced  its  operations  ;  that  during  that  period  it  has 
been  necefiary  to  liquidate,  to  fund  and  to  provide  for  a  large 
capital  of  floating  debt  which  has  grown  out  of  the  difoi- 
deirs  of  tiie  Confederation;  that  during  the  fame  iliort  period, 
the  government  has  been  compelled  to  concend  with  one  ex- 
penlive  war  on  the  frontier,  with  two  infuvre»ftions  in  tiic 
centre  of  our  country,  and  with  depredation  and  hoitiliiy 
from  the  naLions  of  Europe  ;  that  thefe  embarraJfuients  have 
neverthelcfs  .been  faced  by  tlie  government  ;  moft  of  the 
ciifficulcies  have  been  furmounted;  the  debt  has  been  liqui- 
dated and  dlminilhed,  and  the  nation  has  flill  continued  to 
increafe  in  we?Ji'n  and  population  beyond  all  former  exam- 
ple ;  and  although  the  conteft  in  which  we  are  now  engaged, 
may,  for  a  {hr.n  period,  retard  the  further  extingaiftimeut  of 
debt,  or  perha],)s  produce  a  fmall  addition  to  that  which  al-. 
ready  exiils,  yet  it  cannot  be  doubted,  that  v;hilif  we  retain 
order  at  home,  no  exterior  circnmitances  can  .e::hauft  or 
greatly  diminifh  the  increafmg  refources  of  the  nation." 

We  have  thus  impartially  flated,  as  far  as  our  limits  will, 
allow,  the  diiierent  fums  at  the  ditFerent  periods,  as  rc])re- 
fented  by  the  Commiitee.  It  is  probable  Ibme  of  our  read- 
ers may  be  pu/.;:ieJ  between,  the  7wnn>,oi  and  tn:£  amounts  ; 
>nd'--ed  the  Report  fays,  that  "  there  was  a  difference  of  cpi- 
nion  in  the  Committee,"*  therefore  the  debt  is  ftated  both 
ways — *'  When  DodorD. differ,  wha shall  decide?" 

G  5  On 


ijo  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS. 

On  this  Important  fubjeil,  let  us  hear  what  Mr.  Galiatii. 
fays— His  abilities  in  Fmancial  matters  few  men  will  vtn- 
ture  to  difpure  —  If  he  has  intentionaUv  mifreprefeuied  tlit 
fubjea  in  the  face  cf  the  world,  he  mull  be  both  a  bold  and 
a  bad  man.  —  Thofe  who  wish  to  cf>me  at  the  truth,  would 
do  well  to  take  Mr.  G's  pamphlet  in  one  hand,  and  the  Coiii- 
mictce's  Report  i.i  the  other,  and  judge  for  theml'elves. 

"  I'he  Secretary  of  the  Treafurv  (lavs  Mr.G.)  in  a  letter 
to  the  Committee  of  Wavs  and  Means,  dated  Jan.  1800,  gave 
It  as  his  opinion,  «'  that' the  principal  of  the  public  debt  had 
increase i,  ihice  the  eflablishment  of  the  prelent  Gcverrmel:^ 
in  the  fum  of  1,516,338  dollarr.."  A  Committee  of  thcHou; 
of  Reprefentatives,*  appointed  in  March,  to  examine  t)\e  A- 
counts  ofthe  United  States,  reported,  on  the  8th  of  May,  i 
number  of  lia-.eme.its,  and,  as  tlie  rclult  drawn  from  liicni, 
that  the  Public  Debt,  inllead  of  having  increail'd,  as  ilatcd 
by  the  Secretary,  had,  on  the  ill  of  Jan.  1800,  dimnnshedhy 
a  fum  of  1,092,841  dollars,  if  contrafted  with  the  debt  ct 
Jan.  1790,  and  3,972,878  dollars  if  compared  with  the  debt 
of  1 79 1.  — <■  The  Report  was  printed  by  order  of  the  Houur. 
but  never  afteJ  upon,,  nor  any  occafion  ofiered  to  inveiiigate 
its  principles. 

"  The  different  refults  exhibited  by  the  Secretary  in  Janu- 
ary, and  by  the  Committee  in  May,  shew  that  the  fubjeft 
may  be  confidered  in  different  ways,  embracing  not  only  nia;t- 
ters  of  faft,  but  queilions  of  opinion,  XVhether  the  view 
taken  by  the  Committee  i.s  cerreft  or  not,  is  to  be  decided  by 
reafoning;  and  thtir  Report,  not  being  conlined,  as  feems  to- 
have  been  intended  by  the  Hcufe,  to  matters  of  Jact,  mull  be 
confidered  only  as  the  opinion  of  a  few  individuals.  —  It  is  in- 
tended, in  this  Efiay,  to  examine  lome  of  the  fads  co)»tained 
in  the  Treafsry  ftatcm.ents,  to  difcufs  the  grounds  of  the  opi- 
nion of  the  Committee,  and  to  add  fome  obfervations  on  tlie 
financial  operations  of  the  governmeit  ofthe  United  States." 
—(Mr.  G.  then  prcceeds  to  examine  the  fads  in  a  variety  of 
calculations,  which  are  too  lengthy  for  our  book,  but  which- 
we  recommend  to  the  feriousperuial  of  thofe  who  are  defirous 
•f  being  acquainted  with  the  financial  aifairs  of  the  United 
States— We  tlieiefore  feleft  from  a  variety  of  tables  what  we 
think  are  his  concluiive  f^atements.) 

"  From  thcfe  con  fide  rations  it  appears,  that  the  Public 
Debt  may,  according  to  the  two  diilerent  views  of  which  the 
fabjeit  is  fuiceptibie,  be  corredly  ftated  as  follows  : 

*  MeHVs.  Grifwold,  Wain,  SewaV,  S.Smidi,  Sheaff,  Ki- 
choias,  and  Gallatin,  were  the  Committee,  and  the  latter 
gentleman  is  accufed  of  "  unbluiliing  mifreprefentatioi  in 
his  pamphlet"— Certai»ly  his  being  on  the  Committee  ga',  e 
him  an  opportunity  of  being  intimately  acquainted  with  all 
the  items— If  he  has  mifrepVefented  the  public  accounts,  he 
mferves  pufclic  execration. 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  131 

I.  Nominal  Amount  of  Public  Debt  in  January  179c. 

Amount  ftatcd  by  the  Sec.  of  the  Treafury      72,237'3C''  97 

AJ(I,  difference  for  intcreft  on  donieftic  debt             17.67°  4^ 


72,254,97-     4-3 
Deduct,  difference  on  the  French  debt  1,216  73 
Premiums  on  Dutcli  debt  263,000     o 

Diill'rence  on  interefl  to  for.officers  11, 6i'^-  53 
Grant  to  Gen. Green 's  ttilate  71.453  Z^ 

Debts  difcharged  before  1790  15,927   13 

By  lands  fold  to  Pennfylvania        151,392  41 
Debt  affumed   for  debter  eilates  be- 
yond their  proportion  2,000,000     o 

2,514,606     16 


Amount  of  Debt  ill  Jan.  1790  69,740,366  27 

On  the  I  ft  of  January  1800. 

Amount  ftated  by  the  Sec   of  the  Treafury       79,403,820  30 

^Ji,  Outflanding  debt  due  to  foreign  ofBcers         100,184  18 


Deduct,    Six  per    cent,    ftock  re- 
turned from  Holland  20,373  ^2 
Premiums  on  Dutch  debt  59,000     o 
Advance  on  Bank  ftock  222,000     c 


79,504,004     48 


io^373   33 


Amount  of  Debt  ift  Jan,  1800,  79,202,631   15 

ift  Jan.  1790,  69,740,366  27 

Nominal  increafe  of  Debt  from  1790  to  1800      9,462,264  88 

li.  Comparative  View  formed  by  deducing,  from  the  nomi- 
nal Amount   of  Debt,   the  funds   aAually   acquired   by 
Government. 
Jan.  1790— Nominal  amount  as  above  69,740,366  27 

Deduct,  debts   due  under  former 

government  the  U.States  in  cash     62,586  74. 
Do.  received  in  ftock  —         24,091   31 

Cash  in  Holland,  the  Treafury,&c.  351,447  8^ 

438,125  88 

60,302,240  39 


Jan.  T  800 — Vominal  amount  as  above  79,202,631    15 

Deduct,  Cash  in  Treafury,  ?<c.        a,694,l7  5  48 
Remittances  faid  to  be  made    to 
Holland  beyond  the  jiayments 
due  in  J 799,  -«  548,955  84 

3;243.07^  3a 

A- 


ija  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS. 

Arr.oust  of  Debt  ift  Jan.  i8co,  *;■  j%959'550  83 

liV  Jan.  1790,  6y, 302,340  3 y 

Leaves  for  increase  of  ('elt  fcr  thole  ten  years,       ...  ■  ■  ,  ^ 
aft'ir  dedu^^ang  ali  Cat.  fiiuds  a*f^ua'l\  acquired 
by  Government,    and   v^'hich  may  })offibh'  Le 
apj^Iied  towards  a  reduction  of  the  debt,  (^A5'],'>,io  4^ 

"  And  here  it  is  proper  to  obferve,  that  the  amount  of  Cuf- 
tom-houle  bonds,  credited  by  ilie  Ccn.mitiee,  and  excluded 
from  the  above  ftaten-.c.it,  is,  for  Jan.  17^0,  590,468  dcjicrs, 
and  for  Jan.  1800,  5,826,214  dcyllars  ;  difference  5,235,745 
dollars;  -which  deducted  from  6,657,319,  ftill  leave,  even  uii 
the  inadniiffible  fuppofition  that  the  fe  bonds  ought  to  be  de- 
(lufced,  an  imrtuae  of  debt,  during  thofe  ten  years,  of  1,421, 
574  dollars." 

PUBLIC     ESTIMATES. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Treafury  reported   to  the  Houfe  of  Re- 

prefentatives,  that  the  following  Appropriations  are  iiecef- 

fary  for  the  Year  iSoi. 
For  the  Civil  Lilt,  or,  the  fupport  of  Gcvemment, 

including  the  contingent  expences   of  the  feveral 

Departments  and 0»ilces,  the  fum  of  594, toi  37 

For  th.e  payment  of  Annuities  and  Grants  i»753  33 

For  the  fupport  of  the  f/iint  Efiablishment  13,300 

For  the  expences  of  imercourfe  vrith  fcr.nations       85,000 
Fcr  expences  incident  to  the  treaties  with  i^ngland, 

t  pain,  and  the  IVfediterranean  Powers  361,364 

Fcr  the  expences   of  fupporting   the  claims  of  onr 

Citiz.ens  tc  property  captured  in  foreign  countries  64,000 
Fcr  aid  to  diltrefled  American  feamen  in  f.countries  30,000 
For  defraA-ing  the  expences  incident  to  the  valuation 

of  dwcliing-'noiifes,  landii,  ^cc.  —  40,000 

Fcr  the  Military  Dqjartment,  including  the  pay  of 

the  /-Armv,  rations,  clothing,  ordiuince,  &c.  1,400,000 
For  the  payment  of  military  penfiojis  93,000 

For  the  Navy  Department,  including  the  pay  and  fub- 

fiftence  of  the  Officers,    &c.  marines;  completing 

docks,  navy-yards,   h.z.  and   fcr  building  fix  74 

gun  fi.ips,  agreeably  to  eftimate,  —         2,342,35295 

For  the  fabrication  of  cannon   and  fmall  arms    for 

the  Army,  >7avy.  Militia,  {kc.  —  400,000 

Fcr  the  fuppoit  of  light-houfes,  beacons,  &c.  33>622  70 

For  the  2d  enumeration  cf  the  peo])le  —         60,000 

For  fatisfying  mirccllai-iecus  Claims,    including  the 

expences  of  returning  votes  for  Prelident,  &c.         5.600 

Amounting  to  —         5»5a9'<^95  15 

The  Funds  out  of  which  Appropriations  may  be  made  for 
the  purpofes  before-mentioned,  are  The 


CONCKSSSIONAL  AiVAUi::. 

1.  'i'lie  uim  of  000,000  dollars  of  tVie  proceeds  nf  fluj-i  ^t 
iniporla  and  tot;nu2;e  whick  uccnic  i-i  the  ytr.r  i So i,.  which 
lum  is  by  law  amiually  refcrved  for  Government. 

2.  The  furplus  of  the  inconie-of  the  United  St-ptes.  which 
may  uccnie  to  the  end  of  the  year  iSoi,  after  fatisfyiiig  the 
objeds  for  whith  approjvriationi  have  been  niade. 

After  this  general  Sta«-enient,  the  Seci'etarv  defcends  to  a 
m(ire  particular  fpeciiication,.  the  principal  of  vvhick  are  thi 
following:  — 
'I'o  the  Prelident  and  Vice-Prefidcnt 

Senate  and  lioufe  of  Reprefentatives 
Judiciciry 


Treafnrv  Department  — 

Lean  Ofncers  r.nd  Clerks  — 

Dej'.annient  of  State  — 

NMvit  — 

War  Department  — 

Navy  IDcpartment  — 

General  Fcll-Oft^ce  — 

Surveyor  Gereral's  Department 
Ten-itcry  Norrh-well  of  the  Ohio 


ii\:r 


and  Indi 


3c,cca 
20{;^70 
78,900 
92.7x3 
28.-250 

2.^,8£0 
23,600 

3''. 76^' 
24,489 
12,1  12 

28,000 
5,500 

1  I,OGO 

1.75.1 
20,000 
72,000 


Annuities  and  Giants  —  — 

Demands  unprovided  for  —  — 

Indian  Depanment  —  — 

I\  1  fillers  to  Evi.eland,  PruHia,  Spain,  and  Portu- 
gal, 900?  each,  —  — 
Minifter  refident  at  the  Batavian  Rep;iblic 
Confiils  at  Algici's,  'Iritioii,  Morocco,   delicien- 

cies,  contingencies,  &c.     i.i  all  — 

Canylvig  into  eireot  the  trea'y  with  Great  Bri- 
tain, ialaries  to  Commiffioners,  &c.    in  all 
FrofecLiting  the   clai.ns   of  American  Citizens 

forprnpcriy  capiured  by  theBritifli,  Sec. 
Relief  of  Am.erican  feamen  in  forelgr.  countries 
Experces  incident  to  tne  valuation  of  Lands,  'cc, 
Pay  of  the  Army,  confiding;  cf   1400  officers, 

artificers,  ma'icians,  and  4040  privates,  See.    i, 
Ordnance  Department  —  — 

Defonfive  proteflion  of  frontiere,  &c. 
]M[ilitary  penfions  —  — 

N?.val  Ellablifhment  —  — 

Tb^  Secretary  of  the  Navy. further  efiimatcs, 
Frr  prog-eifmg  with  ilx  74  gun  fhips,  and  for  com- 
pleting navy  yards,  docks,  wharves,  &.c.  500,000 
For  eve£ting  Mar-nc  barracks                             —  20,000 
For  the  maintenance  of  Fvcncli  prifoners      —  30,000 


36,000 
4,5^0 


361,364 

64,000 

30,000 

.  40,000 

167,091 

100, coo 

30  000 

(,.0,309 

a.447.3i)2 


Total  Naval  Sftimate 


3.'=42,352 


r:,-;  CON'^HESSIONAL  AFFAIR.^. 

But  ths  a]>propriations  heretofore  made  for  the  dif- 
ferent objects  relating  to  the  Navy  will  not  be  ex- 
haufted  at  the  end  of  thcprefent  year  b\  -d  fum  e- 
qual  to  700,000  dollars,  fo  that  it  may  not  be  necei- 
fary  to  appropriate  for  the  year  1801  for  all  the 
Navy  purj)ofes,  exclulive  of  providing  timber  to  be 
laid  up  in  ilore,  more  than  —  7Co,©cc 


EXPENDITURES  of  the  United  States    from  Od.  1739 
to  Sept.  1800. 
To  the  Prefident,  Senate,  Houieof  R.eprefentatives, 

Judges,  Government  OiTjcei-s,  kc.  7*7.253   23 

Military  Department  —  —         2,654,281   5^ 

Naval  Department  —  —         3,143,047  98 

Dii)lomatic  Department,  Sec.  the  vrhole  mak- 
ing a  total  fum  of  —  —       15,262,161    75 
By  a  Statement  of  Balances  (figned  John  Nourfe, 
Regifter)  cf  certain  Appropriations,  there  v/ere 
unexpended  on  the3othoept.lafl,  the  fum  of  8,370,766 


PROGRESS  of  the  Revejjues  of  the  United  States. 

-Anr.ual  Heceipts. 

1795 

— 

9'5i5.758  59 

1791        —     4,772,200  26 

1796 

— 

8.740,329  65 

17-2        —     8,771,600  93 

1797 

— 

8.758,780  99 

1793       —     9'45o,i95   Id 

1798 

— 

8,179,1.79  80 

1794       —     9'43  9.855  65 

1799 

— 

I -,549:3 3 1   9S 

NAVY  of  the  Uni 
Ships              Guns         Men 

United  States  44  400 

Conftitutrpn  44  400 

Prefidjgij.i'  44  4oo 

Chefapeak  44  400 

Philadel]}liia  44  400 

Conftellation  36  340 

Congrcffs  $6  340 

New-York  36  340 

I  nf urgent  36  340 

Bodon  32  260 

E{re.\  32  260 

G.V/afiiington  32  120 

Gen.  Green  32  220 

John  Adams  32  220 

Adams  32  220 

Ganges  26  180 

Connecticut  24  180 

^  aryland  20  180 

Portlmouth  24  180 

Merrimack  114  180 


TED  States. 
Commanders. 
Com.  Earry 
Capt.  Talbot 

Truxtou 

ijarron 

Decatur 

Murray 

Sever 

Morris 

Fletcher 

Little 

Preble 

Pen*v 

Crofs 

•  RoLinfon 

Muilovvny 

•  Tryon 

— —  Rogers 

M'Neil 

■  ■    ■  Brown 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  ijj; 

fetapfco  20  130  GecMes 

Delaware  -o  180  

iialtimois;  20  i^o  Cowper 

Herald  18  140  iluiTel 

TnirnbiiU  18  740 Jewet 

Warren  iS  140  

Richnioud  16  ico  

Aiigu.lla  if>  ICO  ~  Vllroy 

Eagle  14  70  Campbell 

Pickering  14  70  (  iiler 

Scaraniel  14  7^  Furnel 

Experiment  iz,  70  iv  aley 

Enterprize  iz  7^  ihaw 

Recapitulation 3  Frigates  of  44  guns  —  4   of  36 — 

2  of  32 — 4  cf  24  gu.is  on  gim-cleck,  and  8  on  the  quarter- 
deck— 8  of  20  to  -4  guiis — 3  of  18 — a  of  i6 — 5  of  12 

Total  33 — and  7  galliCs. 

[The  above  Lift  is  taken  from  an  authenticated  Copy — 
except  the  names  of  the  Captains,  which  \ve  cannot 
vouch  as  beiiig  pcrfe(flly  correc'^.] 


The  Secretary  cf  the  Navy  makes  the  fallowing  Eftimates  of 
the  Vs.y,  Subfiftance,  and  either  E.vpences  of  the  following 
Defcriptrons  of  bhips  of  War,  viz. 

VelVeh  of  44  gmis  and  400  men  —  ii5>945 

36  guus  and  340  men  —  9^ '347 

32  gtnis  and  2^0  men  —  74>y99' 

24  en  gun-deck  and  8  on  qr.deck,  220  men,       66,785 
20  to  26  guns,  and  i3o  men  — ^  57>269 

]8  guns  and  140  men  —  43,780 

16  to  18  guns  and  loc  men  — .  35'73  7 

12  to  14  guns  and  70  men  —  24,2x3 

Galley,  28  meu  —  —  9,200 

Marine  Corps,  1143  men,  including  Officers,  166,903 
5  Frigates  of  44  g«ns  —  579.7^^ 

4  Do-  3*^  —  393.391 

2  Do.  32  —  ^49.999 

4  Do.  32    (fmaller)     —  267, ©35 
8  Ships    of     20  to  26  guns  —             458,158 

3  clonps  of     78  guns  —  1 37.341 
2  Brigs  of     j6  to  18  gnns    —  7^.474 

5  Brigs  and  Schooners  12  to  14  guns    121,069 
7   Gaiiies  —  —  64,400 

Contingent  Expences  --^  —  37,850——, 

Making  a  Total  of  —        Polls.  2,447,352 

.      ESTI^ 


36                CONGili: 

'>3Io::al  affairs. 

:STIMATE  oit];c  Numbei-  of  Peifons 

compoUng 

the  Crews 

ol"  tlie  iXavy  of  the  United  States. 

5  Frigates  of 

44.  guns,  ^nd 

4CO  men, 

2,CC0 

4  Do. 

36 

340 

1,560 

2   Do. 

0  ■" 

260 

5io 

4  Do.  finaller, 

32 

220 

880 

a  Ships  of 

ao  to  26 

loo 

1,440 

3  Sloops  of  War 

i3 

140 

420 

2  Brigs 

16  to  18 

luo 

2CO 

5   Do.  and  rchoons 

12  to  14 

70 

350- 

7  Gallic^ 

— 

28 

19  r 

Total, 

including  Mari 

nes,         — 

-             7-366 

Ships  and  Vefiels  taken  from    the  French  by  the  American 
Navy  fincc  the  Commencement  of  tea  holliiities  : 

L'Infargent  i3,4guns,  Le  Berceaii  26,  Deux  A'.^.ges  20,  Sans 
Fareil  16,  LeCroyahle  14,  Lajahoux  14,  Maglcienne  14, 
Jeunefle  12,  ItalianGonquelt  12,  L'Atftive  12,  Marfain  10 

.  DaVokigeufe  lo  —then  follow  the  names  of  a  number  of 
fmailer  vell'els  carrying  fo  low  as  2  guns,  amounting  in  all 
to  74  Captures — befides  80  Re-cantures. 


REPORT  of  the  Secretary  of  theTreafury  to  the  Com- 
miilioners  of  the  Sinkmg  Fvr.d. 

THAT  no  purcliafes  of  the  Debt  of  the  United  States 
have  been  niade  fmce  the  date  of  the  laft  report  to  Gongrefs 
of  the  iTth  day  rf  December,  1799;  and  that  the  fums  of 
\\\t  Capitol  Stock  heretofore  purchafed  and  transferred,  pri- 
or to  the  prefci'it  year,  in  truil  for  the  United  States  the  in- 
\f:rft^.  r/hereon  is  appropriated  by  lav/  towards  the  redu6^ion 
oi'.the  public  debt  amount  to  4,704,219  dollars  60  cents,  as 
will  more  particularly  appear  from  documents  hereto  an- 
nexed, marked  A. 

I'hat  the  follov/ing  fums  have  been  applied  towards  the 
difcharge  of  the,  principal  debt  of  the  United  States  fmce 
the  date  of  the  lall  report  to  Cqngrefs  of  tlie  nth  of  Decem- 
ber, 1709. 

1.  To  the  5th  inftalment  of  the  fix  per  cent.  Hock, 
bearing  a  3)refent  intereH,  which  purfuant  to 
the  aft,  emiiled  "  An  a^,  making  further  provi- 
sion for  the  fupport  of  the  public  credit  and  for 
redemption  of  the  jmblic  debt"  pafied  on  the  3d 
ef  March,  1795,  and  the  a<fl  in  addition  thereto 
paiTcd   on  the    23  th   day  of  April    1796,  became 

.  payable  on  the  iiril  day  of  January,  1800,  the 
ium  of  —  '  _  716,894  36 

2.  To  the  payment  of  the  eighth  infialment  ai 
the    fubfcription   loan  for   Bank  Stock,  due   on 

the  iait  c.^y  of  December,  1799,  2co,ooo 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  t 

To  the  payment  of  the  third  inftalmcnt  of  a 
loaa  fof  one  miilion  of  UuUvlers  obtained  in  lid- 
land,  which  fell  dv.e  tlce  prefer.t  year,  j)urfuant  to 
a  contraet  dated  f  rit  ff  June  1787,  ellimated  av 
40  cents  p«r  Gniider.  80,000 

To  the    payment  cf  the   fecond  iuflalmcnt  of 
'oan  of  joco,coo  of  Guilders  obtaii^cd  inHoUanJ,. 
and  whi^h   fell  due  in  the  preient  yeir,  f  miuant 
t&  a  coiUraift  dated  the  i^tiiof  March,   C788,  ef- 
tirnated  at  40  cer.ts  pjr  Guilder,  80,000 

To  the  T)ayraent  ci  the  iirft  inllalment  of  a  loan 
of  3000,000  of  Guilcierr.  obtaine.i  in  Hoi!  and,  and 
which  fell  dye  in  the  prefent  year  piuiuant  to  a 
cnntraft  dated  the  f  rll  of  January,  1790,  eRima- 
ted  at  40  cents  per  GuiUer,  240,000 


Araountinfriit  the  whole  to  —         Dclhrs  1,316, 894  36 

The payiTientE  before  enumerated  have  heca  made  out  of 
the  i'c llowin;;  fupxio  : 

1.  The  intereH  lund^  or  the  fums  ^vhich  accrued  v]p- 
on  the  fi-Cck  ■  purchaled  :.'.nd  transferred  tc  the 
CommilTioners*  cf  the  Sinking  Fund,  in  truit  for 
rhe  Uii'ited  States,  as  pariiculaxiy  uated  ii\  the 
d-Timcnt,  nmrkea  E.  522.3"3  ^* 

2.  The  fund  ariling  from  .the  payment  cf  d^:l>is 
wlilcli  originated  prior  to  the  pre  lent  .  onillai'.iou 
cf  the  United  Stages  ass-prticularly  ilatcd  in  the 
dociimev.tr  marked  C.  _       2,943   39 

•3.  The  fund  afiiing  trcm  dividends  on  the  capiral 
Utodi  btlongiiigto  the  Uni-ted  States,  in  thebavik 
cf  th.e  Unite-l  f-tatep,  from  the  I'ii  of  Jidy,  1790, 
to  the  joih  of  June,  1790,  after  deJuaing:  tlie  \\\- 
terelt  en  the  u:brc;ip*^^ion  loan  f<^r  the  ibine  peii- 
od,  as  jjarticularly  Itafed -in  the  document  hereto 
anneKed,  mY.rked  D.  29,040 

4.  The  proceeds  of  the  du'aes  on  goods,  wares  and 
merch.undi;'.e  impovted;  on  the  toniiaee  of  iliips 
cr  veii'eis,  and  on  fpirits  diiiiiled  v^ithin  the  Uni- 
ted State?;,  and  fvUls  appropriated  by  ^the  8ti\  fcc- 
t) on  of  vhc  a£i;  of  March  3d,  1795,  intiiled"  An 
a^ft  making  f-jrther-  provilions  for  the  fiipport  of 
])ublie  credit,  and  for  tlie  r-^df  mption  of  tne  j:>iib- 
lie  debt,'"  being  fi-r  the  ptri(  d  and  in  the  refer- 
ence to  the  objects  mentioned  in  this  Report,    762,587-85 

1,316,894  30 


^'^aking    in   the  whole  ai>  equal  amount  tc  tl»e  reimburle- 
ments  before  mentioned. 


158  CONGP.ESSIONAL  AFFAIRS, 

There  remetined  in  the  hands  cf  the  Treafnrcr  of  the  IX- 
r.ited  Slates,  as  agent  of  the  Board  of  Coniinifnoners,  on 
the  25th  day  of  the  prefent  month,  i6c;,c87  dtnlars  4  cents, 
\v-hich  with  the  growing  produce  of  otner  appropriated 
funds,  will  be  fuiTicient  for  the  rcimburiemeut,at  the  clofe  of 
tlK;  prefent  year,  of  the  6th  inilalmeut  cf  ti.e  6  per  cent 
itock,  bearing  ?,  prefent  in;ereu,  and  the  yth  iuilalment  for 
the  bank  of  the  United  States  j  which  reitnbu;  it n;ents  are  re- 
quired to  be  made  by  the  nth  fe-ilion  of  the  act  of  Congrcfs, 
jjafTed  on  the  3d  of  Ifarch,   1795,  herein  before  mentioned. 

By  the 'national  Accounts  Ia\cl;  publiihed,  from  Ot^l,  1799 
to  Sept.  i8cc,  it  ai.j-ears,  that  the  total  expend! nue  fcr  ihat 
year  amounts  to  15,162,161  dollars  75;  cents  —  Tiie  receipts 
tiniount  to  e>:ardy  the  lame  fum.— In  this  account,  however, 
are  included  "  the  unexpended  appropria'.ions,''  as  ilated  by 
hit.  ixourie,  amountirig  to  8,370,766  dollars. — Lee  p.  134. 

Or.  the  14th  of  (anuary  laix,  a  menage  was  delivered  from 
the  Prefident  to  Congrefs,  tvanfmiiiir.g  to  that  Hon.  Ecdy 
liis  annual  account  of  "  the  application  of  grants  for  con- 
tiii^ent  charges  for  the  year  1800,"  by  which  it  appears, 
that  out  of  the  2.0,000  dollars  intrat'Led  to  h;3  care,  he  had 
cniy  granted  50  dollars  to  a  W.trni.h  Shaw  •'  for  his  ex- 
peaces  en  a  jnifTion  from  Fhiladelpl-ia  to  iv  cuHt  Vtrncn  en 
public  bulinefs."  —  Of  courie,  iy,yio  dollars  rev evL  to  the 
public  purfe. 

In  jufiite  to  ^"r.  Adams,  with  plcafure  v/e  give  a  place 
to  this  article. — The  Firi\  Magillrate  cf  a  Republic,  if  ever 
entitled  to  the  appiaufe  of  the  Feojjie  for  difcharging  his 
duty,  is  on  no  occafion  more  entitled  to  their  thanks,  tiian 
fbr  a  rigid  devotion  of  the  public  monies  to  national  nfes. 


JUDICivUlY  BILL. 
"  The  Bill  to  providi.-  for  the  more  convenient  organization 

"  of  the   Co  lilts  of  the  United  States,"  as    palVed  in  the 

Houfe  of  ReprelentatiYes,  directs, 

T.  That  after  the  next  fehion  oi  the  Supreme  Court  of  U. 
S.  the  faid  Court  ihall  be  held  twice  a  year  in  the  city  of 
Wafhington,  viz.  On  the  firft  Monday  of  Juiie  and  Decem- 
ber. 

a.  That  after  the  I'kext  vacancy  the  court  fhall  confift  of 
five  jufliccs. 

3.  That  the  feveral  Hates  Hiall  be  divided  into  aa  dif- 
tnas. 

4.  That  the  faid  22  di{lri6ls  ftiall  be  clafled  into  fix  cir- 
cuits, viz.  I.  Confiding  of  diflrifls  of  Maine,  New-Hamp- 
fldre,  MaiTachufetts  and  Rhode-Iiland;  atConfiflingof  Con- 
necticut  and  Vermont;  3.  Confiiting  of  diilii^b  of  Jerfey, 

£afl 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  ij^ 

Eaft  VA\d  Well  Pcnnfylvania  and  Dtlawave;  4.  Confiiling  of 
diilrids  of  Blarylaud,  and  Fail  and  Weft  Virginia;  5.  Con- 
fiftiug  of  diftriifts  of  N»orch-Ca.roliiia,  Soutli-Caroliua  and 
Georgia;  6.  Coniiliing  of  diTirids  of  Eaft  TennciTce,  "Weft 
TennefTee,  Kentucky  and  Ohio. 

5.  Tliat  in  each  o£  thefc  circuits  there  fhill  be  three  jud- 
ges, two  of  whom  (ball  form  a  qiKiniin,  to  held  two  feflions 
annually  ar  cer:ain  fpecined  places,  and  one  of  whom  faall 
be  commifEoued  as  chief  jufticc. 

6.  That  the  circuir  covirts  ihall  have  all  the  powers  hereto- 
fore veiled  in  the  courts  of  the  United  Slates. 

7.  That  the  fald  circuit  courts  rerpe(5uveiy,  fiiali  have  cog- 
nizance of  all  crimes  and  offences  cognizable  under  the  an- 
thcrity  of  the  Uni.ed  S-a-ies,  and  cornmitred  v/itliin  their 
rclpedlve  diftricts,  or  upon  the  high  ieas  ;  and  ahb  of  all 
cui'es  iii  law  or  equity,  arinng  under  the  conuitution  and  laws 
of  the  United  ttu-tes,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  fhall  be 
rriade  under  their  authority;  and  aUo  of  all  ailiuns,  or  fi-its 
of  a  civil  j-.ature,  at  coninion law,  or  in  equity,  where  the 
United  States  fhall  be  j.-laintifis  or  complanrants  ;  arid  ajfo  of 
all  aftlons,  or  fiuts,  matters  or  things  cogni;able  by  the  ju- 
dicial authority  of  the  Uiiited  States,  unoer  av^d  by  virtue 
of  the  ccr4ii:u:iori  ihereof.  where  the  matter  in  difpute  Jh.ail 
amount  to Jbur  huadred  dollars,  and  v.'hete  (liginai  jurifdis- 
tion  is  not  given  by  the  confiitutiori  of  the  Uru'cd  Siateb  to 
the  fupvenie  court  thereof  or  cvclufive  jarifdidion  b>  law  to 
the  dilhii'il  courLs  (f  tlie  Uuiied  States  :  Provided  always^ 
that  in  all  cafes  where  the  tide  cr  bounds  of  land  il*ali  c©nie 
into  qaeiiion,  the  jurifdl(?lion  of  t'le  faid  circiit  courts  Ihnll 
lict  be  reiuj-liied  tiy  reafon  of  the  value  of  ihe  land  in  dif- 
pure. 

8.  "  That  all  aliens,  faits,  procefs,  pleadingR,  and  other 
proceedings  of  what  nature  cr  khid  foever,  dcpeudir.g  or  ex- 
iiling  in  any  of  the  prefent  circuit  courts  of  the  United 
States,  or  in  any  of  the  prefent  diftridl  courts  of  theU.States 
ailing  as  circuit  courts,  ihall  be,  and  hereby  are,  contiuued 
ever  to  the  circuit  courts  eiiahliilied  by  this  a(fl." 

9.  That  each  of  the  circuit  judges  fnall  be  allowed  2,000 
dollars  per  annum;  except  the  judges  of  the  6th  circuit  who 
fnall  be  allowed  1,500  dollars. 

10.  In  the  oth  circuit  there  is  to  be  an  additional  judgv-  ap- 
pointed, who,  with  the  two  prefent  diilrid judges,  aie  to 
compofe  the  circuit   court  for  tlrat  ciicuit. 

11.  All  the  prefent  pov/ers  with  which  the  diftriifl  courts 
are  veiled  arc  transferred  to  the  circuit  courts,  excepting 
admiralty  powers. 

Mr.  Eilcworth  having  veCgned  the  oiTice  of  Chief  Juftice 
of  the  United  i,tatcs,  and  Mr,  Jay  being  ncmh.ated,  lie  de- 
clined the  ofiice — Mr.  Marfliall  was  then  ncminattd,  and  ui>. 
animouHy  approved  of  by  the  benate. 


U3  CONGRESS rONAL  AFFAIRS. 

Features   of  a  Bill  for  the  Government   of  the  Diilri^ 

of   GOLITMBIA. 

1.  A  Legiflature  is  to  be  eftabiiflied,  to  confift  of  a  Senate 
and  Hoi.fe  of  Reprefentativts. 

2.  The  diflrivl  ihall  be  divided  into  two.prccin(5ls,  one  on 
the  well,  the  oi  her  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  Fotomak. 

5.  The  HouTe  of  Reprefentatives  fhall  coni'.it  of  fourteen 
niemlxrs,  feven  reudeat  in  the  Eallern,  and  feven  in  the 
Weuern  precimfi,  choien  for  two  years,  by  citizens  of  tJ.S. 
rcfident  12  mon-hs  in  the  dillrict  and  i  mcnth  in  the  nrecincl 
of  the  Uniied  States,  who  are  freeholders. 

The  qualifications  oi  a  niernber  of  the  Houfe  of  R.epre- 
fentarlvcs  arc,  bf-.ing25  yeai's  of  age,  being  a  citizen  cf  tr.e 
United  ttates,  re£dent  in  the  diftrict  for  12  months,  and  in 
tiie  previnA  for  i  month,  and  being  a  freeholder  therein 

4-  The  Senate  fnall  coniift  cf  fix  members,  three  ref.dent 
in  the  Ea.lern,  and  three  in  the  Weflern  preanit,  chcien 
for  fi:-:  years. 

The  qualincations  of  a  Senator  are,  being  thirty  years  cf 
a.je,  being  a  citizen  of  the  Uai^ed  Itates,  reiidentin  the 
dirtricl  for  iv/elve  months,  and  in  the  precinft  for  one  month 
and. being  a  freeiiolder  therein. 

The  benatcrs  are  to  be  chofen  by  eight  eleftors,  four 
wljereof  to  be  elefted  by  the  citizens  of  the  Eakern,  .xrA 
four  by  the  citi:?ens  of  the  V/ellern  i^recin*^,  v/hich  elciTtGrs 
fiiaiihave  the  fame  qaalitications  as  members  cf  the  liovife  of 
Keprefciitutive-s,  and  who  liiail  be  elected  by  the  fame  citi- 
zens who  vote  for  members  of  the  Houfe  of  Repreicu'.a- 
tivcs. 

The  Senate  to  be  divided,  at -the  organizatioii,  into  three 
claiies,  one  of  which  13  to  be  replaced  every  fecond  year. 

5.  'i  ne  members  t  f  the  legifiaturs  to  be  compenfated  by 
•the  diftri'fl. 

^-  A  Governor  frc-li  be  appointed,  by  the  Prefident  ofi  the 
United vSt-a-es  ftr  three  years,  nnlefs  fooner  removed. 

The  Governor  Ihail  be  a   citizen,  and   35  years  of  age, 

Ke  i'hall  appoint  ail  oiiicers  eredted  by  the  legiilature  of 
the  diftrifl. 

He  inail  have  a  i-eio  upon  the  paiTage  cf  all  laws;  and  if 
after  his  difajn)r.oving  a  law  it  fnall  berepalTed  by  two  thirds 
of  each  hcufc,  he  fnall  lay  the  law  before  Cong-refs  to  be 
acled  upon  by  them. 

7.  The  Governor,  Memljcrs  cf  the  Legislature,  and  Elec- 
tors Ihall  be  prohibited  from  holding  any  cifice  under  the 
Unired  States,  or  any  f:ate. 

8.  Taxes,  ey.cepting  excifes,  impofts  and  tonnage  duties, 
maybe  layedbythe  legiflature;  but  no  lav/ fljall  be  palled 
for  taxing  the  diiirirt  for  opening,  paving,  repairing,  impro- 
ving, lighting  or  regulating  the  ilrtets,  in  any  town  or  city 
v/idiin  the  dulricl  Two 


1 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIP.S.  14-, 

t).  T\YO  meriffs  Hiall  be  appointed  aanuallv  hv  the  Gover- 

i^or,  one  for  the  Eailern,  and  one  for  the  Weftem -ovecinct 

^vho  befi(V.3  the  ordinary  dudes  of  fl.eritFs,  fiiall  hold  and'bc 

jiul^es  of  all  elections. 

10.  The  judicial  power  of  the  diftrict  fliall  be  vef^.Nl  in 
two  fupencr  and  t^vo  inferior  Courts;  the  jodjres  to  b°  an- 
pointed  by  the  Prefident  to  be  psid  by  the  United  Statcl 
and  to  hold  their  oinces  during  ^^ood  brhavionr 

IT.  The  laws  of  Virginia  and  ^^arvland,  as  thev  now 
exif..  fhall  remain  in  fcrce,  fo  far  as  the  fame  may  be'confif- 
•tent  w-.th  the  motives  of  the  cefuon  bv  faid  fates! 

12.  The  ieg-tla^iire  may  pnls  all  laws  needful  for  tlie  '^n. 
verrunent  and  police  of  the  dllirxt,  repcalablc  or  alrcra^le 
ijy  Conpfc,  ,vho  niav  make  any  law  which  i1iall  be  fupreme 

13.  A  go^crnv-^r  (Vsil  be  immediatclv  anpointcd 

14.  Tne  election  of  the  members  Jf  the  legiHature  fh.iH 
be  held  on  the  ifl  Monday  of  A]>ril,  and  the  leKld^-are  ninl 
convene  at  Wafhington  on  the  ill  Monday  in  Jii  le. 

.f'?K^\^--  ^\^^''^i-  ''"^  '^^^^^^  ^^^  impartial  Editt,r 
of  The  Nalinnal  Intelligencer,  by  a  memoriaJ,  afkt^d  i^ave 
of  the  Koufe  of  Reprefentatives  to  have  d  ijiace  wlthiri\he 
the  bar  to  note  the  debates,  he  wa«;  refufed !  —  The  follow 
nig-  are  the  Yeas  snd  Nays  on  tlie  lubjeol  of  his  requeft, niii^h 
are  fuppoled  to  d-elcnbe,  pretty  cleaVly,  the  p,^liii.^-,l  r,>nH 
ments  of  the  two  Parties-'  bierve.  that  the  Yeas  area^^aind 
the  prayer  of  the  Printer,  tlie  xVavs  f.-r  him.  ^ 

Yeas  —  Baer,  Bardet,  End,  J.Brown,  Champlin.  Cr-n-r 
C;-ai.<,  Dana,  J- Davenport,  F.Davenport,  Deanir,,  Edrvln  i* 
r.vans,  Fofler,  Freeman  Glen,  C.Goodrich,  E.Good.ich; 
Gnhvold.  Grove,  r  enaerion,  Hu-er,  Imlav,  KiM-eri    J  e- 

J.Reed,  N  Aeed,  Rutledge,  Smith,  Tennev,  Ti-.atche-  ! 
C  Tnomas,  R.Thomas,  Wadfworth,  wkhi,  Williirn. 
Woods— 45.  "ills, 

Xa75-Amon,Bailev,Biniop,  R.Brown,  Chriitie,  Claiborre 

Clay,  Condu%  Davis,  Dawlon,  Dent,   Dickfon,  Kp-:de^lot; 

Elniondori     Gooae,   Gray,   Gregg,    Hanna,  Ileifttr,  Fip' 

f^^dmesjackfon,  Jones,  Kitchell.  Leib,  Macon,   Muhlen: 

hur^     New,    Nicholas,  ^icho!l^m.  Randolph,  Smilie,  Sair 

Sniuh^  hm.th,  ^pai^hn  Stanfml,  Ltone.^umpter,  l>i;.: 

£;S;  Val^S!-;."''^^^^'  J-^^^^^'  ^^— lUanCor:. 

The  Speaker,    :?r.  Theodore  Sedgcwick.  having  given  hi. 

caflr.g  vote  agumft  the  Memorial,  the  Printer,  waf  of  roirfe 

not  P^rm.ttea  tu  cr.me  within  the  bar,  as  had  b^en  thfe  cnf' 

torn  .nPhdad.lpuia-TheSpeakerwas  pleafed  not  to  donh"  J 

for  he   would    not  only  not  permit  Mr.S;^V:'-h  to  take  n of e^ 

outfide  of  the  bar.  but  had  him  turned  out  .f  the  gaile^  t 

the  bcrj^aut  at  Arms  !  e'^'^^'J  uy 


I4S  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS?. 

IN  the  mrnth  of  November  1800,  the  fcilcwing,  it  is  faid, 
■was  ihe poUtica!  complexion  of  th-e  diHereut  members  of  the 
then  Congrefs  — As  a  change  of  men  is  about  to  trJ<e  place 
('Hea'.-f  n  grant  that  their  mearures  may  be  gocd),  v.  ill  it  be 
^Tempera  nvutantur,  iffc.  ? 

Ne^  Hampshire — Senators,  John  Langdon  r.  S.Livermorey. 

— Reprefentatives,  Feller,  Freeman,  Sheaf,  Tinneyyi 
XTassachmcts — Senators,  Mafon ,  Fofter  f. — Reprefer.tatives, 

t.edgev.-ick  (Ipeaker),  Otis,  I.yman,  N.Reed,  J. Reed,  Lee, 

Eartlet,     Shepard,     Thatcher,     Wadsworlh,    \\  iliiams/. 

Ei^n^p,  Lincoln,  Varnimi  ;•. 
jRbode  /i/^2?.'</— Senators,   Fofter,    Green /;--E.eprefentatives, 


Champlln,  J.B 


1  -Vvvn 


Cotyfiecticut — Senators,  Killhcufe.  Traceyy! — Reprefentatives, 
Dana,  Edmcnd,  C.  and  E.  Goodrich,  GriiVold,  Daven- 
port, J.C. Smith/ 

Vtrm&vt — irenator^i,  Chlpman,  Payne/  —  Reprefentatives, 
i\ 'orris/  Lyon  /•. 

2Ter;  Tork — Senators,  Morris/  Arrr.ftrong  r.  —  Reprefenta- 
tives, Bird,  Cooper,  Glen,  Piatt/  Bailey,  Elmeudorf,  Li- 
vingfton,  Thompfon,  Cortlar.dt,  J.Smith  r. 

'Ktrsj  ^e;-fpv— Senators,  Dayton,  Sxhureman/  —  Reprefenta- 
tives, Imlay,  F.Davenport/  Condit,  Kirchell  r.  Linn  d. 

Pennsyhar.ia — Senators,  Birigham,  R..ofs/ — Reprefentatives, 
Hartley,  Kittera,  Thomas,  AValn,  ".Voods  /  Gallatir, 
Brown,  Greg,  Hana,  Heifter,  Leib,  Muhlenburg,  Sm.ilie;-. 

Di'luizarc — Sena.tors,  Latimer,  Wells/ —  Reprefentative, 
J.  A.  Bay  3  rd/ 

Mcryland — Senators,  Howard,  Loyd/  —  Reprefentatives, 
Baer,  Craik,  Dennis,  Thomas/  Chiirtie,  Nicholibn,  S, 
Smith  r.  G.Dent  i/. 

Virginia — Eeeators,  Mafon,  Nicholas  r.  —  Reprefentatives, 
Evans,  Lee,  Gocd,  Gray.  Pcwell,  Page,  Farker/  Cabel, 
Dawfon,  Clay,  Egglef.on,  New,  Nicholas,  jacklbn,  Ran- 
d('li*U,   A.  and  J.Trigg,  Tazewell  r. 

Norih  Ccrolma — Senators,  Rloodworth,  Franklin  r.  —  Repre- 
fentatives, Grove,  Hcnderfon,  Hill,  Lickfon,  Cpaight/ 
IN.'accn,  Stanford,  Stone,  Williams  r.   Aliion  d. 

Soitth  Carolina — Senators,  Read/!  Finkrey  r.  —  P.cprefenta- 
tives,  Harper,  Huger,  f- f  tt, 'J  .I'iukney/  Sv.mpier  r. 

Gtcrgia — Senators,  ^Gunn/  Baldwin  r  —  Reprefentatives, 
Jones,  Taliaferro  r. 

Kentucky — Senators,  Brown  r.  Tv'arfnal  d. — P.eprefentatives, 
Davis,  Fov.ler  r. 

TcTiressee — Senators,  Anderfon,  Cccicc  r.— Repreientative> 
Claiborne  r. 

/  For  FederaJh^-r  for  F.cpublican—c/  fcr  dcubifiJ. 


(     U3     ) 
WA  SUING  7  ON  'a-   jMA  LSOL  E  UM, 


HOV/  happy  he  wlio  finks  to  reft, 
Ey  all  regretted,  lov'J,  and  blcil ! — 
Forhi^n  th'  affiiaed  mehs  in  woe. 
For  him  the  widow's  tears  fliall  Mow  ; 
For  hirn  the  orphan's  pray'rs  fliall  life, 
And  waft  his  fpirit  to  the  fkies  ! — 
To  deck  his  grave  fhail  Virtue  brings 
Th'  eavlieil  tribute  of  the  fpring; 
And  FricrdHiip,  weeping,  fnall  repair 
To  ])hint  her  mournful  cyprefs  there; 
"Whilft  in  our  hearts  we'll  raife  a  tomb, 
Round  which  immortalv/reaths  fnail  blocm: 


OUR  reader?,  ro  don'ot,  have  heard,  that  laft  fe^lion,  a 
Bill  pa'Ted  the  Hivjfe  of  Reprefcntatives,  granting;  70,000 
dollars  to  ereft  a  mcnurc.ent  ♦^o  Gen.  \^'■afl^ington,  and  that 
the  Bill  was  reje^fled  by  the  Fcnate — This  feiTion,  the  i'cheme 
was  r3newed  ujion  a  much  more  expenfive  jjlan,  wiiich,  as 
might  be  expetfled,  occafioned  much  debate  and  dilTerence  of 
opinion— Some  of  the  members  were  for  no  other  memorial 
of  tbe  departed  Generals  virtues,  thati  what  could  "be  fix'd 
in  the  hf^arfs  of  liis  fellow  citi7ens  * — o*'  er::  were  for  fiich  a 
monum.ent  of  him  as  w?.s  voted  by  the  old  Conp-refs — others 
ag-ain,  and  thefe  the  majority,  4-'j-  to  4.0,  tjave  their  voice  for 

a  lZax::o[ciim,  on  a  grand  and  extenfive  fcale On  this  u»b- 

jo.1,   we   think  it  ncccHary  to  infert  the  fallowing 

*  It  v.-an  a  good  idea,  fug-j^elled  by  one  of  the  mcrcbrrr. 
in  Ihi..  del)ite,  t'lat  a  concife  hillory  of  the  Revolution,  and 
the  li/V  of  Gen.Wafnin;^;ton,  rticuIJ  be  made  ichool-books— 
Amontf  the  hrli  rudiments  of  leanii^ig  taught  thejoung  I'fiijO-, 
Urfiiould  bt  a  knowledge  of  his  own  country. 


144  WJSmyGT'ON's  MAUSOLEUM. 

Copy  c.r  a  Letter  from  Mr.  WesTj  the  celebrated  Americaa 
Artift  in -London,  to  Mr.  King  the  American  Minifter  at 
the   British  Court,  on    the   fubjeft   of  a  Monument  to   hz 
eiecTted  to  ihe  Memory  of  Geneial  Wasliii'gton, 
SIR,  London,  ^■E■.y  25,  1800, 

Observing  the  Ri^ohitions  paiVcd  by  the  UniteJ 
States  of  America,  for  removing  the  boc'y  of  George 
Washington  from  the  family  vti'lt  to  the  city  bearing  his 
name,  and  their  intentien  to  iaifs  an  app-apviate  monument 
to  his  memory  in  that  city,  I  tho»'ig-ht  the  foilowinj^  obferva- 
tlor.i,,  witli  the  ])!an  for  a  monur.icvit,  from  me  as  an  /.meri- 
can  and  one  not  altogether  cbfcure  in  the  elegant  arts,  might 
}}e  acceptable  to  thole  in  that  country,  who  are  deiircus  of 
paying  the  lafl  tj  ibute  to  his  memory,  by  a  monumental  re- 
cord, ];laced-:n  the  Federal  City. 

The  raifmg  of  monuments  to  departed  virtue,  has  ever 
ce«n  an  objert  of  the  firil  attention  in  all  civilized  countries, 
ard  ne  people  ever  had  fo  prcud  an  inftance  in  doing  this  as 
the  Americans,  by  rpifing  one  to  true  x'iitue  and  r^al  worth, 
as  that  v.'hich  pr^fents  irfelf  to  them  in  the  charaAer  of  Gen- 
eral Wafliington,  an'd  that  the  _  placing  of  fixh  records  in 
public  fiU'.ations  has  ever  been  coniidered  trtie  policy,  by  all 
vv-iie  governments,  for  v/hich  the  highways,  fquares  and  cir- 
cufes  for  i'uch  records  have  been  preferred,  v.'e  have  the 
highcil  authority  froin  tiie  Egyptians,  Grecians,  and  Ro- 
mans.— That  tiie  raiur.g  of  a  monument  to  rhe  memory  of 
General  Waihir.gton,  I  believe,  is  the  wiili  of  all  the  civili- 
zed world.  I  do  therefore  recommend,  that  the  mioftdirabi^ 
form  for  Inch  a  norument  be  a^PJited,  whicli  is,  that  of  the 
Triaiigle  or  Pyram>id,  and  that  Tts  fituation  be  the  moil  cou- 
fpicuons  in  the  Federal  City ;  ifs  height  one  hundred  and  lifty 
feet,  and  its  bans  the  fame.  The  place  or  fquare,  where  it 
is  erefted,  to  be  planted  with  trees  to  give  inviting  shade, 
and  to  be  opened  to  the  public:  this  will  atTord  the  parent  or 
tutor  an  oppovtunity  to  incr.lcate  the  vir':ues  of  that  great 
man,  in  the  juvenile  mind  of  the  riling  cifipring.  Thie  in- 
fide  of  the  pyramid  has  a  conic  cavity  to  fave  the  cxpence  in 
building,  and  at  the  farnc  time  gives  as  rristch  rtvengt^i  rs 
tliough  folid;  within  that  is  built  a  roturdo,  lighted  from 
the  top,  in  which  is  placed  the  pcdeilrian  ilaue  ct  the  Gene- 
ral in  bronze,  to  be  in  height  not  lets  than  feven  feet,  and 
round  the  rotundo  eight  balio-relievos  in  the  fame  metal,  four 
containing  mSll'rary,  and  four  civil  fubjects.  in  pl?xe  of  the 
frize  and  dado  rvund  the  rorundo,  a  grove  to  be  cut,  to  a 
considerable  depth,  and  in  the  fame  m.annev  round  the  eight 
baifo-reljevos.  This  will  give  a  monumental  fimtjlicity, 
which  belongs  to  its  cha^a^ier,  and  tr»e  whole  cf  the  ipari> 
men!"  to  lie  ific  natural  cflonr  of  the  ilone  with  wnicn  u  ts 
buil;i  one -of  tiie  four  eritiancea  into  tiie  rorundo  to  be  clqmj., 

for 


WASmNGT027*s  MAUSOLEUM.  145 

^nr   the   place   where  the  remains  of  that  j^-eat  mnri    should 

depoflied  in  a   Hone  coffin,  which  should  be  elevated,  and 

p.dcr   it   a  pioper  inlcription.     The   three  entrances  which 

■id    into   ihe  rotundo,  to  ha^'e  iron  j;p.tes,  to  be  opened   on 

xed   days,  for   feeing;   the   fepnlchre.     Such   a    rnonnment 

v/ou!d  be    an    aj^propriate    one  to   the  exalted   charadler  of 

C;eorp;c   "Washington,  and    worthy  t>.e  United  Stages  of  A- 

•  ..rica  to  raife  to  his  meriory.     It  shcnlcl  ftaiid   })re-eminefl«; 

1  magnitude,  as  tht;  chararier  it  records  flood  ]<re  eminent  in 

v.rtue.  as  well  as  to  give  a  taile  to  any  monuments  that  Tnay 

in  future  be  e-^xfie.d — it  will  both  adoni  ilie  City,  and  infpire 

the   people   wi*h  virtue  from   genera;  lc:i   to   ^^eneration,  for 

thoufands  of  years. 

The  better  to  clucida-C  the  ccn{lru<fliov.  of  fuch  a  monu- 
ment, I  fend  yoiv  the  plan,  feftion,  and  elevaaon ;  they  are 
goemetrical,  and  laid  down  to  a  fcale  The  ellimate  of  fuch 
amonimicnt  inereftinj,  the  workmen  in  America  will  be  able 
to  alcettain,  as  the  Vv-hcle  is  to  be  of  Rone.  The  wcrkr.  cf 
ar^,  fuch  as  the  llatue  and  baffo-relievos,  their  expence  will  be 
.afceriained  in  EiirnjrV,  agreeable  to  fimiiar  works. 

i  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c,         BEN.  WEST. 

Glory,  bring  thy  fairefl.  wreath, 

Place  it  on  ll\e  Hero's  wrn , 
-f/rrcy,  in  foft  accents  breathe, 

"  He  never  made  fair  Virtue  mourn." 
EvVy  Virtue  here  attend. 

Bending  o'er  his  facred  earth; 
Gratitude,  thy  iiifiuence  lend, 

Muie  u£jkel  bis  mighty  viOTth  ! 


The  follov/ing    are   the  Yeas  and  Nays  on  the  engrofiirg 

■of  Wari)ingt!)n's  Maufolenm  BiU  : — 

Yeas  —  Iveifrs.  Baer,  Harriet,  Brown,  Champlain,  Cooper, 
Craik.  Davenport,  Dennis,  Dent,  Dickfon,  Edmond,  E- 
vans,  Foih-r,  Frep.nian,  Glen,  Good,  Goodrich,  E.Good- 
rich, Grifwold,  Grove,  Harper,  Hcnderfon,  Kill,  ITuger, 
Inilay,  Kittera,  H.Lee,  !V:orr)s,  Nott,  Otis,  Pinkney,  PJat, 
Powell,  Reed,  N.H.eed,Ilntledge,  Smith,  Tenney,  Thatcher 
Thomas,  R.Thomas,  Wadfwcrrh,  vVilliinr,<:,  Woods— 44, 

Nays— ■'■  e^Frs.  Albion,  Eailey,  Bird,  Bifhcp,  R.Brown,  Clay, 
Chrifcie,  Claiborne,  Condir,  J.Daven])ori:,  Davis,  Dav/fon 
Eggleiion,  Elmondorf,  Gray,  Gvegg,  Hanna,  Heifter,  Leib 
Holmes,  Jackfon,  Kitchell,  Lyon,  Linn,  ?vlacon,  ?v:uhlen- 
bcrg,  Randolph,  bhepard,  Smilie,  S.Smith,  Spaigh%  Stan- 
f?rd,  Sumpter,  Talioferro,  Thompfon,  A.Trigg^  J.Trigg, 
Ta/.Cvvell,  VanCortlandt,  Varnum— 40. 
This    Bill,  which   granted   200,000   dollars   to  begin  the 

v/ork,  wa:j  altered,  in  the  Senate,  to   50,000  dollars  to  ered 

an  equellrian  llatue,  under  the  direftion  of  J.  Iv^arlhal,  Bufh. 

Waliiingtcn,  ,.l  o\\  ard,  and  T.Leaf.  H 


i<6  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS. 

SEDITION  LAW. 
T-iie  fcllowhig  arc  the  Yeas  and  i\'ays   on  agreeing  to  tlve 
Report  of  the  v_ommittee  of  levifal  and  unfiuiflied  bufineis, 
recommending  a  continuance  of  the  Sedition  L'liv. 
Yeas — ;\'?eiTrs  Bavtlct,   Bayard,    Bird,   J.  Brown,   Champlin, 
Cooper,  Crajk,  Bana,  F.BavCLiport,  J.Davenpart,  Dennis, 
Lickicn,  Edn-iCnd,  Evans,  Follsr,  Ficeman,  Goodrich,  E. 
Goodrich,    Glen,   Grove,  Grif-.vold,   Harper,  Hill,  Hender- 
fon,   Imlay.  Flittera,  H.Lee,   8. Lee,    iMorris,  Otis,   Page-, 
Plnknev,    Plat,   Powell,  J. Read,  N.Read,  Riiriedg-,  Shep- 
ard,  j. C.Smith,   Shcaff,   Tenney,  Thatcher,  J, cYhomas, 
R.Thomas,  Wadsv.'Grth,  V/aln,  Williams,  V/oods — 48. 
Nays—VenVs.  /.lllon,  Bailey,  Biiliop,  R.Brov.-n,  Clay,  Chrif- 
tie,  Claiborne,  Condit,  liavis,  Dawfon,    Dent,  Egglefton, 
Elmondorf,  Gallatin,  Good,  Gray,  Gregg,  Hanna,  Heifter, 
liclmcs,  Kuger,  Jackfon,  Kitchell,  Leib,  Lyon,  Lini-;,  >  a- 
con,  IN'juhlenburg,  New,  Nicholas,  Nott,  Parker,  Randolph 
Smilie,  J.Smith,  S.  Smith,  Spaight,  Stanford,  Stone,  Sum- 
ter, Talloferro,  Thorapfon,  A.  Trigg,  J.  Trigg/  VanCort- 
iandt,  Vanium,  R.  Williams — 48. 

The  numbers  being  thus  equal,  the  Hon.  Speaker,  Mr.  T. 
Sedgewick,  after  having  turned  the  Printer  out  of  the  Houfe, 
very  confiftently  gave  hi:i  vote  for  a  continuance  of  the  law. 

We  have  read,  v/ith  fome  attention,  the  debates  on  this 
conteiled  point,  which,  like  many  other  queflions,  admits  of 
ftror.g  arguments  either  we-y — for,  with  all  our  partiality  to 
the  Liberty  of  the  Prefs,  we  mufl  acknowledge,  that  a  llan- 
derous,  foul-mouth'd  Printer  fliculd  be  as  amenable  to  the 
rules  of  Truth  and  Jullice  as  any  other  member  of  the  com- 
munity.— — Mr.  Bayard  for  the  law,  and  Mr.  )  uger  againfl 
it,  appeared  to  take  the  lead  as  to  force  of  reafoning.  The 
l;.;ter  ger.tleman  acknowledged  the  right  of  Congrefs  to  »n- 
a6l  fuch  a  law,  but  fliev.ed,  by  very  cogent  and  cor.clufive 
arguments,  its  prefent  untitneis  and.inexpedier,cy. 

NATIONAL    DEBT. 

Altho'  every  one  knows  what  a  dollar  is,  yet,  fev/,  very 
few,  compiehend  the  fi'.ni  of  80  millions  of  dollars,  and 
therefore  f'.rm  very  imperfeol  ideas  of  the  vveight  and  mag- 
nitude of  the  National  Debt.  —  A  dollar  weighs  17  dv.-ts  ni.e 
3-4  grs.  Troy  weight ;  and  80  millions  of  dollars  would  weigh 
2090  tons  1125  lbs.  aver-du-poifc  weight.  Now  if  waggons 
were  employed  to  carry  So  miillions  of  dollars,  at  a  ton  a 
,load,  and  the  waggons  four  rods  afunder,  they  would  oc- 
cupy the  fpace  of  26  miles  and  i-8th. 

Pretty  well  for  a  Government  not  yet  21  years  of  age  ! 

The  National  Debt  of  England  is  fully  500  millions  fteH. 
about  2000  millions  of  dollars,  but   this  debt  began  in  King 

William's  time. 


AMERICAN  COMMERCE.  147 


SuMMAKY  Value  cf  Exforts  from  the  United  St  ateo. 

In  1797. 

In  1798. 

In  1799. 

New  H  amp  fn  ire 

275,840 

.'.61,453 

361,789 

■MaflTacViiuTers 

7,502,047 

8,03';.25i 

11,421,591 

Rhoae  IT) and 

975.53^ 

947.8^7 

J.c55'273 

ConneAicut 

814.506 

763,12s 

1,1/^3.818 

Vermont 

2c,4Go 

New  York 

13,5.-8,064 

1 4, 3  00,  r,.  J  2 

i8,7i<',527 

New  Jerley 

i8,i6t 

61,^:77 

9,722 

Pennfy'vania 

11,446,291 

8,015.463 

12,431,967 

Delaware 

98,929 

183,729 

297,065 

r  aryland 

9,811,799 

12,746,190 

16,299,600 

Virginia 

4,9^^8,7 '3 

6,113-451 

6,2^2,986 

North  Carolina 

540,900 

338,124 

485,921 

South  Carolina 

949,622 

6,9  94, 170 

8,729,615 

Georgia 

644.3^7 

961,848 
61,327,411 

I  •39'''. 7  59 

Total          — 

51,294.710 

78,665,521 

Value  and  D 

ESTINAO ION 

of  the  Exports. 

In  1797. 

In  17^8. 

In  1799. 

To  11  u  ill  a 

3-45'^ 

60,732 

46,230 

ernfua 

617,046 

Sweden 

898,315 

733.462 

617,046 

1  e.imark  ScNcrw 

•  :i,533.2^4 

2,900,511 

951.577 

l.'?"iih  W.Indies 

3>3';7.26?. 

Nefherhinds 

S.S45>'^^5 

7,420,660 

696,96s 

Dutch  W  Indies 



5,154,535 

G'.'atBritain,&c 

8,569,748 

17,086,189 

20.263,733 

Bviiiih  W.Indies 

6,285,254 

Imperial  ports 

7-.730 

105,647 

I  amburgh,  £cc. 

9,589,853 

14,492,613 

17,144,400 

Fia.ice,  &c. 

1 1,664,090 

6,^41.485 

Treixh  W. Indie 



2,776,604 

French  Airican  ] 

OitS        



3,5^0 

S[»uin,  &c. 

5096,253 

3,740,553 

7,400,009 

10,497,493 

Portiijvid,  8:c. 

463,3^-0 

729,c?p 

857.731 

Karbary  States 

15,000 

19,188 

48,000 

Lallan  pcrts 

767,064 

i.324:<"36 

I,T57,2I'i 

K. Indies  general 

h'     387'3io 

261,505 

595,249 

\V  .1  ndies  do. 

1,508,044 

248,181 

92,200 

Attica       do. 

230,873 

132,883 

23.1,596 

Em-ope     do. 

207,077 

7^., 858 

i8,Ti8 

N.W.Coalt  Am 

?r.        15,007 

7^,545 

72.941 

Touil  —         51,294,710      61,327,411       73,665,5^1 


(     U3     ) 
Mi%"TSTmAi>  and  CoNsuLAn  Appointment.-?. 
Rufus  Kinc:,  ^■a'l■uler  Plenlpo.  at  ^h^  Court  of  London.; 
Chriih  Gore  and  WTn.Finkney,  Commiffiov.erE  under  the  'jta 

Article  of  the  Tien.t\'  of  Amity,  &,c. 
Sam.H  illiams  and  Sam.Cobet,  Agents  to  Do. 
Tho  Fi.fimons  and  Sam.  Sitgreaves,  Commiffionevs  under  the 

rth  Article  of  the  Trcr.tv  of  Amity,  Sec. 
John  Read,  American  Agent  attached  thereto  ; 
David  Lenox,  Agent  for  the  relief  of  Seamen  in  London; 
Sam. Williams,  Couful,  in  Do.— E.Vanderhoril,  Do.  Briftr-U 
Rcb.W.Fox,  Do.  Falmouth; — JamesA.aury,  Do.  Liverpool; 
Tho.AUljo,  ViceDo.  Poole; — Geo  Knox,  C  cnful,  Hull; 
Jc'f.Wilion,  Confui.  Dublin  ; — Jas.Hclmes,  Do.  Belfaft; 
John  Church,  Do.  Cork ; — Kenry  Grant,  Do.  Leiih  ; 
jchn  Gavino,  Do.  Gibraltar; — Turil  Tufts,  Do.  Surrinam; 
isicholas  RoulTiilet,  Do.   Demarara  and  Eficquibo  ; 
John  Elmflle,  jun.  Do.   Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 
—  Ol.  Elf'vvorth,  \Vm  R.Davie,  and  Wm.  V  X  un-ay,   Envoys 

Extraordinary  to  r  ranee  ; 
Ifaac  (J.  Earnet,  Agent,  Bourdeaux  ; — P.Dobrce,  do.  Nantz ; 
Etienne  Cathalan,  jun.  do.  Marfeilles  ; 
I  dw. Stevens,  Conlni  Gen-eral  for  St  Domingo  ; 
Rob.  Rlrchje,  Confui  at  Port  au  Prince  ; 

H.  ^^ammond  at  CspeFrarcois  ;  Jacob  Lewis,   Ifle  of  France. 
— D. Humphreys,  ^  in  liter  Plenipo.  at  the  Court  of  Madrid  ; 
MofesY^^ung,  Confui  at  Madrid.; — L. O'Brien,  at  St.Andero  ; 
Jof.M.Yzardi,  at  Cadiz  ; — Wm.Kirkpa'rrick,  at  r/alaga  ; 
Rob.Mcntgomery,  at  Alicant; — \^'m.Ellis,  at  Barcelona; 
Evanjone-;,  at  ]Se\Y  Orleans  ; — V/.Fulings,  ViciConrul  at  Do. 
JamesBlake,  at  St. Domingo; — J.BIakely,  at  St.Jago  deCuba. 
—■"vVm.Smi^h,  "Miniftcr  Plenipo.  at  the  Court  of  Portugal; 
Tho.Bi'lkeiy,  Confui  atLiibon; — JohnStreet,  at  Fayall. 
~-W.V.Tvjuna>',  R'5iniller  to  the  Batavian  Repv.biic; 
Sylvanus  Bourne,  Confui  General  at  Am.ilf;rdam  ; 
E.-^.Furman,  Ccnfr.l  at  Rotterdam  ;—B. Williams,  atCurrac^a, 
— I-IansSabye,  Confui  aiCcpenhagen; — 1:  .Cooper  at  St. Croix. 
— John  Q.  Adams,  ^linil^erFi';nipo.  at  the  Court  of  Lerlin; 
Fred.  W.  Lutee,  Confui  at  Stettin. 

ini,  Coiifulat  Hamburrih  ; — F."^Vikelhrvfcn,atBrem. 


TtUr- 


E'i.Eackman,  at  Gottenburgh; — JobWall,  atSt.Bartholomev.  .s 

Tho. Appletcn,  at  Leghorn  ; — iobn  A''athi?H,  at  Naples; 

JchnB.Sartori,at  Rome  ; — r.G.Wallofton,  at  Genoa. 

— James  Simpfcn,  Confui  to  the  Empire  of  ^iorocco  ; 

Rich.O'Brian,  Ccni'ul  General  at  Algiers  . 

Wm. Eaton,  Ccnful  at  Tunis  ; — J.L.Cathcart,  at  Tripoli. 

SamwelSuow,  Confui  at  Canton  hi  China. 

fWe  cannot  say,  that  tl>e-ie  lists  are  perfect  ;  the  pveserj:  very 
unsettled  state  of  Europe  nudes  it  dijfcidt  to  ohtcdn  a  correct  Ihk. 
'—Biit  a-^ry  information  ov  il^is  or  cry  other  subject.  v:ill  be  thank- 
ftdly  received  a7id  duly  attended  to.  J 


(     149     ) 
Mi^JiSTzRs  and  Co:^sulsj^c^4  Foreign  Powers, 
l^oh.I/dlori.Etq.  Miniller  Pleuipo.  ficm  the  Court  of  London  ; 
Tho.Barckiy,  (  onful  General  to  the  Ealtsrn  States 
Phineasttond  (Philadelphia),  Do.  middle  and  louthcm  Do. 
Tho.M'i)ona2,h,  Do.  to  New  Hampfliirc,  MalTachuietE,  J?ic. 
John  Breeie/Vice-Confiil  to  Rhode  lliand  ; 
Johnllamilton  (Norfolk)  Virginia; -Gib. Wood,  Baltimore  ; 
Ben.'V'.oodle,  to  NorthCarolina,  SouthCarolina,  and  Georgia  ; 
John  Wallace,  Vice-Conful  to  Georgia. 
—The  Chevalier  de  Yriijo,  T/liuiiler  I'lenipo.from  Spain; 
Jol'eph  Ignatius  do  Viar,  Coniui  General ; 
Anionio  A.  Viilalcbus,  Coniui  to  Virginia  ; 
Don  ^:anuel  P.engil,  Vice-Con ful  for  Georgia; 
Diego  ?'.  urphy,  Conful  to  North  and  South  Carolina. 
— The  Chevalier  Friere,  Mlniiler  fromi  Portugal  ; 
Ignatius  Polyart,  Ccnful  General; 

J.Abram,  Vice-C.  to  NewYcrk  ; — J.Vernock,  tD  S.Carclina. 
—  R.G.VanPolanen,  Miuiller  irom  ihc  Baiavian  ilcpviblic  j 
Adrian  Valk,  Coniui  to  r^aryLT,nd  and  VLi-ginia  ; 
JauC.GravesConful  for  South  Cajroiina  and  Georgia. 
— Charles  G.  x'^aleiki,  Conful  General  from  Pruili^  ; 
Jan2rnei1C.^chaltz,  Conful  for  BaUimore. 
— Rich.  Lcdcriaoxn,  Conful  General  from  L'.veden; 
Simon  Lynch,  Vice -Conful  for  Virgmia; 
Jon.bwift,  Vice  Ccnful  fc-r  the  Ports  on  the  PotOinak ; 
joha  BoriLZ,  Do.  f^r  Nonh  Carolina. 

ARMY  o:>  the  UNiTILD^  STATES. 
Cavalhy. 
Captains,  James  Taylor,  James  V.  Ball — Lieuteiiants,  Joha 
V/ebb,  Stephen  G.  Simmons,  Wm. Tharp,   Arch. Lee. 
Fiis:  Bc^iment  of  >^  k  i  tLLERiiTs  mid  Ei'JGI  veers. 
Kenry  Euibcc:-:,  Licat.CoICGmmasdaiit — Majcrs   John  Jac. 
W.  Rivardi,  C.  Free  man,  jun.   Ivxr-h.  Fcrd,  Mofes  Porter. 
Secord  Re^lmtr^cJ  hniL-Lz.^v.\aXZ  and  £ngin'Eers. 
Levvi3  Touf.iid,  Lieut.  Col.  Commandant  —  :,.  ajors  Eaniel 
JacLfoa,  Deciiis  VVadswonh,   Wm.  iV.'Rea. 
F^rst  F.tgimait  of  Infa::jtrv. 
John  F.  Hamtramck,  Lieut. Ccl.Ccmmandaut  ~y.z]oxz,  The. 
Hunt,  The.  H.  Cufhing,  Tho.  \  artin. 

St'cor.d  JHegitneat  cf  Infantuy. 
David  Strong,    Lieut.  Col.  Commandant  —  rr-'ajors  John  H^ 
Buell,  Jacv^b  Kinsbvry. 

Third  litr^liT.ci.t  cf  Infantry. 

Henry  Gaither,  Lieut.  Col.  Commandant — Maiors  Ion.  Cafs. 

Zeb.  Pike.  ^       •' 

Fourth  Ecg'.-.nent  of  Infantry. 

Tho.  Bader,  Lieut. Col. Commandant  -~  iv. ajors  V.'m.  Peters, 

Dan  Bradley, 

H  3 


I50  VIRGINIA. 

iFor  a  List  of  the  Officers,  Courts,  ISfc.  of  the  State  of  Virginia^ 
see  page  a6  of  the  Almanack.  ^ 

SENATE. 
Richard  Kennon,  Speaker; 
District.  CLASS     I.  '  Members. 

Amelia,  Cliefterfield,  Nottaway,  Cumberl.  Creed  Taylor  \ 
EruniXvtck,  Lunenburg,  r^TecLlenb.  Greensv.  lUch.Ktnnon  ; 
Chp.rlesCiiy,  jamesCity,  NewKent,  Bur.Bassett; 

Henrico,  Goochland,  Louifa,  Tho.  Roystifr  ; 

Augufta,  RrckiHiam,  Rockbridge,  Shenan- 

do,  Pendleton,  Bath,  —  Ar.d.  Mocre ; 

J.aucaller,  Richmond,  Northumberland,  yohn  Tayke. 

CLA^S     II. 
l!le  of  Wight,  Surry,  Prime  George,  Nich.  Fatdcon ; 

Charlotte,  Halifax,  Prince  Edward,  Gid.  Spencer ,■ 

Gloucefter,  Middlefex,  ^'athews  Hould.  Iiudgitisi 

Spotfyivania,  Orange,  Culpepper,  Vadifon,  Fr.  Strother; 
Loudon,  Fauquier,  —  —  Fra.  Peyton  ; 

Frederick,  Berklev,  Kainpiliire,  Kardv,  Cha.  Mag'dl. 

CLASS   m. 

Dinwiddle,  Southampton,  Sufiex,  .       Eenj.  Wychc ; 

liotetour;,  Walhingron,  Mont-jomery,  Rui^el, 

Greenb.  Kenhav.'a,  Wythe,  Lee,  G\i\\K}W,'JamesFrebion\ 
Hanover,  Caroline,  —  —  johi  Homes } 

Lifex,  K.vV  iiliai-n,  King  &  Q_ueen,  Tho.  Roane; 

Prince Willitim,  Fairfax,  —  Thcvip.  Mason', 

Tvlonor.gaheia,  Chio,  L'arrifon,  Randolph,       Tho.  Wilson. 

CLASS     iV. 
r.  Anne,  Norfolk,  I"2neremond,  —  5^c.  iv^«;t(;;? ; 

Buckii.ghara,  /-Jbemarie,  Amherft,  Flnvan.    Nich.  Cid.ell\ 
Bedf  Ci>mp.  hciiry,  VvvS.  I'atrick,  PranU.   Ceo.Fcnn; 
Klizalnilh  Ciiy,  W  ar-vvicK.   York,         —         Fob.  Sawnders; 
Weitmcreiand,  Siaiicrd,  K.George,  Ban.  M'Cajty ; 

Accorf.ack,  Ncrtnampton,  —  'John  Eyre. 

Huin.  Erooke,  Cieik;--Arch.  Denhclm,  Serjt.  at  Arms; 

HOUSE  cf  DELEGATES. 
Lakkin  i.MiTi?,  Speaker, 

COUSTIES.  T'   EMBERS. 

Accornach,  •  Tho.  M.  Bailey,  John  WiTe  ; 

AiUniarle,  -  Frr.  Walker,  En>v.  Garland; 

Amelia,  -  jofiiua  ChaHin,  Edmllarrifon ; 

Amherst,  -  David  S.  Garland,  Wni.  B.  Hare; 

Augusta,  -  Ar.d.  .-^nderfcn,  Rob.  Doak; 

Jjath,  '  ts-rc.  Vance,  ^am.  Blac!;burn ; 

Beujord,  -  Sam.  Hancock,  ir3ac  Otey; 

Bciktiy,  -  Alex.  White,  James  Stephenfon; 

Botetourt,  -  Jam?'*  Brackenridg*,  Wm.^ 'Clenahan; 

Brook,  -  John  G.  Ycung,  Fra.  ^'Gu ire; 

Bruns^Mck,  -  J ame3  Fletcher,  \Vm.  Ruinu; 


Buckinghiirn,  - 

CiiiupocU, 

Caro!i>:c', 

Charlotte, 

Charles  City,     - 

Chester  field, 

Culpeppir, 

Cvmberland,     • 

Dhr^iddie, 

F.'izabttl  City, 

11.^  sex, 

Fahfax, 

Fuiu^uitr, 

Fluvanna, 

Frederick, 

Fianklln, 

Ghvcsit€>-, 

Gooc/Jiiitiu, 

GrctjSon, 

Greeni'rif, 

Gi  cehSvilit, 

H^lifa:., 

H.irnp>t.bire, 

IFno-ve'-, 

Harrison, 

IlMd.', 

I!.t:iry, 

llci^rlco,      ^     - 

I.  -le  of  V/fvbt,  - 

yuTntsGt:,     - 

/Cir.g  ^  ^hjeet, 

KeuuiuLa, 

?.i.':g  Ceonje,   - 

King  IViUiani, 

Lcu.caAer, 

Li?, 

Loudon, 

Louisa, 

Limenbvjg, 

JMtic.i-ienburg,    - 

I\fac'iio-n, 

JTatbsxs, 

Mkldltser,       ' 

Monongalia,    - 

J\Ljnroe, 

Af77:fgon:e)y ,    - 

2r''ar.ss}nondl, 

Ktii)  Kent, 

No)folk, 


VIRGINIA.  15 

Cha.  Yancy,  Vv  m.  Ferkins  ; 
Tho.  Weil,  Achlileii   >  oorman  i 
Dan.  Ccleman,  Roh.G.Robb; 
Wm.  Pi-ice,  Tho.  Pcttus; 
Sam.  Tyler,  Edw.  Warren  ; 
yatt.  Cheatham,  Tho.  A.Taylov  i 
Moles  Green,  John  Rob,;rts; 
\V  m.  Paniel,  jun.  James  Deane  ; 
Peter.  Coodwyn,  johu  Pegram  ; 
Geo.  Booker,  'Worlich  Weilwood; 
]ohn  Duinfrtrfield.  Js.M. Garnet; 
Tho.  Sw^n,  Mch.  Fiti;L»urgh; 
Guil.B.Korner,  /iug-.  ennings  ; 
lames  Payne,  Jof.  Hadea  ; 
Arch.  Magili,  Geo.  Elkrlo^ie  j 
Bcnj.  Cook,  Moles  Greer; 
John  Page,  Wm.  Hall; 
jas  Pleaianls,  jtm.    tas.  Carter; 
Philip  Gainc,  Minhree  jones  ; 
John  Iv'athewE,  Jof.Hanna; 
Per.  VV  illramron,  Nath.Kives  ; 
John  B.  tcott,  V/m.  Terry  ; 
Ojburn  Sprig,  John  '  'gjins  ; 
'i'uo.  'Jtarke,  Tho.  White ; 
John  G.  jaclubn,  John  Frimty; 
Jacob  Fllhei-,  Chrilt.  Simon; 
jo.  iv  artin,   Geo.  Waller  ; 
Wm.  Price,  Geivas  Stcors  ; 
James  johnlton,  Miles  Eley, 
I.. W.Tazewell,  Wrn.  Lightfoot ; 
I!er-j.  Dabney,  Larkin  Smith  ; 
'I'no.  I.,?\vis,  Wm.  IV^orris  ; 
John  Taliofero,  jun.   St.  r  ansfrrd  ; 
Rob.?cllai-d,  Nath.Euiweli  ; 
Benj.C.Spillcr,  Wm  Euitace; 
l'e:er  Fulkeri'on,  {.am.  Ewing  ; 
Jo.  Lewi?,  jun.   Wm.Ncland; 
Kob.  Yancy,  Gar.  Anderfon; 
Luw.Jones,  W.Taylor  ; 
Wm. \\'i uniord,  Wm.Sione  ; 
licnry  Hiil,  Pafchar  Early  ; 
Zadock  Litchfield,  Jo.Billups; 
Wm.  Scc,ur,  Ch.  Elakey; 
Bsr.j.  Pi.ec:der,  Wm.  John; 
Wm.  fjaynes,  John  Gray; 
Dnn.  Howe,  James  Craig; 
Willis  Riddick,  Joliah  Kiddlck; 
John  D.  Watkins,  ja:;. Taylor; 
Jumes  Cullis,  Tho.Shepard  ; 

H  4  Wur. 


l^orihanipton,  - 

Xorthumbcriaiid, 

Notto-May, 

Ohio, 

Ci  ange, 

Pendleton, 

Pittsylvmiia,    - 

Fow.batan, 

P)i.Antie, 

Prince  Edward, 

Pr.  Gcurge, 

Pr.WiUiam,     - 

Randolph, 

Picbmoiid, 

P.ochinidge, 

Rockingharr.f    - 

P.ustel, 

^htr.ardo, 

Louth  amp  ton,    - 

tpfittsjhania,  - 

L-'tal/'crd, 

Suhy, 

Sussex, 

TuzeiveU, 

War=aick, 

V/askiiiguvi,     - 

V/tctr.norela'.id, 

Wood, 

Wj^the, 

Tcrk, 

City  of  RltU.xmd, 


VIRGINIA. 

Kath.Darby,  IN'ajor  S.  Pitts; 
tiieram  L.Opey,  Wm.Ball; 
Free.  Eppes,  The.  Eppes; 
Wm.Jv.'Kinley,  Feniy  iimith; 
liacc  Davis,  jas.Earbor,  jun. 
Cha.  Folter,  John  i.ugiies; 
Win.M'Koy,  Jacob  hull; 
Tiio.H. Wooding,  Rob.Devin  ; 
WnLMofely,  Fred.  Woodfon ; 
Jan'cs  Rcbinion,  Wrn.  J^ewfv.mi 
Peter  joiuiiloii,  A.B.Tenable ; 
James  Cureton,  Benj.  i  arriibn  ; 
Thc^iafon,  Math. I-  arrilon  ; 
Wm.Wilion,  }.  dam  £ee  ; 
Rich.  Bai-nes,  Win.  r  'Carry; 
Jolm  Bowyer,  Ar.d.  Al«xandtr  ; 
Benj.  Harriion,  Geo.  !  vfton ; 
James  i\  'Farlane,  Rich.  Price  ; 
J ames  A.llen,   !  chn  G  alew  cod ; 
V/m.  Blow,  Wm.  Bailey; 
John  Mercer,  L.ar.  Stannard  ; 
Dan.C  Brent,  Nat.  Fox  ; 
Nich.  Scbrell,  Sam.  Bailey  ; 
Benj.  Peeie,  John  R.  r.iafon  ; 


Rich.  Gary,  John  Eurnham  ; 

^arn.  Tvleek,  Rob. Craig,  juii. 

Geo. Gamer,  John  P.  >  ungerford  ; 

i  ugh  Pheips,  John  G.  1-  enderrcn; 

Daniel  ^ie£ey,  John  EvaiiS ; 

Samuel  thieid,  John  V/alier  ; 

Charles  Copelaixi; 
Burcv.gh  (j  llorjolk;  Robert  B.  Taylor; 
City  IViiaains&urg,    Benjamin  C.  V/aller. 

\7m.Wirt,  Clerk; Moas,  Lerjeant  at  Arms. 


At  the  opening  of  the  Afiembly,  the  Governor  fent  a  let- 
ter (alcr.g  with  other  communication.s)  dated  lii  Dec.  i8cc, 

of  which  the  foilov/iag  is  the  fubiiance : I  is  ExcUency 

•notices  the  ilate  cf  the  Penitentiary  Koufe,  which  lie  thinks 
Dv.rht  to  be  llrergtliened  and  furrounded  v.ith  an  external 
will,  &c. — ^encicns  tlie  Marine  hofpital  at  X^orfolk,  to  be 
ceded  to  the  Ur-iteJ  Slates  on  certain  conditions;  alio,  a  cer- 
tain rr&Ct  cf  ia::d  cdlod  Gofport,  "  as  loon  as  he  iliould  be 
iatisSed  the  United  biate;i  were  v.'iHi)ig  to  pay  the  amount, 
at  which  the  faid  ti  ad  ihould  be  valued  by  agents'  appointed 
by  eacii  party." —  i,e  takes  notice  of  the  coniagious  difeafe 
which  lately  ajTiided  Norfolk  and  Bakimore,  and  the  mea- 
i.iiQS  be  t'jck  to  enftrce  quarantine,  SvC. — He  recites  the  pre- 

ceec 


;r 


VIRGINIA.  153 

tttdmgs  takca  in  regard  to  tiie  AcT.  for  appointing  Eleflors 
to  chufe  a  J^reddeut  and  Vice-Prefldent  of  the  United  States, 
ami  "  the  chearfulneis  with  which  faid  Law  was  received 
and  executed  by  trve  patriotic  Citizens  of  this  State."—— 
The  paragraphs  concerning  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws, 
and  tbat  f.  uchiF.g  the  conduit  of  a  certain  Magilbate  inNor- 
folk,  we  Ihaii  infert  verbatim,  for  the  information  of  our 
Readers: — 

"■  .-.s  foon  as  the  requifite  nvraber  of  copies  of  the  Report 
of  the  SeleA  Commitiee  of  the  laft  feiTi'^.n  on  the  Anfwers 
cf  feveral  cf  the  dates  to  the  RefohKicns  cf  the  General 
AiTembly,  which  pailed  at  the  preceding  i:'cffion,  relative  to 
the  Aliea  az-.i  Sedition  Laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
InUriKftions  to  the  Senators  cf  this  State  in  the  Congrefs  of 
the  United  States  weve  printed,  the  Executive  hallcned  to 
diilribute  them  among  tiie  feveral  Counties  of  the  Ccmmou- 
wealrh,  in  compliance  with  the  Refohition  of  the  20th  of 
January  laft.  It  is  believed,  that  no  public  docnnienis  illuC- 
tiative  of  public  trjuifadicus,  however  intereiHng,  were 
ever  more  generally  read  or  thoroughly  a])proved,  thanthefe 
were ;  ncr  can  if  be  doubted  that  the  light  which  they 
communicated  on  the  very  important  rubie(f>  to  which  they 
referred,  tended  to  incioare  in  a  high  degree,  the  conhdencc 
of  the  good  peocle  cf  this  Commcnwealrh,  in  the  wifdom 
and  rcflitude  of  the  pel  icy  which  governed  the  General  Af- 
feinbly.  In  connedion  with  that  fubjcft  it  is  proper  to  add, 
that  fnice  your  lafl.  Si^fiion,  the  Sedition  Law,  one  of  the 
Avis  complained  of,  has  beea  carried  into  efieel  iri  this 
Conimonwealrh,  by  tha  decifian  of  a  Federal  Court. — I  no- 
tice this  event,  not  v^i;h  ^  view  of  cenluring,  or  even  criti- 
cirnv;  it.  The  tranfaftion  has  gone  to  the  world,  and  the 
impartla'.will  judge  of  it,  as  it  deferves.  I  notice  it  iov  the 
purpofe  of  remarking,  th^it  the  decifion  w;vs  executed  with 
the  fame  order. and  tranquil  fubmiffion  ou  the  part  of  the  peo- 
ple, as  could  have  been  ihevrn  by  them  on  a  fimliar  occafion 
to  any  the  moll  neceil'«try,  conftltutional,  and  popular  AtHs 
of  the  Government.  The  conilitutional  authorities  and  the 
good  people  of  this  Cr>mmonv/ealth,  are  at- ached  to  the  U- 
nion,  and  cheriih  it  with  their  fondeft.  wiilies.  The  ccloni- 
zation  of  their  anceftors  in  this  VVcilern  world,  was  gener- 
ally from  the  fame  country,  at  the  fame  time,  and  produced 
by  the  fame  cauie  ;  they  alike  groaned  under  an  oppreffion 
v.'hich  reprefied  their  growth  and  checked  their  profperity  : — 
they  fought  and  bled  in  the  fame  battles,  in  defence  of  the 
fame  rights,  and  have  hnce  experienced,  with  unexampled 
harm'  ny  ajid  unanimiiv,  a  variety  of  new  and  intcrefting 
cccunenc:  s  which  ad-.n^jniia  them,they  iljl)  arc  and  ought  to 
remain  forever  united.  The  General  AlTen-bly,  anU  the 
g^od  pcO|de  of  ti^is  Commonwealth,  have  aciiuittcd  thcra- 
H  5  ftives 


T54  VirvGINIA. 

ieives  to  their  own  cor.iciences,  and  to  their  brethren  in 
America,  in  Aippcrt  of  a  cuule,  which  they  deemed  a  na«r 
tjonal^one,  by  the  Hand  they  ir-ade,  and  the  i'entiments  they- 
exprelTed  of  thofe  afts  of  ths  General  Government;  hue 
they  have  looked  for  a  char.3;e  in  that  refpecl,  to  a  change  in 
the  public  opinion  which  ought  to  be  free,  not  to  meafures- 
of  violence,  difcord  and  difunion,  v/hich  they  abhor." — 

"  Some  time  in  April  hft  I  vv-as  advifed  by  a  refpectabla 
citizen  in  Norfolk,  that  a  Magiurate  of  that  Borough  had 
received  fror^.i  the  Captain  oi  the  Confiellation,  a  frigate  of 
tae  Uiiited  Srates.a  perfon  faid  to  be  one  of  the  mutineers  on 
board  hir,  Britannic  i\  ajeily's  fhip  the  Hermione  ;  that  he 
committed  the  faid  perfon  to  jail,  with  an  order  to  the  jailor 
to  furrender  hinri  to  the  Britlili  Conful,  on  his  application; 
that  he  was  furrendered  accordingly  to  the  faid  conful,  who 
fent  him  to  a  Britifn  Inand  where  he  v/as  executed.  A  con- 
duct fo  extraordhiary  as  that  alledged,  could  not  otherwife 
than  excite  the  a'tonifhrnent  of  the  Execurive.  Evcrv  man 
within  the  jjrifdiction  of  the  ftate,  is  under  ceiiain  exceji- 
tiuus,  amenable  to  its  laws  and  eniitled  to  its  protection.  If 
he  comnmlts  an  offence  agaiiift  the  foverelgnty,  or  other 
rights  of  the  United  States,  he  is  amenable  to  their  go- 
vernment and  iav/s  fcr  the  infraction  But  the  act  v.dnch  was 
denounced  did  not  appear  to  proceed  from,  or  to  be  fanction- 
ed  by  the  authority  of  that  government.  T'o  dcfignate  a 
man  within  the  jurifdiction  of  a  fiate,  as  one  not  entitled  to 
its  protection,  or  that  of  tlie  United  States,  to  diveft  him  of 
fuch  protection,  and  furrender  him  to  a  t'?reign  power,  to  be 
fent  abroad,  tried,  condemned,  and  execired,  by  tiie  fen- 
terice  of  a  foreign  trii>unal,  are  important  acts  of  ibvereign- 
ty,  in  which  th«  character  and  agency  of  the  chief  public 
functionaries  {h^ould  be  feen  and  for  which  they  are  highly 
refponfible,  Evt  nothin?'  of  the  kind  appeared  in  the  prc- 
fent  inilance.  No  relpectfi.l,  though  llrict  analylis,  by  the 
competent  authcrity,  of  the  refpective  claims  to  jurisdiction, 
betv^esn  the  itate  and  the  Linitecl  Stjites,  with  refpect  to  the 
fugitive,  who  iought  an  afylum  here;  no  circumfpedl  ex- 
amination of  treaties  between  theUnitedStates  and  a  foreign 
power,  y-hich  ou*>lit  to  pvrcede  an  act  derogating  in  fon.e 
refpetts  from  the  na'-i  -ral  fovereignty,  were  heard  of  The 
rnagifhale  who  acted  was  net  t\en  an  officer  of  the  federal 
government,  but  of  this  fiate,  in  which  ligiit,  he  was  in  a 
peculiar  degree  refponfable  to  its  autjiority.  The  act  was 
ftated  to  be  fu:rmary  and  peremptory,  and  ftrictly  that  of 
the  magiilrate  himf'^lf.  As  ho-wever  this  communication 
compromitted  tlie  cbaracter  of  a  cci  iul  of  a  foreign  power, 
and  an  olticer  of  the  United  States,  as  veil  as  tiai  of  anagi- 
I'^rate  of  this  Comrron wealth,  the  Executive  v.' as  carefwl  t^ 
obierve  in  the  part  it  took,  the  utmcll  deference  to  the  rights 
^  of 


VIRGINIA.  155 

o£  thofe  who  were  to  be  afteaed  by  it.  The  information 
was  given  in  writinj^  by  a  rcfpeftahle  citizen,  but  yet  that 
did  not  feem  to  be  un  evidence  fufticiently  formal  and  au- 
thentic, to  juftify  a  prompt  proceeding  under  it.  It  was 
deemed  more  confiftent  with  the  principles  of  juftice,_  and 
becoming  the  charaAer  of  a  free  State.to  caufe  the  verity  of 
thefe  charges  to  be  afcertained  by  attidavit,  with  due  notice 
to  the  parties  before  any  Hep  was  taken.  And  as  the  Attor- 
ney General  war.  neceilarily  engaged  in  public  bufinefs  in 
one  of  the  fiiperior  courts  at  the  time,  that  truft  was  com- 
mitted to  George  Hay,  a  citizen  of  merit  and  talents,  by 
•whom  it  wao  executed,  with  that  degi-ee  of  judgement  and 
propriety  its  delicacy  and  irrportance  required.  1  am  forry 
to  add  tkat  the  refult  of  the  enquiry  did  not  diminifh  the 
pvefumption  that  the  charges  alledged  were  true.  It  was 
deemed  of  fafficient  force  to  impoie  en  the  Ejvccutive  an 
obligation,  to  refer  the  fubjefl  to  the  Attorney  General, 
with  a  reciieil  that  he  would  take  fuch  meafure s  in  reference 
to  the  tranfavElion  as  in  his  judgement  might  be  fui table.  I 
fuhniit  a  copy  of  all  the  papers  neceifary  to  give  a  full  view 
of  this  intereiling  occurrence  to  the  General  Afiembly  ;  with 
whofe  wifdcm  it  will  remain  to  determine,  wh.ether  any 
further  provilicn  ought  to  be  made  by  law  for  fimilar  offen- 
ces in  future," 


Copy  of  Mr.  Lee's  Letter,  referred  to  in  Governor  Mon- 
roe's ^ddrefs  to  the  Legillature  : 
SIR, — Without  apology  for  my  not  baling  perfoually 
know  n  to  you,  I  take  the  liberty  of  addreiTmg  to  ycu  as 
chief  magiilrate  of  the  Coirimonweakh  of  Virginia,  on  a 
AmjeA  ;n  my  judgement  highly  intereiling  to  the  liberty  and 
happinefs  of  my  fcUovz-cirizens, 

Some  time  in  the  fpring  of  laft  year,  Cap/ain  Truxton,of 
the  Cnnileriation  frigate,  fent  to  Uoclor  J.  K.  Read,  one  of 
the  aldenr.en  of  the  borough  of  Norfolk,  a  man  wiio  he  faid 
had  acknowledged  hlmielf  one  of  the  mutiiieers  on  board 
the  Kerraione  fiigaie;  the  man  was  committed  to  jail,  fub- 
jedl  to  the  order  of  tl^e  Britifn  conful,  by  iilm  taken  cut, 
fent  to  Jamaica,  and  tiiere  e.'iecuted.  Tliis  information  is 
from  Dr.  Read  himi"e!f,  in  the  prefence  of  ieih  Foiler,  J. 
Nivifon,  OtwayByrd,  Dr.  Uarraud,  the  Britifli  Conful  and 
feveral  othei's ;  for  on  being  alked  by  cap*.  Tnruttion  on  tun- 
day  laft,  what  had  become  of  the  man  he  had  fent  as  one  of 
the  mutinfcvs  onboard  of  the  Hermione  frij;are,  he  replied 
that  he  had  delivered  him  to  the  Britifh  conful.  Mr  Hamil- 
ton, who  was  prefenr,  obferved,  he  had  fent  him  to  Jamai- 
ca, where  he  was  hanged,  .-lihough  this  co'-.fef^cn  was 
made  in  the  ];re  fence  of  Haunch  federal  ills  ^nd  men  of  order, 
yet  the  principle  was   alarming,  and  of  ccuife  made   fonie 

noife 


1^6  VIRGINIA. 

noife.  As  foon  as  I  heard  of  it  I  aj;plied  to  the  jailer.  The 
refuit  of  ray  enquiry  is,  that  there  was  fuch  a  T)erfon  commit- 
ted by  Doctor  Read,  fubject  to  the  order  of  the  BritiihCoa- 
ful ;  that  he  was  taken  out  of  jail,  and  put  on  beard  of  a 
BritiHi  veird — but  what  his  fate  v.- as,  he  knows  not. — The 
mittii-rius  he  fays  is  either  loft  or  millaid.  Tke  jailor  r.lfo  in- 
formed nie,  that  previous  to  this  another  man  was  commit- 
ted by  D(ticrllead  for  the  fame  ofTence,  but  that  he  died  in 
jailbefcre  there  was  an  oj)jiortunity  to  fend  him  away;  a 
copy  of  this  mittimus  I  herewith  fend  you. 

I  fhall  forbear  to  remaik  on  the  dieadful  confeqi'ences  that 
may  arife  from  a  cor.ducl  of  this  fort,  and  fliall  only  obfei-ve, 
that  if  men  cloathed  wiih  authority  can  be  made  inllru- 
ments  cf  opprefiion  to  gratify  the  views  of  a  Britilh  Conful, 
we  may  bid  adieu  to  the  liberty  and  happinefs  cf  ouv  coim- 
try,  and  every  thing  dear  and  valuable  to  us  in  it.  From  con- 
vidtion  in  my  mind,  that  doftor  Read's  conduft  has  been  im- 
proper, I  have  thought  it  incumbent  on  me  to  give  you  this 
information.  1  am  very  rei'pcdfdiy,  your's   &c. 

James  Monroe,  Efq.  &c.  RICH.  E.  LEE. 

Mr.  Davis,  Norfolk,  L'ec.  25,  i8co. 

THE  fubjoined  letter  was  written  by  me  to  Governor 
Monroe,  and  went  to  the  hope,  that  his  Excellency,  fenfilile 
of  the  injury  he  muft  have  done  ir.e,  in  his  letter  of  ccm- 
municaticn  to  the  legillature,  would  have  thought  it  right, 
to  reqiieil  a  rufpeniion  of  the  public  opinion,  until  the  event 
of  that  prcfecution  which  he  has  ordered  againlt  m.e,  and 
which  is  dependi:.g  and  'undettnn'mcd,  fliculd  be  known.  But, 
his  Excellency  has  neither  dei^aed  to  notice  my  letter,  or  to 
tr.ke  any  meafures  for  foftening  the  feverity  of  hiu  denun- 
ciation, 

is  It  not  noveiry  in  the  ?j(°«ophilofophy?  Is  it  not  a  phenome- 
non in  the  i-KCcutive  Department  of  any  free  country,  to 
appoint  an  Inquiiitor,  for  the  e^vprefs  purpofe  of  inviting, 
fciiciting,  and  cuUiyig  fuch  teftimony  exparte,  as  fliall  fuit  the 
dark  ptirpofes  cf  a  malicious  infcimtr?  Is  it  not  new,  that 
the  unguarded  cpennefs  of  private  converfaticn,  in  domef- 
tic  ciixies  (like  the  domiciliary  viiits  of  Robefpierre)  flail, 
be  betrayed,  and  tortured  into  matter  of  information  and 
iriapeachment  ?  aid  that  from  fuch  evidence,  and  the  hypo- 
thetical opinion  of  an  Attorney  General  founded  thereon,  a 
Chief  Magiftrate,  fhall  think  himfelf  authorifed  to  prejudge 
a  care—denoimce  an  individual,  and  ccnfign  him  to  the  re- 
fentment  and  execution  of  his  fellow  citizens — untried,  un- 
heard? 

Confcious  that  I  liave  never  have  been  governed  by  im- 
proper motives,  in  any  ail  pf  my  oiiicial  dwty,  I  feel  little 
apprehenficn  for  the  confequences  of  tliis  profecution— the 


VIRGINIA.  15,7 

errors  of  judment  nay  be  imputed  to  me  (for  'tis  the  portioa 
of  human  nature  to  err,)  but  the  honours  which  uirrounded 
hjs  Excellency,  with  a  much  better  ialary  luperadded,  would 
be  coniiderations  infuiTicient  to  induce  me  to  coivir.iit  an  ad, 
which  tlic  dictates  of  my  ov/a  heart  did  not  fully  julli fy. 

For  theft-,  and  many  other  reaibns,  I  think  it  netcfiary, 
through  the  medium  of  your  paper,  to  requelb  a  fufpetuion  of 
the  public  oj/mion,  until  the  event  of  the  profecution  now 
depending,  Ihall  be  known. 

As  to  the  illib3ral,unjuiliriaLle, unexampled  and  violent  lan- 
gurge,  which  has  been  uted  by  many  members  cf  yilTembly, 
both  within  and  without  the  houfe,  proceeding;  from  the  im- 
preffions  which  were  made  by  the  communications,  1  (liall 
forbear  to  make  any  other  remark,  tiian  to  leave  tlie  perfons 
who  are  implicated,  to  the  unavoidable  a:cufations  cf  their 
€>wn  confciences,  or  to  bo  more  and  mere  expofed  by  their 
own  obfiinate  itupidlty.  J.  K.  R£AD, 

LE'crER  to  the  Govebxor. 

Norfolk,  Dec.  ic,  1800. 
SIR, — I  •Tr.all  lie  par.irned  for  afferting  an  inherent  right 
cf  ccniplainivig  v/hrn    an  injury  is  done  m?,  however  eleva- 
ted the  ilation  of  him,  by  v/hcm  fuch  injury  is  meditated. 

I  complain.  Sir,  of  an  unjuilifiable  and  wanton  exevcife 
of  your  powers.,  as  Chief  Tvlagiilrate  of  this  CommoaiwealtJi, 
in  the  expofition  cf  documents,  taken  exparte,  and  which 
yen  knew  were  not  leitimony,  even  in  that  Court,  from 
whcfe  archives  you  have  taken  them,  and  in  which  th.e  pro- 
fecuuon.by  your  order  inllituied  again il  me, is  dependinj^  and 
undetermined,  to  die  Legillaiuve  cf  Virpjiiia,  in  your  letter 
of  communication  to  thai,  honorable  body,  i  lay  unju-'stificblc, 
becaule,  I  am  at  this  moment  a  fubje3.  cf  legal  prcfecuiion 
before  another  tribunal,  and  the  law-  which  made  you  a  Go- 
vernor, forbade  your  prejiidgihg  ^cdca^e,  or  tixing  a  guiit  cF 
offence,  on  a  man  thus  circumllanced,  ere  that  guik  had 
been  proved  by  a  legal  and  impartial  trial ! 

The  proceaure  complained  of,  was  vyaaton,  becaufe,  as  no 
legiilative  interference  could  pc:libly  affect  me,  for  a  iuppcfed 
oft-ence  hereUifore  committed,  and  as  you  have  honoured  me 
with  executive,  I  can  by  no  means  become  the  objecl  of  le- 
giilative attention ;  therefore,  no  valuable  purpole,  could 
refult,  fromconfigningme,  to  the  execration  and  refentment 
cf  my  feilow-chizens  at  large,  by  a  cc:mnnunicaiion  thus 
highly  lanaioned,  u)ilefs  indeed,  it  was  calculated  10  poifon 
and  iniluence  the  public  mind,  to  the  develiilion  of  that  im- 
parl laliy,  v^hich  ihould  be  the  firft  feature  in  the  event  of 
every  legal  procefs. 

I  forbear  entering  fully  into  this  novel  and  extraordinary 
precedure,  leil  under  Cwc  preifure  of  the  injury  you  have  done 
nie,  1  liiould  be  temi)ted  lo  lofe  fjght  of' thatVeipe.%  which  I 

have 


15^  VIRGINIA. 

have  ever  confidered  s.s  due  to  the  conilimted  authorities  of 
my  ccumr) .  i  ihall  only  take  occaiion  further  to  alk  yo'jr 
Excellency,  if  in  the  event  of  this  caafe  (doubtful,  notwith- 
ilandin^  the  respectability  of  your  Citizen  informer,  or  the 
talents  of  your  miasionaty)  a  verdiA  fnculd  be  given  in  my 
iavour,  vhat  method  will  you  adf>])t  to  eradicate  the  poifon, 
you  have  fo  fuccefsfully  infiilled  into  the  niinds  of  my  ffcUow 
citizens,  to  reftore  me  to  their  conhdence  and  efteem  ? 

1  am,  tec.  J.  K.  READ 

f.' is  Excllency  James  Monroe.  &cc. 


In  the  Hrufe  cf  Delegates,  Jan.  14,  Mr.  Edm.  Han-ifon 
reported  from  the  committee  appointed  to  inveiligatc  and  re- 
port upon  the  condu(ft  of  john  Hamilton,  the  conuil  refident 
at  Norfolk,  in  the  tranfadlion  alluded  to  in  the  Governor's 
ccmmunicaticn  relative  to  the  alledged  delivery  cf  Hugh 
Jones,  by  John  K.  Read,  and  at  the  requeil  of  t\e  faid  con- 
ful,  that  the  committee  had,  according  to  order,  had  the  faid 
fubjedl  under  their  ccnfideration,  and  are  of  cpir.ion,  that 
John  Hamilton,  as  conful,  v.  as  not  arthorifed  uTiderthe  laws 
of  the  United  States,  or  any  exifting  treaties,  betweefl  his 
Eritannic  Majeily  and  the  United  States  to  demand  the  fur- 
render  cf  any  perfon  whatfcever,  as  he  is  reprefenied  to 
have  done. 

They  are  alfo  of  opinion,  that  the  delivery  of  the  faid 
Hugh  Jones,  if  made  as  reprei'ented,  was  dene  without  any 
authority  under  the  exilting  laws  of  this  Hate  or  cf  the  Uni- 
ted ilates,  and  rhat  i'uch  delivery  if  fo  unlawfully  made,  does 
in  no  degree  extenuate  or  diminilh  the  offence  of  the  faid. 
John  Hamilton. 

And  Witereas  it  is  provided  by  the  Ccnftitution  of  the  U- 
rit-^d  States,  that  the  judicial  pov;er  of  the  United  Stages  Ih.all 
extend  to  all  caft-s  ahe<Sting  Ambailadcis,  or  other  public 
Ivliniiters  or  Confuls. 

Refolved,  That  the  Governor  be  requeiled  to  traafmit  to 
the  Preudent  of  the  United  states,  a  cup\  cf  the  beforemen- 
tior.ed  con"!municatJon,tcgtther  with  the  dccuments  accompa- 
nying the  fam:,  wivli  a  requeft  that  he  will  caufethe  trar.fac- 
trm  to  be  er.quired  into  by  the  competent  authority  ;  and  that 
iuth  redrefs  may  be  given,  as  the  laws  cf  nations  and  the 
United  States  will  w-ariant. 

Relblved,  That  provificn  cught  to  be  made  by  law,  for 
punifiiing  any  like  oillnces  that  may  happen  in  future. 

Then  tlie  iirfi  Refclution  being  twice  read,  was  en  the  quei*- 
tion  being  put  thereujjon,  agreed  to  by  houfe. 

The  fecoiid  Refululon  bei.ig  twice  read,  a  motion  was 
made  to  amend  the  fame  by  llril<ing  oiu.  the  words  "  hap])en 
in  future"  at  the  end  thereof,  and  inferting  tie  words  "  in 
future  be  cc-mmitted  by  any  peifou  fubject  to  the  jurifdidlion 
cf  "ihia  Siate."  And 


VIRGINIA.  159 

And  the  oueftlon  beinf  put,  it  pafied  in  the  aiTirmative. 

And  tbe  cueltion  being  put  on  the  Refolution  iis  amt-nded, 
it  paiied  in  the  ailirHiative. 

Ordered,  Th?.t  a  Biii  b-?  brovght  in  purfuant  to  the  fecond 
Refolution,  and  that  th<e  Committee  who  reported  it  do  pre- 
pare and  bring  in  a  bill  accordingly. 

In  the  Kouie  cf  Delegates,  Dec  31,  Mr.  Edm.  Harrifon 
reported  frcm  the  Committee  to  whom  Avas  referred  the  Go- 
vernor's letter  on  the  fr.bied  of  the  late  ccnfpiracy  of  liaver, 
and  a  peticion  of  fundry  citizens  of  this  Comnionweahh, 
complaining  of  various  f,Tievances  arlfing  from  the  la\v  for 
freeing  negrces,  and  praying  a  repeal  cherecf,  that  the 
committe'-i  had  according  to  order,  had  the  fame  under  their 
confideration,  and  hi-.d  agreed  upon  the  following  rel'oiu- 
tions : 

r.  Refolved,  as  tho  opinion  of  this  committee,  that  tiie 
Executive  be  re-^ueited  to  diilribuie  arms  to  the  citi^ens  of 
NorfoU:,  Portfinou*^^!!,  Petenturg,  Manchefter,  Richmond, 
Frenerickiburg  and  j'iiexanclria,  under  Inch  regulations  and 
rellraints  as  will  inlure  the  fafe  keeping  cf  faid  arms 

2  Refolved,  as  the  cjnnion  of  this  committee,  that  a  law- 
ought  to  ])afs,  autliorifir.g  magiftrates  to  cail  out  patrcies, 
and  fu'.)]c(n;ing  the  military  in  certain  cafes  to  the  orders  of 
the  civil  authority. 

3.  Refolved  as  the  opinion  of  this  committer,  that  a  law 
ought  to  paf«,  to  prevent  free  negroes  or  mulattoes  from  rc- 
liding  within  the  liniiis  of  the  town.-^  01  NorfoilcPcrtfinoutii, 
Pererlburg,  Manchefter,  Richmond,  Fredericklburg  or  Alex- 
andria, uulefs  autliorifed  by  me  court  of  the  tov^-n,  or  by  the 
county  court  in  which  fuch  town  may  be  wh.ere  th>=  to-.vn  it- 
felf  has  no  court,  nor  (haii  any  free  negro  or  niuiatto  rel:de 
nearer  than  miles  from  the  faid  towns,  unlefs 
aiuhcriied  bv  the  court  of  the  county  in  which  fuch  negro  or 
mulatto  reiides. 

4.  Refolved,  as  the  cpin'on  of  this  commitee,  that  the 
Governor  be  requeited  to  correfpond  with  the  Preiiden-  of 
the  United  states,  on  tiie  iubjecrt  cf  pu?-v;hafir.g  lands  without 
the  limits  cf  this  ftate,  whither  pcrfor.s  oonoxiou.3  to  the 
laws,  or  dangerous  to  the  peace  of  fociety  may  be  removed. 

5.  Refolved,  Thit  it  is  th;  opinion  of  this  ComrniLtee 
that  a  law  ought  to  pafs,  anthorifmg  the  raifmg  cf 

men  to  be  fta'Joned  in  Richmond. 

6.  Refolved,  That  it  is  the  opini(;n  of  this  comtnitree, 
th.at  a  lav.'  ought  to  pafs,  empowering  the  G(>vern(  r  tc  pur- 
cin'.fe  and  fet  free,  in  behalf  of  the  Co;n  nonweal.h,  Pr  aro- 
aix  a  llave,  the  property  of  Philip  Sheppard,  ao<d  Tom  a  (  £.ve, 
the  property  vt'  Eli/a'oe  h  Shejipard,  and  that  the  faid  Pha- 
roah  and  Tom  be  allovved  a  ptufion  of  dollars  each 
per  annum.  Re- 


i6o  VIRGINIA. 

7.  R.cfolved,  as  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  that  a  la\r 
cught  to  pais,  authorifing  the  Executive  to  tianfpurt  ceitain 
(laves,  new  under  lenteuce  of  death,  for  confpiracy,  to  be 
icld  for  the  bcneht  of  thisComniumvealth. 

The  ii\,  2d,  3d,  4th,  6th  and  7th  refolutlons  being  twice 
read,  were  on  the  quelllon  put  thereupon,  agreed  to  by  the 
houfe.  The  5th  rerdution  being  read,  a  motion  was  made 
to  amend  the  fame,  by  adding  at  the  end  theieof  the  fol- 
lowing words,  "  in  addition  to  the  prefent  guard  and  artificers 
at  the  Point  of  Fork,  who,  wirh  the  arms  and  ammmiition 
there,  {hall  be  removed  to  the  city  cf  Richmond." 

And  the  quelticn  being  put  thereupon,  it  paffcd  in  the 
affirmative. 

And  then  the  quellion  bei»g  put  on  the  refolutlons  as 
amended,  it  paiTed  m  the  affirmative. 

Ordered,  That  a  bill  or  bills  be  broughtin  purfuant  to  the 
ift,  2d,  3d,  5th,  6th  and  7th  refoluiions,  and  that  the  Com- 
mittee who  reported  the  refolutlons  do  prepare  and  bring 
in  the  fame. 

Ordered,  That  the  Clerk  do  carry  the  4th  refolution  to  th^' 
Senate  for  iheir  corxurrence. 

In  the  Houfi:  of  Delegates,  Dec.  23,  P/r.Scoker  reported 
from  the  Committee  appointed  to  meet  aCom.mittee  from  the 
Senate,  and  jomtly  with  them  to  examine  the  Treafurer'a 
accounts,  that  the  committee  had,  according  to  order,  met  a 
Committee  from  the  Senate,  and  jointly  wirh  tkem  proceed- 
ed to  examine  the  faid  accounts,  and  hai  agreed  upon  a  re- 
port as  fcUcv,'s: 

Your  Committee  find,  that  at  the  lail  annual  fettlement  of 
the  Treafurer's  accounts,  viz.  on  the  30th  of  September, 
1799,  there  vera<.ined  a  balance  in  the  treafury  of  109,778 
dollars  and  i  cent,  in  fpecie.  In  crop  toebacco  received 
from  Thorn asLee.Efq,  agent  for  the  (late  for  the  rents  of  its 

lands  in  Prince  V/lliiam,  formerly  the  property  of ..    . 

Brilloe,  a  Britilh  iubjcdl,  32,162  pounds  nett.  Indents  to 
the  amount  of  279  dollars  and  94.  cents. 

Your  Committee  find  that  fince  the  faid  fettlement,  there 
hath  been  received  by  William  Berkeley,  treafurer,  on  pub- 
lic accounts,  the  fums  following,  viz  : 

Oil  account  of  arrearas-cs  of  the 


1784 
J786 
J737 
1788 
1789 
17(^1 


Tagcs  of  tr 

le  revenue 

fum  of 

3347  13 

T792 

4i!/4  96 

1794 

2677  4^1 

1795 

206  99 

1796 

T409  6S 

1797 

43 1  I  2 

1798 

1^6  93. 

ny9 

624 

X 

971 

78 

1199 

43 

2554 

58 

9227 

53 

88,875 

16 

4^,^31 

ip 

\-IRGINrA.  x6t 

Your  Committee  find  alio  that  the  fum  of  1527  dollars 
and  7a  cents  hath  been  received  by  hiin  on  account  of  the 
purchafe  of  uncppropiiated  land,  9230  dollars  and  77  cents 
from  clerks,  i^,:;!?  dollars  and  22  cents,  from  infoeilors  of 
tobacco,  and  on  accoiint  of  tobacco  faved  at  the  burnhi^  of 
Iloben  Boiling's  warehoufe,  255  dollars  and  33  cents,  for 
compoiition  on  iurveys,  668  dollars  and  44  cents,  from  i'un- 
dry  perfons  for  tlie  redemption  of  their  lands  returned  for 
the  non-payment  of  their  taxes  due  thereon,  8765  dollars  and 
94  cents,  from  iheriiTs  on  account  of  militia  fines,  1684. 
dollars  and  6  cents,  on  account  of  the  arrearages  of  the  cev- 
tiilcate  taxes,  amountiiig  in  the  %vh<,ic;  (incliidnig  the  balance 
which  remained  due  ac  the  lait  fettlement)  to  416,958 
dollars  and  36  cents. 

Your  Committee  find  further,  that  the  faid  Treafurer  hath 
difburfed  and  admitted  in  difcount  agreeably  to  law  to  the 
amount  of  216,247  dollars  and  52  cents,  as  appears  by  the 
receipts  to  them  produced ;  the  correfponding  warrants  after 
having  been  carefuli'y  exam.ined  a:id  compared  with  the  re- 
ceipts, were  burnt. 

Your  Committee  find  further,  tliat  the  fnid  Treafurer  hath 
admitted  in  difcount  as  tlie  law  diicils  for  the  arrearages  cf 
the  ceriiricate  taxes,  certificates  to  the  amount  cf  1669  dol- 
lars and  82  cents. 

Your  Committee  find  further,  that  the  faid  Treafurer  hath 
admitted  in  difcount  as  the  law  direfts  fcr  the  arrearages  cf 
the  revenue  ta.xes,  tobacco  which  at  the  rates  at  which  it 
was  received  in  the  treafury,  amounts  to  1^,^;^  dollars. 

'I'he  credits  being  duly  hated,  there  remained  a  balance  in 
the  trcaiiny  on  the  30th  of  September,  iGoo,  of  270  dollars 
and  94  cent  in  indents,  and  96,218  dollars  and  o  ceuis  in 
ipecie,  and  32,162  pounds  nett  tobj^co,  as  will  appear  by 
the  gei.cral  account  hereto  annexed. — That  tiie  ftiid  balance 
8ind  the  faid  tohacco  were  duly  accounteJ  for,  the  annexed 
ceriificaie,  figned  by  the  members  of  council  duly  authorlfed 
to  exa.mine  the  Trcafurer's  office,  v/iii  fiiev/  :  to  which  certi- 
fi,;ate  and  the  account  hereto  annexed,  your  Committee  beg 
leave  to  refer 

And  the  faid  Certificate  cf  the  Coimcll  is  as  follows: 

The  Treafurer  being  enjoined  to  clofe  the  accounts  o^  his 
ollke  on  the  30th  of  September  annually  :  We  the  undevfgn- 
ed  (thereto  appointed  by  the  Zxecudve  at  the  requeil  of  the 
Treafurer)  rtipaired  to  the  treafury  on  the  morning  ol  the  ill 
of  O'itober,  in  order  to  afccrtain  the  amount  of  inoitey,  to- 
bacco and  other  facilities  atpLuaily  in  the  treafury  received  on 
p'lblic  account,  and  conitituting  the  balance  due  therefrom 
tlie  30th  of  ;:eptember,  1800. 

Having  examined  a.id  carefully  counted  and  weighed  the 
money,  we  find  it  p.mount  to  96,300  dollars. 

We 


i6z 


VIRGINIA. 


We  find  alfo  tobacco  notes  now  in  the  treafury,  received 
on  public  account,  viz.  for  55  hoglheads,  quantity,  56,815 
lb.  of  crop  tcba.ccc,  and  2491  lb.  transfer,  vvhich  at  tiie raits 
received  by  law,  amouuts  to  2543  dcllars. 

We  rind  aUb  notes  for  thirty  hogflieads  of  tobacco,  quan- 
tity, 32,162  lb  nett,  which  was  received  by  Thomas  Lee,  a- 
gent  for  the  ilate  for  rents  in  the  county  of  Prince  Willi- 
am: and  inJciiLS  to  amount  of  27^  cioilars  and  94  cents 

Yreufury,  J.  PENDLETON. 

(^a.  2,  1800.  JOHN  GUERRr.NT. 


ESTIMATE  of  the  Expences  of  the  (  ivil  Government 
from  Sept.  1 8 00  to  Oa.  1801,  and  of  the  Debts  payable 
ill  the  fa  id  Periods 


For  the  General  AiTembly  —  — 

Oihcers  of  Government  —  — 

To.  tv  ilitia  —  — 

Contingent  expences  —  — 

Criminr.'  cbarges  —  — 

Slaves  ex  tented  —  — 

Expences  of  guards  —  — 

Reprefentation  to  Ccngrefs  —  — 

Lunatic  Holpiial  —  — 

Commiiiiouero  of  Revenue  —  — 

I'enfioners  —  — 

Llfmal  Swamp  Canal  Company  ■ — 

1  he  Guard  to  be  kq»t  at  Richmcnd  — 

Arfenai  and  manufaciory  01  arms  — 

Peniteatiaiy  —  — 

Public  Bui.din^s  —  — 

Public  Vv'aie  aoufes  —  — 

Public  fervices  of  Clerk.^.  of  Diftrid  Courts 
Intereil  on  paper  money  funded  360 

Do,  oii  military  certincates  3>2co 

Do.  on  loans,  includii;g  interefl  on  cer- 
tifica:es  iffued  for  re  payment  of  mo- 
ney paid  into  the  Treai'ury  for  Britilh 

debts  —  29,721    

Amo.ip.t  of  v.-arrant.';  iff.iedrncre  than  the  revenue 

of  lafi  V  ear  produced  —  — 

Amount  ci  warrants  drawn  on  the  contingent 
fund  fmce  Oi'L  iait  cu  account  of  the  late  in- 
furreaions  —  — 

Monies  before  appropriated  for  arms  199,000 
Expended  —  —  39>(>^5 

Novv-  iubjca  to  the  difpcftticn  of  the  E.^ecuiive 
For  building  iiore-houl'es  for    tobacco   on  James 
River  aiid  Appomatox  Canals  as  provided  by 
law  —  .. 


41,000 
6o,oco 

4,500 
12, coo 
18,000 

6,000 

6,000 
300 

4,000 
15,000 

7,000 

i>50o 

12, coo 

33>cco 

3:, 000 

1,000 

r,oco 

1,800 


33,^81 
10,963 

159.314 

8,CQO 


VIRGINIA.  ,^^ 

Balance  in  favour  of  refources  to  meet  this  Eflimate  ""ll^ll 

Dollars         —         568,884 

Resources  to  meet  this  Estimate 
Nett  amount  of  tax  according  to  taxation  for  1790 

on  lands,  lots,  and  other  pronerty                 __^^  -sct  •,« 

Surplus  on  tobacco  exported                                _  ^57.7oc> 

'J'ax  on  law  procefs,  is.c.                  _                  __  io,coo 

Do.  on  Regillers'  fees                     _  "I'S^o 

Cafli  in  the  Treafiirv  ift  Oa.  1800                   _  J,'°^° 

Arrears  of  taxes  for  the  year  i^j^                 _  ,9^.^-90 

Sale  of  Gofport  to  the  United  iLes  H  H'ltl 

Amount  due  from  James  River  Canal  Company  5,517 

Dollars  —  568,884 
On  comparing  the  Eftimate  of  Expences  and  Debts  pav- 
able  .rom  i,cpt.  1800  to  (JCc  1801,  with  the  itatem^nr  of  the 
amount  of  annual  revenue,  ca(h  in  thcTreafury,  &.c.  and 
prefumino^  that  tlie  prefent  Genertl  Aff-nblv  ^viU  th^nJ'  it 
ju'l  to  continue  the  appropriation  of  the  arreaWes  of  taxes 
pnor  to  I7g6,  to  the  reuempa..].  of  cer-itlcates  of  tiie  deb^s 
o'/^  n '^'  '*  appears  to  the  Committee,  that  the  fum  cf 
5;o,o8o  dollars,  which  is  ibwnd  in  favour  of  the  refouices  cf 
the  Commonwealth,  gives  ample  fcci.nry  againll  anv  pro- 
bable  deacit  1,1  th.  receipt  of  the  revenue,  and  juftiiWthe 
pohcy  o.  m$.:^ir.g  apprcpnalions  according  to  the  ^.tcgolu^ 
ell  1  mates.  ft      5 

Ref.ived,  Thit  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Committee,   ti;at 
ta^:^5oa^n£  to  be  contmued  the  fame  as  heretoi.re. 
*^.'\^^r  ^l  ■•^i;"^^--^^nts  made  to  the  fcrcgvnng  Eftimate  in 
the  Hoale  of  Belegatce,  15,000  dollars  ^vere  Itrickcn  from 
the  apprcpr.acions  for  the  r^rfcnai  and  Penitentiary. 

Public  Taxes  p?.yaLie  for  the  Year  i3oo. 

On  lands,  for  every  100  dr.Iiars  vaUie,  aereeablv  to 
the  equalizing  law,  ' 

For  every  f.ave  above  the  age  of  la  years,  exceot  fuch 
as  ,;av-e  oeen  cr  fi.ali  be  exempted  bv  reafon^of  ap-e 
ov  irnrmity  by  the  reipe^ive  county  or  cerporation 
courts,  «^  l__ 

For  every  ftud-horfe  or  jac'c-afs,  twice  the  price   at  "  '^'^ 

wii.cn  fuch  horie  or  afs  covers  a  mare  for  the  feafon. 

J-  or  a.i  other  r:orfo.s,  mules,  rnarcs,  and  colts,  each         o  i  z 

!■  or  evtry  ordinary  licenfe  —  _  1  ^  50 

For   every   4-vvheeI,  riding  carriage,  except  phxuous  * 

and  llage-w?ggons,  per  wheel  1-  ^  .q^ 


.18 


1 64  VIRGINIA. 

For  all  phaetons  arc!  flaj^e -waggons,  per  wheel  o     8-$ 

For  e\-*:ry  ctjier  riding  carriage  with  two  wheels, each  o     4S 
And  for  all  lots  and  houles  iii  towns  i  dcliar  56  cents 
on  every  ico  doilars  cf  the  reivt  therecif,  to  be  af- 
certained  by  the  rent  yjaid  by  the  tenant,  and  wheie 
I'liCh  hcule  or  lot  is    in  the  occupation   cI  the  pro- 
prietor, the    yearly  rent  or  value  (hall  be  aicertai li- 
ed by  the  CommiiHoners  cf  the  Keveiiue,  or  either 
of  them,  by  a  compariibn   of  its  value  with  other- 
houfei;  and  lots  a<£iuai!y  rented. 
On  mercnants  I'eliing  by  v.'holefale  —  4c 

On  do.  felling  by  retail  —  —  15 


The  following  Bill  was  prefented  in  the  Houfe  cf  Dele- 
j^tes  of  this  ftate,  by  Mr.  Munford,  and  read  the  hril  time  ; 
and  the  farther  confideration  thereof,  was  poflpcned  till  the 
ijd  of  April  next. 

Ak  the  inconveniences  attending  the  prefcnt  fyftem  of 
Courts  of  Chancery,  from.th^  dc4riys  a-aending  the  mode  cf 
proccisding  a:.d  the  vaft  accurnukiticn  cf  buHiieifi,  have  octa- 
fioned  mikcii  compraivjt,  ft-veral  plans  have  been  projxfed  as 
remedies  for  the  evil.  A  bill  wliicii  was  warmly  advocated 
by  many  membti-s,  to  chan^^c  tl^e  fyiiem  cf  the  High  Court 
of  Chaiicery,  by  dividing  the-  .'state  into  5  dilbidts,  under- 
went a  long  and  tlabora'.e  difculfion  at  tl.'is  fcflion.  That 
bill  was  pri.nced  at  the  public  expence,  and  is  novv  fubmitted 
to  the  co.M'iU^: ration  cf  the  people. 

Actuated  by  a  conviclion  thai  the  beft  mode  of  obtaining 
thes  objd<ft  dehred,  is  to  enabLe  the  Courts  cf  conimon  iav/  to 
give  relief  in  ail  cafes,  to  which  tiieir  powerri  can  be  extend- 
ed, other^i  wfire  of  ofinioathal  the  fcilowing  bill  crght  to  be 
preferred. — It  is  therefore  hcie  inferred,  that  the  people  may 
give  It  due  examination,  and  may,  if  they  think  proper,  ex- 
pr'ffs  their  opinion  on  the  iLtjeft,  by  iuHrudtions  to  their 
Keprefentatives,  or  petitions  to  the  ne.tt  General  Aflembly. 
A  lliLU  to  ei:abls  the  Courts  cf  Common  Law  to  give  Relief 
in  certain  Cafes. 

Whereas  the  delays  incident  to  the  prefent  fyflem  of  the 
Higii  Court  of  Cnancery,  and  oilier  Courts  of  iirnilar  jurif- 
di:iicn  are  fo  great  as  oiten  to  amount  to  a  denial  of  jultice, 
which  dtlays  ari.e  from  ihe  number  cf  cafes  in  which  the 
Courts  of  Common  Law  are  at  prefent  unable  to  give  relief; 
for  remedy  thereof,  be  it  tnacied  ey  the  General  AlFembly, 
that  tiie  defeudant  in  any  a6ion  in  a  Court  of  Common  Law, 
may  plead  in  his  tieieuce  all  fuch  matters  of  the  things  ar. 
may  be  jxil  and  equitable  ;  the  plaintilf  when  required  by  the 
UefL-ndaut,  liiall  reply  on  oath,  and  no  demurrer  to  any  plea 
fhall  be  fuiUixie^,  uulefs  fuch  j^iea  be  liad,  not  only  in  law, but 
hi  equity.  When- 


VIRGINIA.  16;; 

1.  Wh'2r!?,vcr  any  le^jal  or  equitable  caiifc  cf  (lefence  flinU 
-atife,  or  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  defendanL  afcer  tl^e 
trial  nr  j'ulgement:,  on  afTidavii:  tlicreof  by  the  defendant,  the 
Court  may  on  motion  av/ard  a  new  trial,  or  permit  a  new 
plea  or  pleas  to  be  filed,  and  farther  proceeding's  to  be  had  in 
the  cauie  pcr.ordincj  to  the  jufticc  and  right  of  the  caie :  Pro- 
vided, that  unnereflTary  delay  fnall  not  h?.ve  been  praftifed  bv 
the  defendant  after  the  j;r  >und  of  the  faid  application  {hall 
have  arifen  or  come  to  his  knowledge. 

3.  No  objection  (liail  hereafter  hr:  taken  in  point  of  form  to 
the  declaration  o»-  plT^dings  in  any  a«5lion  v.'hatever,  but  ob- 
je  "lions  to  the  fubrtanoo  only  fhali  be  admitted. 

4.  Any  perion  entitled  to  a  'egac;/  may  recover  the  fame  in 
an  a<^ion  on  the  cafe  againil  the  evecutor  or  adminiftrator  of 
the  decedent,  and  ia  cafes  where  at  pr^efcnt  friendly  bills  and 
anl\ver''^  in  chancery  are  reforted  to  for  the  diviiion  af  eftates, 
th^  fame  fliall  and  may  be  dorc  on  monr«n  to  the  Court  of 
the  Diilrift,  cciinty  or  corpfnifion  in  which  the  eflates  to  be 
divided  e.\ill. — And  where  the  faid  eRa^es  are  not  all  in  one 
Diftridl,  but  in  din'erent  Dillricts,  on  motion  fro  the  General 
Court  f-r  High  Court  of  Chancery,  at  the  difcretion  of  tlie 
party  apply iji<^  for  the  fame,  The  C curt  to  which  the  faid 
motion  Ihail  be  made  ilvaii  an])oint  commifiioncrs  *:o  make  fuch 
divifion,  and  report  to  toe  (aid  Court  for  th^ir  final  decifion  ; 
Provi.lod  that  all  partie.-?  interefted  fhtU!  be  lawfully  confent 
inj;  to  t'.e  faid  motion. 

5.  And  be  it  further  cnafled,  that  fpecial  a^^ions  on  the 
cafe  m.ay  be  inJliuted  for  the  forodofnre  of  mortgages  'o 
compel  the  rendition  and  fettlement  of  accounts,  the  fpecific 
|)erformance  of  contra'T^s,  the  p  rrpetHation  rf  evidence,  the 
difcoxery  of  fa'ft-j  wi'hin  the  private  knowleg«*  of  defendants. 
and  relief  againil  all  kinds  of  frard,  in  which  acVion  the 
pl.'as  fliall  be  on  oath,  whrre  the  plaini  liT  in  his  declaration 
demands  it,  all  fp.<3s  controverted  between  the  parties  fnall  be 
tried  by  jury,  and  the  Courts  (hall  enxr  i'uch  intcilocutory  or 
final  judgements  as  the  nature  of  each  may  require,  may  ap- 
point commifrioners  to  examine,  fta^e,  and  fettle  acco(\nts,  or 
to  ma':«  fale  cf  mortgage  ])rf>perty,  and  VotM  IHue  any 
v/rit  of  execution,  atiaciurfnt  or  dilb-mga';  wliich  may  be 
necelfary  to  can-y  tlio  faid  jndgeTi«*nts  into  el^/efl. — The  writ:!? 
in  the  fahi  actions  on  •ihe  cafe  Ibail  and  may  be  executed  and 
yeturnexl  in  the  fwm?  manner  as  ful-prenas  in  chaicer/,  and 
if  any  of  "thf  dePrmdants  are  out  of  the  c^mmmv/ealth,  the 
lame  ■proceeiing';  fliail  be  had  againil  the  faid  a!)fent  defe.i- 
dantr.  as  are  had  in  the  C^'nrts  of  equity  in  f.milar  ca'es. 

6.  Writ'^  of  }w  exeat  fnall  and  may  be  granted  and  dilfolvej 
T)v  any  county  or  corj»o radon  court  in  the  fam ',  manner,  and 
v.niler  the  fame  rcgulaiions  as  the  fame  are  grznttd  and  dif- 
foiv  :d  by  the  High  Court:  of  Chancery. 

The 


i66  VIRGINIA. 

7.  The  High  Court  of  Chancery  and  other  Courts  of  Equi- 
ty iball  in  no  aife  have  jurifdiftion  when  an  adequate  remedy 
can  be  had  in  the  conns  cf  comirion  law,  but  in  other 
cafes  the  powers  cf  the  faid  courts  fliall  remain  as  heretofore. 

8.  All  afts  and  parts  of  ails,  which  are  contrary  to  this 
?.ft,  are  hereby  repealed. 

9.  This  a<ft  iliall  ccminencc  in  force  from  the  1  ft  day  of 
March  next.  

An  Azi  to  empower  the  Governor  of  this  Comni'^nwealth  to 
tranfpcrt  Slaves  ccnden-med  when  it  fi.all  Ui  tleemed  ex- 
pedient.— (Faffed  Jan.  6,  t8oi.) 
.  BE  it  enacled  by  the  General  A&mfclv.  That  the  Gover- 
rior,  with  the  advice  cf  Council,  be,  ar.d  he  Js  hereby  au- 
thorized, when  it  fliall  be  deemed  expedient,  to  contraft  and 
«.5i-ee  with  any  perfon,  or  perfcns,  for  the  fale  and  purchaie 
of  all  the  (^aves  who  now  are,  or  hereafter  may  be,  under 
feulence  cf  death,  fcr  cciafpiracy,  infurredlion,  or  any  other 
crin-«e.  The  ]  ericn  cr  peifons,  at  the  time  of  making  fuch 
purchafe.  (liall  ei-ter  into  botid  v,i;h  fuTicient  fecurity,  under 
the  penalty  of  500  dollars  for  each  Aave,  payable  to  the  Go- 
vernor, cr  his  iucceffcjT,  f cr  the  ufe  of  t]ie  Commonweakh, 
with  condition  that  he  or  they  will  caiTy  out  of  the  U- 
nited  States  all  the  flaves  by  him  cr  them  purchau-d  who  are 
now,  or  may  hereafter  be  under  fen  ten  ce  of  death  ;  and  the 
fale  and  diipofai  of  every  fuch  fiave  fliall  amcuidto  a  reprieve 
of  him  or  them  from  fuch  fentence  of  death  ;  aVid  the  I'ale 
cf  every  fucli  Have  iliall  amount  to  a  re]jrieve :  Provided 
always.  That  if  ar.y  Have  fo  fcld  pursuant  to  this  ad,  fliall 
r^rtira  into  this  State,  he  fliall  be  apprehended  and  executed 
urder  the  fentence  of  the  Court,  as  if  no  rej>rltve  had  taken 
plice.  And  in  all  cafes  where  any  f:ave  rr  flaves  flvall  be 
tried  a>»(i  convi(9ed  for  any  crime  v.'hich  may  alTeift  life, 
the  Couri,  before  whom  fuch  triv-ls  fliall  be  had,  Vhall  caufe 
the  teflimcny  for  and  againft  everv  fuch  Have  to  be  entered 
on  veccrd,  and  a  copy  of  the  whole  proceedings  to  be  tran- 
fniitted  fortiiwith  to  the  Executive, 
fo  fold  or  trai.fpr  rted,  fl^.all  be  ]>aid 
£oi-  flaves  eicecutcd. 

This  Ad  fliall  comm.ence  and  be  in 


The  ov/ncrs 

cf  all  flaves 

in  the 

fame 

manner    as 

1  force 

from 

its  paiung. 

An  A^  to  am.end  the  A<ft  eniitled  "  an  Act  to  reduce  into 
one  the  feveral  Acts  concerning  irlaves,  free  Negroes,  and 
Malattoes." 

EE  it  enadred  by  the  General  AiTciribly,  Tliat  if  anv  per- 
fon f'.all  permit  his  or  her  flave,  or  any  ilave  hired  by  him  or 
her,  to  go  2.:  large  or  hire  him  or  herfelf  out,  it  fliall  be  lav.-- 
ful  fcr  any  pcrlbn,  and  it  fl  all  be  tiie  duty  of  even' flierifT, 
deputy  flierifi',  coroner  and  ferjeant  cf  a  coi-pcration,  to  ap- 
prehend  and  carry  fuch  flave   before   a   magilirate    of  the 

coua- 


VIRGINrA.  1.-^7 

^CH'nty  c?  crvvporatlon  wViere  apprehended;  and  if  it  fhall  ap- 
pear to  t'le  magifiratc  that  fuch  fiave  comes  within  the  pr.i- 
vievv  of  this  a(S,  he  fliall  order  him  or  her  to  the  jail  cf  the 
county  or  corporation,  t)iere  to  be  fafely  kept  until  the  next 
court,  when  if  it  fhall  apjiear  to  the  ccin-t  that  the  flave  fo 
ordered  to  Jail  hath  been  permitted  or  fmiered  to  iiirc  him  or 
hi-rff  Ifoi.it  contrary  to  the  meaning  of  this  Ael.ic  Iholl  be  lav- 
f«'.l  f.-r  faul  court,  and  they  are  hereby  required  to  order  the 
fli'.'.ritf  or  other  orTiccr,  to  fell  every  fuch  flave  for  ready  mo- 
ney at  the  next  court  held  for  the  faid  county  or  corporation, 
notice  being  given  at  the  court-houfc  doer  at  leaft  tAvenrv 
days  befire  inch  fale.  Provided  always.that  no  lale  purfuant 
to  this  aft  fliall  convey  a  greater  intereft  in  Inch  (lave  than 
tlie  perfon  hi;";nlcif  or  heilclf"  iiad  who  c(»min!ts  a  breach  of 
fi  is  la-v,  iinlefs  it  (hell  appear  to  tie  court  that  the  owner  of 
fi:.-h  llave  was  privy  to  or  connived  at  fuch  breach. 

Any  perfon  who  ihall  fuftcr  a  ilavc  held  by  him  or  her  as 
tr'ifcee,  guardian,  erecutcr  or  oecutri.v,  ad.riinijlratcr  or  ad- 
miniibMtrix,  toVure  him  or  herielf  out  contrary  to  the  mean- 
ing of  this  a^-'l,  ihv.W  forfeit  and  pay  forty  d  liars,  to  be  reco- 
vered by  any  peHbn  who  will  fue  for  the  fame,  by  a£lion  of 
debt  or  i^.Tcrnia'don,  in  any  court  cf  record  v;i;hin  this  com- 
monwealth. 

Cne  third  of  the  a^onnt  of  the  fal-  '^f  every  fu.:h  fls^-e 
fhall  be  applied  by  tiie  court  ordering  fuch  fale  towards  lei- 
fening  the  county  or  corporation  levy,  and  the  refidue  fhall 
be  pa'd  by  the  flieriT  or  other  officer,  and  deducling  fix  per 
centum  on  the  whole  amount  for  his  trouble,  and  the  jailor's 
fees,  to  the  perfr-n  who  fliall  inform  thereof,  r.-^d  caidb  the 
fii.fi  to  be  eftahlifhcd.  And  v>'here  there  Ihall  he  no  informer, 
then  the  whole  proceeds  of  the  fale,  afLer  deducing  tiie  com- 
mi-Uon  of  tiie  l!ierllf  and  other  officers,  the  jailor's  fees,  as 
rf^refaid,  fnall  be  applied  towards  leiTening  the  county  or 
corporation  levy. 

Any  negro  or  mulatto  bond  or  free  fliall  be  a  good  v/iincfs 
/'n  pleas  af  the  common  wealth  for  or  againil  ne>^voes  or  mu- 
littoesbor.d  or  free,  or  in  civil  pleas  wdiere  free  negroes  or 
tnulattoes  iliail  alone  be  parties.  And  wliere^s  e.\p'erience 
has  eviiuicd  that  the  fouilh  fedion  of  ihe  aci  enricl"d  an  aft 
to  prevent  the  migration  of  free  negroes  urd  inulatroes  into 
thi.sConur.nivealth.  is  defcflive — fur  remedy  v/hercof,  Be  it 
ena£ied,  that  if  aiiy  fja\e  ftiad  hereafter  be  brought  or  come 
into  tliis  Jtaie  fr'-m  any  piaee  wirhout  the  limits  of  the  fame, 
it  fl^.all  be  the  d'ity  of  any  magiurate  of  the  county  or  corpo- 
ration where  J  uch  flave  (hall  be  f'und,  upon  information  to 
him  given,  to  caufe  fuch  Have  to  be  immediately  ?,oprehended 
and  brought  before  him  or  fome  other  magiftrate  of  the 
county  or  corporation,  who  upon  fati.sfa(flory  evidence  had 
fliiU  commit  fuch  Have  to  the  jail  (if  his  ccunty  or  corpora- 
tion;  and  the   magilLvate   fo  conuiiittiiig  fliall  forthwith  give 


i6S  VIRGINIA. 

notice  to  the  Govevnov  of  his  proceeding"?!,  Avho  with  the  atl- 
vice  of  Council,  (Tiall  take  fuch  fleps  for  the  renvoval  and 
tranfportation  cut  of  this  Commonwealth,  of  the  fiave  or 
{laves  fo  ccmmitted  at  the  public  exper.ce,  as  they  in  their 
flifcretion  may  think  proper.  And  tire  expences  fc  incurred 
Ihail  be  jmidby  the  p^rfon  importing  or  holding  fjch  fave  fo 
icmove4,  and  (ball  i>e  recoverable  againft  any  fuch  peifon  as 
?.?orcfa'd,  his  or  her  exeri-''-nrs  or  adniiniflrators  in  the  name 
r.f  the  Governor  r.f  the  Commonwealth  for  the  time  being, 
hy  mO' ion  or  fuit,  in  which  every  fuch  perfon  may  be  held  to 
bail  in  any  court  of  record  of  this  Commonwealth,  prcviced 
ten  days  previous  nctic?  be  given  of  fuch  motion  to  the  per- 
fon? to  be  affected  therrhv;  provided  alfo  tiiat  the  Governor 
fha'i  have  poM'er  to  order  fuch  Have  to  be  fold  and  tranfpor  ed 
v/ithout  the  limits  of  this  Commcnv.-eal.h,  if  the  perfcn 
holding  cr  importing  faid  flavc  be  unable  to  reimburfe  the 
Co:rin;Miv^"ealth,  the  exjence  of  commitment,  removal  and 
tran'^pcrLatien — Provided  alfo,  that  nothing  herein  contained 
Ihail  be  ccnilraed  to  repeal  the  fourth  fesfrion  of  the  a<ft  enti- 
tled an  AS.  to  red\ice  into  one  the  fe\eral  afts  concerning 
fiavcD,  free  negioes  and  mulattoes. 

At'd  b-r  it  fiuther  pnacTed,Thatit  fhail  be  the  duty  of  every 
Coni^ifficner  nf  the  Revenue  annually  to  return  to  the  coiu-t 
cf  his  county,  or  ccrpcvaticn,  at  the  time  of  returning  other 
lifts  of  taxable  property,  a  complete  liil  of  all  free  negroes 
and  mu'iattoes  Avithin  his  diilri^il,  together  with  their  names, 
fex,  places  of  abode,  and  particular  trades,  occupation,  cr 
calling  ;  a  copy  of  which  lift  (hall  be  fixed  by  the  Clerk  of 
fald  co^mty  cr  corporation  at  the  Court-boufe  deer,  and  the 
original  be  dejjoriied  for  fafe  keeping  in  his  ofiice.  Every 
Cor.»rnilEouer  of  tlie  Revenue,  cr  Clerk  of  a  Court,  failing 
in  faid  duty,  fnali  forfeit  and  pay  the  fum  of  20  dollars,  to 
be  recovered  by  motion  or  information,  one  half  to  the  ufe 
of  the  ccviu+y  rr  corpcra*-ion,  and  the  relidue  to  any  perfcn 
who  fcall  *uc  fcr  the  fame. 

If  any  frer  r.egro  or  midatto  fo  regirtcred  flail  remove  in- 
to another  county,  it  fhall  ar.d  may  be  lawful  for  any  magi- 
ftraie  of  the  county  or  corpoiation  in  v/hich  he  cr  fhe  may 
refide,  to  iffue  a  warrant  to  apprehend  faid  free  negro  or 
mulatto  :  and  if  upon  examination  it  be  found  th.at  he  or  fl:e 
has  no  h-roel!:  employment  by  wh.ich  to  maintain  him  cr  hcr- 
felf,  fucii  free  negro  or  mulatto  fr.all  be  deemed  au.d  treated 
as  a  vagrant. 

All  the  courts  of  l?.w  within  this  Ccmmcnweahh  Ihall  con- 
ftantly  give  this  art  in  charge  to  the  grand  juries  cf  their 
cour*:s  at  the  times  when  fuch  grand  juries  fliall  be  iworn. 

All  aifls  and  parts  of  aiSls  contrar)  to  this  aft,  fhall  be, 
a'.i.J  the  fame  are  hereby  repealed. 

This  ad  fhall  cciEmcnce  in  force  from  the  ift  ddj  of  June 
next. 


VI  RGINIA.  169 

Jan.  23.  fSoi.  —  This  day  both  branches  of  the  Genera^ 
Aflembly  of  t'hts  Comniohwea'lth  adjourned,— iJuring  the 
Seifion,  the  following  Bills  \verepa:Ted  : 

1.  To  amend  the  ad,  entitled,  "  An  ad  to  amend  an  ad, 
entitled,  an  ad  for  appointing  Eledors,  to  choofe  a  Piefident 
and  Vice-Prefident    ot  the  United  States." 

2.  Concerning  the  Difmal  Swamp  CanalCompany. 

3.  To  amend  an  ad,  entitled,  "  An  ad  to  reduce  into  one 
the  feveral  ads,  concerning  milb,  mill-dams,  and  other  ob- 
Itrudions  of  water  courfts." 

4.  To  amend  the  ad,  for  incorporating  the  truftces  of  the 
I..eefburg  Academy,  in  the  comity  of  I.oudon. 

5.  For  eilablifliing  the  town  of  Fairfield,  in  the  comity  of 
Rockbridge. 

6.  To  prevent  obftrudions  to  the  navigation  of  the  Little 
KenaAvha. 

7.  To  eilablifh  an  infpedicn  of  flour  at  Mead  Anderfon's 
mill  in  the  county  of  Halifax. 

8  To  increafe  the  falary  of  the  infpedors  of  tobacco  at 
Dixon's  Ware-houfe. 

9.  To  authoriTe  the  commilTtoners  of  the  revenue  to  re-af- 
fefs  lands  in  certain  cafes 

10.  For  increafing  the  povw'er  of  the  trufiees  of  the  town 
of  rran.'vlin,  in  the  coimt)/  of  Fendi-^ton. 

11.  To  eftablii'ii  an  iiiipedion  of  tobacco  on  the  land  of 
John  liroek,  in  the  county  of  Campbell. 

12.  To  amend  the  ad,  to  autiiorife  the  opening  a  turnpike 
road,  ovci-  the  fouth  mountain. 

13.  To  regulaire  cofls  in  certain  cafes. 

14.  C  jncernlijg  the  town  of  Watfon,  In  i\ie  county  of 
Flarnj?fh're. 

15.  To  incorporate  theTruilees  of  JelTerfon  College,  in  the 
cDimty  of  Amciia. 

16.  To  e.Uablin^  an  infpedion  of  flour  on  the  lands  of 
Thomas  M.  Randolph. 

17.  For  ad-lip.g  part  of  tlie  county  of  Kenawha,  to  the 
count}-  of  Wood. 

18.  Concerning  the  to v/n  of  Lexington,  in  the  county  of 
Rockbridge. 

19.  To  ellabliili  an  itvfpedion  of  tobacco  on  the  lands  of 
Thomas  M.  Raniclph,  in  the  county  of  Albemarle. 

20.  To  incorporate  a  company,  for  eflablifhing  a  turnpike 
read,  frim  the  mouth  of  lavage  river,  or  George's  creek,  on 
tae  Potowmak,  to  tlic  neaieft  V/eltern  navigation. 

21.  To  authorife  Robert  Watkins  to  build  a  toll  bridge  o- 
ver  Appamanox  rivtr. 

22.  To  elHblifh  an  Academy  on  the  glebe  land  of  Martin 
Brandon's    pari/li,  in  the  county  of  Prince  George. 

23.  for  ercding  warehoiues  on  the  James  river  and  Appo- 
mattox canals.  1  To 


VIRGINI 


x\. 


Z4.  To  eilablira  feveral  new  ferries. 

25.  To  increafe  the  falaries  of  the  infpe^ters  at  Dearie's 
and  Spring  Ware-houfes. 

a6.  To  revive  the  infpeflion  of  tobacco  at  Totufky  ware- 
houfes,  in  the  county  of  Richmond. 

27.  For  altering  the  court  days  and  quarterly  feffions  in 
certain  counties. 

a8.  Authorifmg  the  traftees  of  the  Chanty  School  of 
FrederickRiUig,  to  fell  and  convey  certain  property  therein 
mentioned. 

29.  To  authorife  William  Calley,  to  build  a  toll  bridge  0- 
ver  Smith's  creek,  near  the  Borough  of  Norfolk. 

30.  For  dividing  the  county  of  Berkeley. 

31.  To  eftaWifli  feveral  towns. 

32.  Giving  further  time  to  the  owners  of  lots,  in  the 
town  of  Jonefville,  in  the  county  of  Lee,  to  build  thereon. 

33.  To  purchafe  Pharoah  and  Tom. 

3^.  To  amend  an  ad,  entitled,  "An  a(!l;to  authorife  a  lot- 
tery for  the  purpofe  of  opening  and  repairing  certain  roads." 

35.  To  increafe  the  rates  of  ferriage  at  certain  places. 

36.  To  eiT!pow3r  the  courts  of  certain  counties  to  aj^oint 
perfons  to  lbkmni7:e  marriagts. 

37.  To  empov.er  the  Gtivernorto  tranfpcrt  flaves  when 
it  ilall  be  deemed  convenient. 

38.  Eilablifhing  an  infpefticn  of  flour  at  Aylett's  ware- 
houfe,  in  the  county  of  King  William. 

30.  To  extend  thejurifdifiion  of  juftices  of  peace. 

40.  Releafmg  to  Ambrofe  Cramer  the  right  of  the  Com- 
monwealth to  a  certain  traA  or  trails  of  land. 

41.  Concerning  patrcles, 

42.  To  prevent  the  killing  of  deer  within  oenain  periods 
annually. 

43.  Concerning  the  towli  of  CharlottefvlUe. 

44.  Concerning  certain  taxes  in  the  county  of  Botetsurt. 

45.  Appointir.g  CommiClcners  to  view  and  mark  out  -a 
way  for  a  road  through  the  counties  of  Culpeper,  Fauquier, 
Prince  William  and  Fairfax,  to  the  turnpike  road  leading 
to  Alexandria. 

46.  Concerning  the  docks  and  wharves  in  the  Borough  of 
I  orfolk. 

47.  To  r.rm  the  militia  of  certain  towns. 

48.  To  eiilarge  the  town    of  Woodville  in  Culpepper  co, 
40.  Concerning  the  manufacture  of  tobacco. 

50.  -Concerning  the  Bank  of  Alexandria. 

51.  Cv-^nceiT.irg  the  feveral  afts  of  Aflembly,  refpeoTdng 
the  turnpike  roads  from.  Snigger's,  Veilel's,  and  Afhby's 
gaps,  on  the  Blue  Ridge,  to  Alexandria. 

52.  To  amend  the  aiTt,  eiititled,  an  aft  to  reduce  into  one 
the  feveral  afts,  concerning  ftaves,  free  negroes  and  mulat- 
toes,  i", 


\1RGIN1A.  171 

•53.  In  addition  to  the  adl,  entitled,  "  An  aft  to  amend  the 
■^enal  laws  of  this  comm'^nwealth." 

54  For  paving  the  expcnce  of  removing  criminals  from 
the  di{lvi(ft  jails, -to  the  penitentiary  houfe,  and  for  other 
purpcfes. 

■5^..  To  rncreife  the  rates  of  ])ilot2!re  at  certain  places. 

j6.  Direcfling  t^e  allowance  cf  witnelVes  in  ceriain  caies 

57.  To  revive  and  anicud  an  Vi^,  for  opening  a  read 
through  the  counties  of  Berkeley  and   Hainpiliire. 

5S.   leaving  taxes  for  thefup])ort  of  government. 

59.  To  difpofeof  par^  f  f  the  ground  where{;n  the  court-h. 
ilai'ds,  in  the  town  of  C.iaiioctiVille  and  co.  AlHeinarie. 

60.  To  authorlfe  tiie  cour*-  of  Cumberland  county,  to  an- 
point  a  principal  furveyrr  .ner  Wills'  river 

61.  For  paying  the  odRcers  cf  the  General  AlTemblY  for 
tiieir  fervices  the  prcfent  lefTon. 

62.  To  amend  the -iit,  entitled,  "  An  afl  to  revive  and  a- 
mend  the  a(fl,  entitled,  an  a£l  for  improving  th.e  navigation 
of  Appomattox  river,  from  Broadway  to  Pocohonta's  bridge." 

63.  To  a])propriate  the  ])ublic  revenue. 

64^.  To  eltablifha  gur.rd  at  the  city  of  Richmond. 

65  Enabling  Thomas  Mcuntjoy,  to  diicharge  by  inflal- 
me.its,  certain  public  claims  againll  him. 

66  Paying  joieph  Jones,  Wlliam  Cole,  and  William 
Clark,  for  their  fervices  under  the  ?,ci,  entitled,  "  An  aft 
making  com.penfation  for  the  tobacco  deftroyed  by  the  burn- 
ing of  Rob'irt  Boiling's  ware-houfe,  and  for  other  purpofes." 

67  For  appropriating  a  further  fum  of  money  for  complet- 
ing a  waggon  road  from  the  fiate  read  lo  the  rnoudi  of  Little 
K.>nawha.' 

68  To  amend  the  a-fl,  entitled,  "  An  ad  direcflirg  what 
prlfoners  (ball  be  left  to  bail." 

69  To  prevent  the  Execu'ave  from  remiting  fines  on  a-- 
mcrcemcn^;:.. 

70  To  explain  in  patt  an  aft,  entitled,  "An  aft  to  impcfe 
cerrain  taxes  on  law  procehs,  and  for  other  purpofes." 

In  the  Houfe  of  Delegates,  Jan.  2,  Mr.  Venable  reported 
1.  iTi  the  Commiitee  for  Courts  of  Julliee,  that  the  Commit- 
t.:e  had  according  to  order,  had  under  thiir  confideration  a 
)e'.rer  from  the  Governor  with  its  enclofarc,  rclauve  to  the 
prefervation  of  the  ancient  records  of  this  Commonwealth, 
to  tl:e  laid  Committee  referred,  and  had  come  to  the  follow- 
ing refolutions  thereupon : 

Refolved,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Ccmmittee,  that 
the  prefervatioti  of  the  ancient  records  of  this  country,  is 
an  ol.jeft  which  highly  merits  the  attention  of  theLeglilature, 
lince  on  rhem  the  rights  of  property,  the  interelts  of  fociety, 
and  the  means  of  hiitorical  information  eifentially  depend. 
I  2  Re- 


1.-JZ  VIRGINIA. 

BefwIv'fcJ  therefore,  That  an  edi<:icn  oF  all  the  laws  paffeS 
by  the  Legifiature  of  this  counlry,  prior  to  the  year  178*, 
-which  can  now  be  found,  be  printed  at  the  public  expence — 
that  the  Governor  and  George  Wythe,  Efq.  be  requefted  to 
faper  intend  the  colleft'on  and  printing  thereof;  and  that  they 
be  authorifed  to  employ  a  proper  perfon  or  perfons  to  aid  in 
the  completion  of  the  work. 

And  the  faid  refolutions  being  twice  read,  were,  on  the 
queftion  put  thereupon,  agreed  to  by  the  Houfe. 

Ordered,  That  a  bill  he  brought  in  purfuant  to  the  faid  Rc- 
fcluticns,  and  that  the  Committee  for  Courts  of  Juftice  do 
prepare  and  bring  in  the  fame. 

A  Bill  has  pafTed  the  Legiflature  of  Virginia,  to  ircc-rpo- 
rate  a  Company,  for  eftabliiliing  a  turnpike  road  from  the 
mouth  of  lavage  river  or  George's  creek  on  the  Potomack, 
to  the  neareil  v/eHeni  nuvigaticn.  It  is  proj)cfed  that  this 
turnpike  fiiculd  ccmmence  at  the  mouth  of  Savage  river, 
which  is  21  miles  aoove  Fort  Cumberland,  and  about  200 
from  Georgetown.  A  fubfcription  is  to  be  opened  for  50,000 
doila,rs,  in  fijares  of  50  dollars  each.  The  i"ipcrtant  bcnehts 
to  be  derived  from  cairying  this  plan  into  effect,  will  more 
fully  appear  from  the  follovving  preamble  to  the  bill : 

Whereas  it  is  conceived  that  great  advantages  would  ac- 
crue to  the  trade  of  Potomack  and  to  this  Commonwealth 
generally,  by  making  eafy  the  commiaiication  between  the 
head  navigation  of  that  river  and  the  neare fl  v.-eftern  naviga- 
tion, which  v/ould  caufe  the  produce  of  a  la'-ge  extent  of  tbe 
v/eftern  country  to  take  its  ccurfe  into  this  channel,  inftead 
of  going  2,500  miles  partly  thiOligh  the  dominion  of  a  fo- 
reign nation  to  a  m.arket  at  New-Orleans.  And  whereas  it  is 
reprefen^ed  to  this  General  AfieivTbly,  that  tliefe  navigations 
may  be  made  to  communicate  by  a  road  of  abcut  40  mile?, 
and  that  an  afibciation  of  citizens  will  be  v.iliing  to  under- 
take to  make  tbx  road  if  proper  legi fiat ive  encouragement  be 
given  l5y  the  ftates  cf  Virginia  and  Maryland,  through  both 
of  v.hich  the  road  will  have  to  pafs  about  an  equal  dillance, 
kc." 


A  work  has  been  pybliihed  at  Berlin,  j>rof;;fP.ng  10  give  re- 
cret  anecdotes  relative  to  P.ufi:a:  — Among  ether  things  it  i". 
faid,  that  *' r.  adame  LeUrun,  no  lefs  ceieiirated  for  her  af- 
fairs of  gallantry  with  Vandrc;:il  and  '.  alonae  than  for  her 
talents,  intended  to  draw  a  Por:ralt  of  Catherine  II.  after 
her  death.  The  following  advice  was  given  her  up<»u  this 
occafion— let  the  map  of  R-ufHabe  your  canvas,  the  darkneis 
of  ignorance  your  back-ground,  the  fpoils  of  Poland  your 
drapej-y,  human  blood  your  colouring,  your  outline  che  monu- 
nienrs  cf  her  reign,  and  youriharie  the  firl*  fix  moachs  of 
therei^n  of  her  fon." — (See  p.  Lft  of  this  book.) 


VIRGINIA,  173 

Rrci:.\roNE,  Dec.  5.  The  following  gentlemen,  Eleacrs 
of -a  Preiident  and  Vice  Prelident  of  ihe  United  States,  met 
at  the  Capitcl,  in  this  city,  on  Wednefday  lait,  and  gave  a 
unanimous  vote  for  Tho.  jelFeribn  and  Aaron  Burr— vi^. 

TICKET  FOR  I\'r.  JEFFERSON. 
George  Wyfhe,  city  of  Richmond  ; 
Wm.  Kewi'ura,  of  Princels  Anne  ; 
Dan. Coleman,  Caroline — for  Edm. Pendleton,  abfenti 
V/m. H. Cabell,   /) mherft ; 
Jamc3  Madifon,  jun.  Orange  ; 
John  Page,  Gloucefter; 
Tho   Ne.vton,  jun.  Norfolk  ; 

Dr.Shore,  Petersburg — for  C  B.Harrifon,  abfcnt; 
General  jofeph  Jones,  Dinv\'iddie; 
VS^ni.B. Giles,    Amelia  ; 
Creed  Taylor,  Cumberland; 
Tho.  Read,  fen.  Charlotte  ; 
Geo.  Fean,  Pairick ; 
Walter  Jones,  Novthumberlatid ; 
Rich.  Ercnt,  Prince  V/iUiam  ; 
\Vm.  Elzey,  Loudon; 

JohnBov.yer,  Rockbridge — for  And. Moore,   alfent ; 
GenercJ  John  Erowr.,  Hardy; 
General  John  Trefton,  Montg-omery  ; 
Hugh  r  olmes,  Frederick  ; 
Arch.  Stewart,  Auguiia. 

TICI-IET  FOR  Mr.  ADAMS. 


John   Blair,   of  the   e:ty    cf 

W'illiamfburg; 
lohnWiie,  Accomack; 
Gha.  Dabney,   i  an^vur; 
V\^m.  Cabell ;  Amherft  ; 
John  lamifon,   Culpepper; 
Car  Braxton,  K. William  ; 
John  Nevifon,  NrrfoLk ; 
Geo.K.Ta.ylGr,  Pr. George; 
oterl. Edmunds,  Brunswick  ; 
Ber.  Markham,  c  hefterheld ; 


JamesxMcrton,  of  P.Edward; 
Wm. Morton,  Charlotte  ; 
Joel  Lef tvv ich,  Campbcil ; 
Burdet  .-fhton,  K.G'earge; 
Bail.  V/arr.iiig;cn,  Fairfax ; 
John  Bluckv/cU,  Ficuquier  ; 
J.Brackenridge,  Eotf.ourt  ; 
Ifaac  VanniCcCi,  fiardy  ; 
Rob.  Crocket,  V/ythc  ; 
Jof.S.vearingen,  Iserkely; 
/lex.  St.Ciuir,  Auxulta. 


STRAW  PAPER. 
In  England  a  mode  has  been  difcovered  of  manufa<5hirir:g 
paper  from  ^traw.  It  h  of  ftrong  confidence,  and  tixough  it 
retains  the  colour  of  the  material  from  which  it  is  made, 
will  ferve  for  packing  parcels,  printing  hand-bills,  and  I'ucli 
other  ordinary  purpoles.  It  is  hoped  thorefore,  that  this  in- 
vention will  reduce  the  prefent  advanced  price  of  rags  and 
paper,  and  dettroy  9.  monopoly. 

I  3 


174  VIRGINIA. 

The  following  is  the  moil  correft  Return  of  the  Votec  in  the 
diiierent  Counties  which  we  could  procure. 


Ad. 

y^/ 

Ad. 

:?^c^- 

Accomack 

284 

22 

Lee 

2 

33 

Albemarle 

J8 

561 

Louifa 

27' 

440 

Amelia 

— 

243 

Lunenburg 

z6 

243 

Amherll 

IV 

3^3 

Mecklenburg 

109 

ay  a 

AuguiU 

463 

237 

Middlefex 

32 

X18 

Bath 

55 

112 

Monongalia 

iii5 

254 

Bedford 

164 

269 

Montgo-.ncry 

^7 

212 

Berkely 

371 

417 

Mathews 

29 

171 

Botetourt 

96 

144 

Madifcn 

25 

aj8 

Buckingham 

501 

Monroe 

42 

I55« 

Brunswick 

^5 

385 

Nanfemond 

26 

181 

Brooke 

3^ 

220 

T^ew  Kent 

87 

105 

Campbell 

6y 

211 

Norfolk  Ccunty 

30 

241 

Caroline 

6 

369 

Nottoway 

190 

Charlote 

26 

342 

Northampton 

143 

?8 

Charles  City 

5^ 

ITI 

NorthumberlSvi-id 

27 

a:o 

Ciiefteriield 

6 

460 

Ohio 

61 

164 

Cumberland 

11 

2S9 

Orange 

7 

33  7 

Ctilpepper 

ICO 

372 

Pittfyivania 

40 

5^4 

Dinwiddle 

10 

3^3 

Patrick 

— 

130 

Eiizabcch  City 

20 

82 

Powhatan 

2,2 

1S3 

Eifex 

46 

209 

Pr.Edward 

3 

344 

Fairfax 

ai8 

240 

Pr.Gerrge 

9 

197 

Fauquier 

131 

308 

Pr.William 

42 

168 

Fluvanna 

9 

246 

PrincefsAmie 

176 

2C4 

i"  ranliiin 

29 

531 

Pendleton 

106 

m 

Frederick 

211 

527 

F;ichi-aond 

23 

123 

Gloiiceiler 

54 

203 

R.ockbiidge 

164 

219 

Goochlar^d 

8 

a  8 

Rockingliam 

7^ 

534 

(jfeenbrrer 

280 

28 

RuHbl 

_. 

fft 

Greensville 

6 

.:J94 

Pvandolph 

21 

31 

Gray  ion 

— 

117 

SheViando 

41 

710 

Halifax 

^5 

764 

Scuthr-mpton 

94 

214 

Hampfnire 

■2  JO  ' 

180 

Spotf^lvania 

J3 

«77 

Jfardy 

J40 

yo 

StaiiVrd 

9^ 

151 

Hanover 

45 

2Cl 

S;:ny 

6 

184 

Hanr/ 

71 

184 

l^ul-ex 

5 

379 

■  :avrjfi>n 

<ij 

163 

Warv.-ick 

6- 

53 

Henrico 

43 

217 

Wy^he 

ij 

1^3 

U?e  of  Wight 

7.6 

•^54 

WeitrHjreiand 

89 

73 

James  City 

35 

Wood 

Kly.g  Zc  Qiieen 

47 

237 

V/alhirgton 

6 

290 

King  George 

^H 

gi 

Y.)rk 

£4 

77 

King  WiUiam 

80 

J28 

Williamlbnrg 

24 

25 

iCeiiawha 

— , 



Norfolk  Borough 

118 

III 

Lanca,ft9r 

54 

'39 

Richmond  City 

72 

79 

Loudo:^ 

2C;,- 

*Ui 



Total      6,024 


VIRGINIA.  175 

JCtMCUNT  of  Wrirrants  if-ued  for  E:q;ences  incurred  in  car- 
rying into  Effe(ft  the  A£t:s  of  Aflembly  concerning  the  two 
laft  Elertions  of  Prefident  and  Vice-Prefident  of  the  Unit- 
ed Stales. 

Amount  of  Expences  for  comparing  the  Poll  in 
the  year  i7(;6  —  — 

Amount  of  Expence  of  Eleflors  travelling,  he. 

Amount  of  Expence  of  Clerk  16,  Door-keeper  4, 


Ds. 

a. 

399 

63 

299 

90 

20 

0 

Amount  of  Expences  for  printing  circular  Tet- 
ters to  Commiilianers,  &c.  to  fuperintend 
the  ele<2ion  of  Ele<flors  to  chufe  a  Prefident 
and  Vice-Prehclent  in  the  year  1800  — 

Do.  for  printing  commifTusns  for  do.  — 

Do.  for  printing  the  AS.  concerning  the  Ele£lors 
Do.  fur  printing  pnrclamation  to  n.cet  in  Riehmond 
Do.   for  conveying  Csmmiflioiis  to  Cummiffiuners 
Do.  for  conveying  the  returns,  &c.  — 

Do.  for  notifying  the  Eleiflors,  &c.  — 

Do.   fur  attendance  and  travelling  of  Eledlors 
Do.  incurred  in  Glouceller  conducting  the  cleifticn 
Do.  incurred  in  Fairfax  do.  — 

Do.  incurred  in  Vionongalia  do.  — 

Do.   incurred  in  Norfolk  Borough  do.  — 

Do.  incurred  in  ^:onroe  do.  —  — 

Do.  incurred  in  Henrico  do.  —  ^- 

Bo.  incurrea  in  Rockbridge  do.         —  — 

Lo.  Lynchburg  news-draper  for  publifhing  the  Names 
of  the  Eiejflors  —  —  . 


719     53' 


8 

8 

20 

d  2 

50 

433 

66 

717 

6i 

179 

98 

i74 

3^ 

8 

50 

^9 

75 

6 

34 

5 

58 

6 

5 

39 

8 

;3 

i5 

3 

75 

1707 

63 

—  r 

,485 

1790 — Number  of  inhabitants  in  Frederic kfLurg 

By  the  la'.e  Cenfus  of  the  State  of  PennfvKania  wclearn, 
that  the  city  of  Philadelphia  has  decreafed  about  500  Tux- 
tUi.'es  fiace  the  year  17^3.  T»  tal  Taxaiies  \\\  the  whole  ftave 
iTi,6i2,  being  an  iacreafe  in  7  years  of  20,462.  —  New 
Goundcc  ereded  in  that  time  14. 

M.  Achard,  the  Pruilian  chcm'ft,  l:as  at  ]ength  brought  his 
difcoveries,  in  the  article  cf  fugar  from  vegetables,  to  fuch 
nerfeAiDn,  that  he  is  enabled  to  vend  it  at  fix  fous  per  lb. 

The  largefl  Ox  ever  feen  in  America  was  railed  in  Morris 
county,  iTevvJerfey,  and  was  lately  exhibited  as  a  fhow  in 
Philadelphia.  It  meafured  17  feet  3  inche;;  from  the  nofe  to 
the  tail,  exclufive  of  the  brufii ;  6  feet  3  inches  high,  and  the 
girth  9  feet  4  inches.  It  weighed  2996  lbs.  being  larger  than 
the  famous  Blackwell  Cx,  at  Dartmouth,  the  largeft  Ox  ever 
feen  in  England.  I  4 


176  VIRGINIA. 

CITY  OF  RICHMOND. 
James  M'Clurg,  ^  ayor — Geo.  Niche If'on,  R.ecorder~John^ 
Burnet,  Wm.  Richardfon,  John  FoUer,  llcb.  Pollard,  Geo. 
Picket,  Sam.rsjyers,  x-^.ldermcn  — '■  Rob.  Mitchell,  Geo.W. 
Smith,  Wm.Marihall,  Jacob  Cohen,  David  Halloway,  Js. 
Brown,  JohnD. Blair,  Edw.Carrington,  Crmmcn  Coiuicil- 
men  —  Adam  Craig,  Clerk  ~  Ji,.  Whillelav/,  Serj-eant—- 
Kier,  High  Ccnftable. 

CENSUS  of  ihe  City  of  RICHMOND. 
Cenfus  of  tie  Year  1790,  —  —  3»7^i 

iSco— White  IV ales  under  10  years      351 

of  10  and  under  16  —     174 

of  16  and  under  26  —     512 

— '■ —  of  26  and  under  45  —     440 

— —  ef  45  and  upv/ards  —  150 — 1627 

White  Females  under  10  —  337 

'— —  cf  10  a.nd  under  id  —  154 

of  16  and  under  z6  —  337 

of  26  and  under  ^15  —  :-.79 

•  of  45  and  u]7\vards  —     103— 12 id 

Total  of  White  People  of  both  Sexes  2&37 

of  Free  People  of  Colour         607 

— —  of  Uaves  —  2203-^2900 

Total  Inhabitants,  except  a  few  Indians,  ~         5.737 

Increafe  —  —  ^>91^ 


ift,z' 


TGEACCO  iirfpeaed  at  Richm.cnd  in  the  Year 

CRding  if':  Cft.  2799,                   —  — 

Do.  in  the  Year  efidii^g  0£k.  jtoo,  — 

At  Byrd'?                —                 — ^  15^3 
Do.  received  from  upper  Infpecis.   1175 

Do.  fhip'd             —             —  1460—4178 

At  Shcckce               —                 —^  36O 

Do.  received  from  upper  Inlps.  5000 

Do.  fhip'd            —             —  5600—10968 

At  Rockets             —                 —  3414 

Do.  received  trom  upper  Infps.  744 

Do- fnip'd           —             —  1172 — 3330 

Total  Hhds.  —                  18,476- 

FLOUR  Infpefted  for  the  Year  ending  31ft  /  ug. 

1799,  —  Total' BIe.  —  76'754. 

}3o.  for  the  Year  ending  do.  i8od  —  63,672,- 

Amount  cf  Toll  received  in  the  Year  1800 

at  James  River  Canal,  —  Z'-S/Si  i^     4 

Do.  in  the  Year  1799,  —  -—  42^3     4  io 

C'an?*l  Company: Dr.Fmifl-.ee,  Frefident;  Geo.  Pickett, 

Edw.  Carrington,  Rob.  Gamble,  jas.  Brown,    Diredlors— 

Rob.  Pollaid,  Secretary,  Treafurer,  and  Clerk. 


VIRGINIA. 

TOBACCO  iiifpeaed  at  Manchester   in  i8co. 
At  Mancheiler  Ware-hoafe  19^9 

Johnfon's  —  1816 

Trent's  —  1 2o:i 

FLOUR  inipeaed  at  Mancheiler  in  1799, 
JJo.  Do.  i3oc, 


Bis. 


177 


4.9^7 
8,^78 
9'j99 


LIST  of  the  praaifing-  Coui.cil  in 
Chancery,  Virgin!; 
Philip  Narbone  Nicholas,  Efq.  At 


the  Hicrh  Court  cf 


torney  General. 

Wni.  Pope,  Geo.  K.  Taylor, 

W.  W.  Hennmg,  David  Robertlcn, 

Tho.  P^.  Rootes,  John  i\  inor, 

Geo.  W.  Smith,  James  PlcaiV.nts, 

Alex.  M'Rae,  Cha.  F.  Bates, 

Arch.  Campbell,  Hugh  Holmes, 

James  Rind,  Rich.  Gregory, 

Fra. T.Brooke,  John  F.evenham, 

Auftin  D   Leake,  Edm.Jen.Lee, 

Nath.  Pope,  Benj.  Botts, 

John  Heath,  Wm.  Wirt. 
Bennet  Taylor, 

LIST  of  LAWYERb*\vho  have  qualified  in  the  Court  of 
Appeals. 

Dan.  Call,  Philip  Dodridge  o 

Wm.C. Williams,  Geo. K.Taylor, 

Cha.  Copeland,  Geo.  Hay, 

Henry  Banks,  Alex, Stewart  o 

W.W.Henning,  David  Robinfon, 

Geo.  W.  Smith,  Edm  J;  Lee, 

John  Heath,  Fra   T.  Brooke, 

Sam.M'Craw,  Cha   F.  Bates, 

Ben.  Taylor,  Nath.  Pope,  jun. 

Benj. Botts,  Wm.  Wirt. 
PN.  Nicholas, 

Thofe  marked  thus  o  do  not  at  prefent  praftice  in  either 

the  Court  of  Appeals  or  the  High  Court  of  Chance  ry. 


Edm.  Randolph, 
John  Marfhall, 
John  Wardea, 
Wm.  Duval, 
Thomas  Nelfon, 
Charles  Copeland 
Wm.C. Williams, 
John  Wickham, 
Dan.  Cajl, 
Sam.  M'Cravsr, 
George  Kay, 
Henry  Banks, 


Edm.  Randolph, 
John  Taylor  o 
Bart.  Williams  o 
John  Marlliall, 
John  F.  Mercer  o 
Cha.  Lee  o 
Wm.  Short  o    . 
Wm.  Duval, 
Tho  Nelfon,  jun. 
Jamts  I- on  roe  o 
John  W^ickham, 


Expence  of  the  Manufadory  of  Arms  from  hs 

commencement  to  Dec.  1800,  Dols. 

Do.  Penitentiary  Houfe,  «•  — 


58,300 
92,000 


DOLLARS  AND  CENTS. 
The  ^''erchants  and  Brokers  of  Philadelphia  have  very 
pi-operly  declaied,  that  they  know  no  money  in  theie  States 
but  Dollars  and  Cents  ;  there  are  no  fuch  coins  here  as  pounds 
fliillings,  and  pence  ;  and  that  in  future  tliey  will  buy  and 
fell  only  in  the  legal  money  of  tlie  country— Indeed  it  is  very 
ilrange,  that  the  people  long  before  have  not  unanimonfly  a- 
dopted  the  calculation  of  American  monies  by  a  mode  fo  very 
dear,  fimplc,  and  demonftrative. 


178  VIRGINIA. 

The  following  Articles  have  been  cleared  at  the  Port  of 
Richmond  for  difTerent  Ports  of  the  United  States  (ex- 
clufive  cf  thofe  within  the  State  of  Virginia)  ;  the  moft 
confiderable  Quantities  for  Bofton,  New  York,  and  Phila. 

Tear     I       ^^^^^"  *  I     ^"■^^■^^'^'     \     ^i-^ds.     I        Bis.       1    Bushels 
■       Md.  Tab.         V/beat        Tcbazco  Flour      \     Ccal 


^19^     I      2313 
1799  i'S8 


a-iiSo     I     610     j     38816    I    248142 
7226       3467         27698      264733 


i3co    J     4110  3795       I    6798       j      27433     i    311989 

*  The  Kegs  weigh  on  an  average  150  wt. 
This  ftatement  does  not  include   all   the  prcdiice  that   has 
been  (hipped  from  Richmond  during  the  lail  three  years,  as 
before  the  divifion  of  the  Diftricft  cf  Bermuda  Hundred  and 
City  Point,  vefiels  frequently  cleared  at  City  Point  with  ar- 
ticles taken  on  beard  ut  Richmond ;  and  as  the  laws  do  not 
compel  veffeis  w'th  articles  of  the  above  defcription  and  d^t^- 
lined  for  Korfclic,  to  clear  at  Richmond,  c&iirec[uently  many 
vefTels   have  lardtd   fuch  articles  at  Norfolk,  from   v/hevice 
they  Lave  been  afterwards  flapped  to  the  Northern  ports, 
'^uftom-hciiie  —  James  Gibbon,  Ei<i.  Colledcr. 
James  Rowland,  Purveyor. 


CENSUS  of  the  Town  of  ALEXANDRIA. 
Jenfus  of  the  Year  1790,  —  —  2,748 

1800 — White  Males  under  10  years      —     590 
-* —  of  10  and  undtr  16  —     246 

— : of  16  ar.d  under  26  —     41  5 

of  a6  and  under  45  —     4^<^ 

of  45  ar.d  up^^■ards  —     I92 — 193a 

White  Females  under     10  —     551 

of  10  and  under  16  —     255 

of  16  and  under  26  —     406 

of  26  and  under  45  —     424 

of  45  and  upwards  —     162 — 1798 

'J'otal  of  V/hi  e  JP erp'.o  of  both  Sexes  3730 

of  free  Mulattces  and  Negroes  365 

of  Slaves  —  ■         —         905  —  1270 

Total  Inhabitants  —  5,000 

increafe         —         —         ^,252 


A  late  Paris  Paper  informs  us,  "  That  the  Chief  Conful 
has  ordered  the  I\:'iniller  of  the  Interior  Department  to  ereft, 
in  the  great  gallery  of  the  Thuillcries,  the  Itatues  of  Demof- 
thenes,  Alexander,  t  annibal,  Scipio,  Csfar,  Cicero,  Bry- 
t^is,  Ca*o,  Alfred,  Gullavus  Adrlphus,  Turenne,  Ccnde, 
Marlborough,  Eugene,  Fredt-rick,  Ftaiiklin,  Waihi/ipto?:,  Ju- 
bert,  Deflaix,&c." — We  will:  to  know  where  is  the  iimilarity 
of  charaaer  between  Alexander  and  Ca;far,  and  Franklin 
and  WafhJngton  ? — 


FREE     MASONRY. 


19 


NAMES  cf  the  OFFICERS  of  the   GRAND   LODGE 
.    of  VIRGINIA. 
The  Moft  Worfhipful  Wm.  Austin,  Grand  Matter ; 

Right  Worfhipful  Alex.  M'Hae,  Dep.  Grand*Mafter; 
Worflupful  PhmpR. Thompson,  Sen.  G.  Warden; 
WorfliipM  ^ames  Byrne,  Jun.  G.  Warden  ; 

W.  H.  Fitzi!cbylsonn,  G.  becretary ; 
Jos.  Danmtadt,  G.  Treafurer ; 
Bkh.  B.  Cck)de,  Sen.  G.  Deacon ; 
EldriJge  Harris,  Jun.  G.  Deacon ; 
Mattb.  Moody,  ?  ^    ^ 
Wm.Bavidson,  S  ^-  Stewards, 
And.  Smith,  G.  Purfuivant ; 
Wm.  Mann,  G.  Tyler. 
The  Grand  Lodge  meets  on  the  2d  Monday  in  December 
in  eveTy  year,  at  the  ^:afon's  Kail  in  the  City  of  Richmond. 


LIST  of  the  Lodges  under  the  Jurlfdi 
Lodge  of  Virginia — A.L 
N'o.     Najue  Where  held. 

\    Norfolk,      ^        BojTOiigh  of  Norfolk, 


KilH.\:inrdngCross,? .Koy-sA,  CarolineCo 
Blaniifc    '  "' 


4  Fredericjbsburg, 

5  Si.7aminy, 

6a  Williamsburg, 

7  Botetourt, 

8  Cabin  Folnty 

9  Tork, 

10  JRichmond, 

1 1  Northampton, 

12  HempsniUle, 

13  Staunton, 

14  Manchester, 

15  Peitrshurg, 

16  Wisdom, 

17  Charlotte, 


Blandford,  near  Pg. 

Frederickfljiirg, 

(Suspended) 

City  of  Williamsb. 

Glouceiler  County, 

(Susp.) 

(Susp.) 

City  of  Richmond, 

Northampton  Co. 

Princcfs  Anne  Co. 

AuguRa  Co. 

Cheller£eld  Co. 

Petersburg. 

Pcrtfrnouth, 

Charlotte  Co. 


(Sion  of  the  Gkand 
5801. 

Time  of  Meeting. 
iflThurfday. 

3d  Wednefday  gen, 
ill  Friday. 


3d  Saturday. 


2d  Tuefday. 

ill  Friday. 
Lall  Thurfday. 
3d  Tuefday. 
4th  Thurfday. 
ill  Monday. 
4th  Friday. 


18 

19 
20 
21 

'^3 

24 

25 
26 

-7 
28 

29 

30 
31 
3^ 
33 
34 
35 
3''> 
37 
38 

39 

40 

41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 

4:7 
48 

49 
50 
51 
5^ 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 

59 
60 
61 


FREE    i^IASON^RY. 


Simth/eldU.uon,me  of  Wight  Co. 
Ricbmondllciid.  City  of  Richmond, 


Scotsville, 
Baltijr.ofc, 

DiniAddie, 
Pitts,  Ivaiiia, 
Lexington, 
Washington, 


(ExTiNc  r ) 
(S-jsi'.) 
Alexaiidria, 
Diiuviddie  Co. 
Pittrlylvania  Co. 
Kentucky, 
„      ,        Eotetourt  Co. 

Rociin^bamUn.  Rockinghani  Co. 

Cumbsrlmid,        (Susp.) 


Ill  Tliurfdav. 
lil  Wednefday. 

[^' on  Jay. 
Thurfday  after  3d 

2d  Friday. 
2d  Monday. 

3d  Thurfday* 


Solomon^  s 

Columbia 

Geojgif^ 

Warren, 

Benesiclcnt, 

Paris, 

St  Jobn\ 

Hicks' s  Ford, 

BucLingbam  Un 

Marshall, 

Stephensburg, 

Lebanon, 

Bath  Union, 

Fairfax 


Nanfemond  Co. 

Fluvanna  Co. 

Amherft  Co. 

Albemarle  Co, 

Southampton  Co. 

B  ourbonC  o .  Kent  ucky 

City  of  Kichmoiid, 

Greensville  Co. 

Buckingham  Co. 

Lynchburg  Town, 

Culpepper  Co. 

Goochland  Co. 

Bath  Springs, 
,    „  Culpepper  Co. 

Boortop-ijtiie,  Charlottesville, 
Aberdeen.  Campbell  Co. 

Scot  Co.  Kentucky, 

Alexandria, 


Georgetown, 

Broche, 

Abingdon, 

Greenbrier, 

Dumji'ies', 

Paines'ville 

Bruns^'Xich, 

Cbuckatiick, 

yenisalem, 

Fraternal, 

Napbtali, 


Greenbrier  Co. 

Pr. William  Co. 

Amelia  Co. 

Brunfwick  Co. 

Nanfemond  Co. 

City  of  Richmond, 

M' vthe  County, 

Nrrfolk  Town, 
Frankfort  Hiram  ,Frankfort,  Kentucky 
Bay,  Louifa  Co. 

Hiram,  V*  eftmoi-elartd  Co. 

Widov)  Sons,       Milton,  Albem.Co. 
Chester,  FrontRoyal,  Fred.  Co. 


2d  Saturday. 
4th  Saturday. 
rH  Saturday. 
3d  Monday. 

I  ft  Saturday. 

Wed.  before  4thTh; 

Sat.  before  2d  Mon. 

Wed.  before  iftTh. 

3d  Saturday. 

2d  Thurfday. 

2d  Thurfday. 

I  ft  Friday. 

Laft  Saturday. 

2d  Monday. 

Tuef.  after  4thMon. 

I  ft  Thurfday. 

3d  Tuefday. 

^  on . before  Ift'.Tuell 

Wed.  after  rft  Mpb^ 

2d  Friday. 

2d  Friday. 

2d  Thurfday. 

3d  Tuefday. 

2d  Tuefday  generally 

ift  Tuefday. 


4th  Monday. 
2d  Saturday. 
2d  Friday. 


A  perfon  who  is  in  the  habit  of  taking  notke  of  News- 
paper accounts,  fays,  that  in  the  laft  fix  raontht  there  havft 
been  21  duels,  in  which  fix  have  been  killed,  and  eleveft 
wouiided. 


NORFOLK.  i«i 

Corporatio:n  o?  Noi^fclC. 

Seth  F(;fior,  EL'a.  Wayor— Tho.Newtcm,  R.ecoi-rltir— 8   Alder- 
men— 16  Coniraon  Councilmen — Wm.  Shaip,  Ckrk. 
CusTOM-HcvSi:,  Nor^roLK. 

Vi'm.Davis,  £fq.  Cdle^lor— Phil.  Gatev/ocd,  Nav;il  OEIccr— 
Ccpe.Parker,  Surveyor — Ldw.  Archer,  Weigher  r.jtd  Guag- 
er — Bay. Hill,  ^eariirer — 1 1  ill. Moiely,  J.George,  —  Saun- 
ders, J.  r. Smith,  C  deKiauman,  InfpeiTror.s — J.LeiCngv.eil, 
Do.  at  Pcrtfniouth — ^J. Rogers,  Do.  at  Gclporc. 

Directors  of  the  Branch  Bank,  Norfolk. 

Rob.  Taybr,  Efq.  Prefident ;  ?  ofes  >:yers,  Win,  Pennock, 
John  Granbei'y,  John  Co\vi)er,  LukeWheeler,  \V.  AHJey, 
Conway  Whittle,  Alex.  M'Cluve  of  Norfolk;,  Kich.Elow  of 
Portfmouth  ;  James  Young  of  Gofport;  John  Hopkins  and 
Rob.Pollard  of  Richmond,  Direflors— Cha.  Reafliav/,  Ca- 
fhier — Wm. Finnic,  out-door  Clerk. 

Notaries  PubHc,  John  Morrifon,  Rob.  B.  Taylor,  and  Tho. 
Newton,  ju:i. 

Norfolk,  in  the  year  1790,  contained  orily  2959  inhabi- 
tants; at  prefent,  tve  are  aiTured,  its  population  is  above 
8000  ;  a  very  rapid  increafe  indeed,  but  not  more  than  might 
be  expedled  from  a  ])ktce  fo  advantageoufly  lituated  for  both 
foreign  and  domeflic  commerce. — On  this  occafion,  we  muft 
refort  to  a  late  publication,  the  Duke  de  Liancourt's  Travels 
in  America  in  the  years  1705,  96,  and  97,  wherein  his  Grace 
gives  an  account  of  the  to\vn  and  trade  of  Norfolk. 

The  Duke  gives  the  following  partial  ftatement  of  tie  ex» 
ports  of  Norfolk,  which  wc  copy  verbatim:  — 

QUANTITIES. 

1791     I       1792    I      1703     I       1794  I      1795 

Bals.  Flour      35,071  |     45,909  |.    52,836  |    78,981  \    66, ^2^ 

BlG.In.Corn  341,9^4     2a6,334  |.  258,735  |  211,313     442,075 

Cs.N.Stores    29,376  \    4^,665  I    26,753  |    23,286  j    14,704 

VALUE. 


Flour,  dols.  191,63') 
IndianCorn  120,733 
Naval  Stores    52,333 


24^=357 

104.977 

62,6 ',1: 


296,415  1  43(5,352  \  629,384 

154,264  I  105,601     172,499^ 

45,0141    45»504  I    33»iii 


i-^rjS — ^Veflels  from  foreign  Ports  entei-'d  at  Norfolk  *  262 

j'j(^^ — Do.  Do.  Do.  326 

i8oo — Do.  Do.  Do.  356 

Coafters  cleared  out  at  Norfolk  in  iSoo         —  738 

CTie  aitide  marked  tbit^  *  iue  recei'ved  from  a  very  oblighig 
Correspondent,  fro7n  ivbom,  on  ajtother  occasion,  ive  sbct^l  i)c  glad 
'to  receive  a  n'^uiar  account  of  the  trade  of  Norfolk Jrom  the  com- 
mence nient  of  t.'jc  Federal  Government  J  ; 


i«i  NORFOLK. 

"  Thus  we  fee  (fays  the  Duke)  that  a  bitrrel  cf  flour, 
whofe  medium  v^lue  in  1791  was  5  dollars  55  cents — ini7^3, 

5  drs.  3  cts. — 1m  1793,  5  drs.  15  cts. — in  1794.  5  drs.  56  cts. 
roi'e,  in  1795,  to  9  drs.  35  cts.  —  r.nd  that  Indian  Corn,  an 
article  but  of  fecondary  deniaiid,  v/as  at  37  cents  the-bvifliei 
]n  1791,  at  54  in  1792,  at  61  in  1793,  at  51  in  i7(,4,  and  at 

06  in  1795. 

*'  The  ^xportaticns  from  Norfolk  amounted,  in  the  year 
1791,  to  1,028,789  dollars — 101792,  to  1,147,414 — in  1793, 
to  1,045,525 — in  1794,  to  1,687,104 — in  1795,  to  1,934,827 
— and  already  to  i,o88-,i05  dcllurs  for  the  firil  quarter  of  1796 
When  we  ccnfider  the  increafe  of  the  exports  for  feme 
years  back,  ,we  mull  recoUeJl  that  the  difference  is  much 
more  conliderable  in  the  value  than  in  the  quantity.  The 
necelfitics  of  Europe  have  more  thari  doubled  the  price  ;  and 
altho'  it  be  certairJy  a  fact  that  the  clearing  cf  new  grounds 
augments  the  quantity  of  produce,  that  augmentation  bears 
no  prcporatiou  to  the  difference  of  value  piefented  by  the 
tables  for  three  years  back  fent  in  frcm  the  diSerent  Cuilom- 
houfes." 

The  Duke,  after  giving  a  curious  account  of  his  unplea- 
fant  voyage  from  Charleftcwn  in  a  fniall,  encumber'd  veirtli, 
proceeds  to  defcribe  Norfolk,  &,c. — 

•'  Norfolk  is  built  on  Elizabeth-River,  at  nine  miles  frcm 
the  fpot  where  it  difcharges  its  waters  into  the  bay.  In  the 
i.itervcning  fpace  there  are  fewhoufes,  and  thcfe  few  aimolt 
2.1]  preient  a  wretched  apjeararice.  An  aimolt  ur.iiiterrupted 
fucceiEcn  cf  pines  are  tlie  only  objeft  Vv-hich  meets  the  voy- 
agers  eye.  Crar.ey  Illand  lies  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the 
river  at  a  (hort  dlAance  above  its  n;cuth.  Two  points  of 
land,  which  rpproach  within  a  quarter  oF  a  mile  of  each  c- 
ther  in  front  tf  !. 01  folk,  are  flrengtheiied  wiih  forts  whicli. 
tre  capable  of  fiiccefsfuUy  defending  the  entrance.  That  on 
the  Norfolk  fide  is  in  better  condition  than  the  ether,  which, 
hov/ever,  might  be  fpeedily  repaired,  at  no  great  expence. 

"Portfmouth,  a  linall  aflemblage  cf  houfes  on  the  opDoCtie 
f.de  of  the  river,  did  not  ihare  in  the  conflagration  cf  Nor- 
folk. From  its  fituation  it  feem.ed  entitled  to  expe<S  all  the 
commerce  of  Elizabeth-Kiver :  at  its  quays  the  greateft 
depth  cf  water  is  found:  at  the  higheli  tides,  it  is  there  12 
feet  deep,  whereas  it  is  only  6  at  Norfolk;  the  pump-wafer 
at  the  former  place  is  net  brackilh,  a»  at  the  latter;  the  foil 
on  which  the  town  is  built  is  more  dry,  and  the  air  more 
falubrious.  But,  ac  the  conalufion  of  the  peace,  the  inhab- 
itants incenfcd  againft  the  Englifh,  refiifed  to  admit  any 
merchant  of  that  nation,  or  any  new-comei  whole  political 
principles  were  liable  to  fufpicion.  To  this  rancorous  difpo- 
lition  was  attributed  a  political  motive  of  a  leis  generous 
kind — an  apprehtinhon  on  the  part   cf  the  American   m.er- 

chants 


NORFOLS:.  .^183 

^hants  who  had  remained  at  Fortfmoiith,  left  the  new  traders 
who  came  to  fettle  among  them,  fhould,  by  the  advantage  of 
bringing  in  greater  cai)itals  than  they  themfelves  poiVeiied, 
be  enabled  to  outdo  them  in  the  line  of  commerce. 

";  'owever  this  m:\)  be,  th^  coniequences  has  been,  that  the 
inhabitants  have  removed  to  the  oppoiite  fide ;  that  Norfolk 
has  been  rebuilt,  aad  that  its  trade  is  twenty  times  more 
confiderable  than  that  of  Portfmouth ;  nay.the  fev/  merchants 
who  ftill  refide  in  the  latter  town,  purchafe  at  Norfolk  almolt 
E.I1  the  articles  that  conilitme  their  cargoes,  and  fonic  of 
them  even  have  their  compting-houfes  there. 

"  At  the  clofe  of  the  year  1783,  there  were  not  12  houfes 
rebuilt  in  Norfolk;  at  prefent  (1796)  there  are  between  7  and 
800.  It  is  one  of  the  uglieft,  moft  irregular,  and  moft  iilthy 
towns  that  can  auy  where  be  found.  The  houfes  are  low 
and  unfighdy,  almofl  all  conflrafled  of  wood,  and  ereiTted 
without  any  attention  to  regularity  ;  not  ao  «>f  them  arc  built 
with  brick.  The  llreets  ar«  unpaved  ;  the  town  h  furroun- 
ded  by  fvvamps  ;  the  naitinefs  and  ftencii  which  prevail  are 
exceluvc,  and  add  to  the  natural  infalubrity  of  tiic  fiuiation, 
and  of  the  climate,  which  is  extremely  hot. 

"  Frpm  thefe  concurrent  fources  of  unheahhinefs,  it  re- 
falts,  that  difeaies  are  liabitual  at  Norfolk  in  f.mimer  and 
autumn,  and  tliat  malignant  ej)idemics  are  frequent.  Laft 
year  the  Yellov/  Fever  is  faid  to  have  carried  oiT  500  perfons 
from  a  popula;iou  of  4000;  300  died  at  the  time  liie  dif- 
tcmpcr  prevailed,  the  others  fell  victims  to  its  coniejiience.s, 
— The  inhabitants  of  Xorf/lk,  even  thofc  among  them  who 
arc  the  moft  opulent,  fancy  that  the  ufe  of  wine  and  ftront- 
liquors  furnifnes  theci  with  a  prefervative  a?ainft  the  infa- 
lubrity of  the  climate,  and  they  make  a  li'jeral  ufe  of  the 
remedy. —  Previous  to  the  war,  Norfolk  is  faid  to  have  con- 
tained 8&C0  inhabitants. 

"  Norfolk  carries  on  a  confiderable  trade  with  Europ'-, 
the  Anrilles,  and  the  northern  States.  Her  exports  are  rtour] 
Avheat,  Indian  corn,  timber  of  every  kind,  particularly 
planks,  ftaves,  and  fningles,  fait  meat  and  tifh,  iron,  lead, 
tlax-feed,  tobacco,  tar,  turpentine,  and  hemp.  AW  thefe  ar- 
ticles are  the  produce  of  Virginia,  or  of  North  Carolina, 
which  latter  State,  having  no  fea-ports,  or  none  that  are 
good,  makes  her  exportatioas  chiefly  thro'  thofe  of  Virginia. 

"  Norfolk  is  the  only  port  for  the  foutliern  part  of  this 
extenfive  State  ;  for,  as  no  vefiels  above  120  tons  can  go  up 
to  Peterft>urg  or  Richmond*,  the  produce  of  the  back  conntrs', 
which  is  brought  to  thofe  places  by  land,  is  for  the  moft  part 

fent 

*  Here  the  noble  Duke  has  been  miftnformcd — Any  vef- 
ftil  drawing  lef;  than  17  feet  water  may  come  up  JamesRiver 
to  City  Point,  the  delivering-place  for  Petersburg;  and  theri 
is  12  feet  water  at  Rockets,  the  Undiag-place  for  Richmoiid. 


i84  NOtlFOLK. 

fent  clo\V-!i  in  lighters  to  Norfolk,  from  whence  it  is  ex- 
ported. Tlius,  this  port  alraoil  fmgly  carries  on  all  the 
commence  ci  that  part  of  Virginia  v/hich  lies  fouth  of  the 
Rappahannock,  and  of  North  Carolina  far  beyond  the 
Roanoke. 

"  Ten  years  ago,  Norfolk  cov-ld  not  reckon  ten  large  vef- 
fels  of  her  own  ;  whereas  at  prefent  (lie  pofic^lfes  fifty  of  that 
defcription,  exclufive  of  fifty  others  of  fmaller  fize  employ- 
ed in  the  Weft  India  trade.  Under  the  name  Norfolk,  are 
to  be  underilood  Norfolk  and  Fcrtfraouth,  as  they  conftitute 
hue  one  jjort  of  entry,  and  are  both  fubjecfl  to  the  fame 
Cuftom-houfe.  —  The  prefent  tonnage  of  Norfolk  is  15,567 
tons,  exclulive  of  the  vef^els  employed  in  the  coafling  trade. 

*'  The  exportation  of  Tobacco  from  Norfolk  has,  by  the 
diminwtion  of  the  culture  of  that  article  in  Virginia,  been 
rtKluced  above  one  third  within  the  lail  five  years.  In  1793, 
it  amounted  to  15,000  hhds.  —  in  1794,  to  11,054 — and,  in 
^795>  *^°  9>9^^  hhds.  I  have  net  been  able  to  procure  an 
accurate  f^atement  of  the  quantities  in  1791  and  92." 

(At  prefent  we  m.ufl  conclude  our  extracts  from  this  work. 
It  is  not  written  in  tliat  lively,  vivacious  flyle  which  gene- 
rally diftinguifh  French,  authors,  but  this  may  be  ov/ing  to 
the  Tranflator ;  and,  as  may  expeded,  the  Duke  fometimes 
writes  with  the  partiality  of  a  Frenchman,  particularly  when  • 
he  fi:)eaks  of  England  or  Englife  men.  —  Upon  the  whole, 
how^ever,  we  recommend  this  Book  to  the  perufal  of  all 
Americans,  and  among  them  the  good  people  of  Virginia  ; 
it  contains  many  articles  worthy  of  their  moll  ferious  atten- 
tion.— Do  Vv'C  willi  to  hiow  onrsehes,  will  we  con iult  only 
thofe  who  are  partial  to  us  ?  —  If  we  defire  to  have  a  right 
knowledge  of  our  own  characlers,  and  to  know  what  really 
are  our  faults  and  imperfedions,  let  us  confult  llrangers  and. 
tiiofe  vrho  are  not  partial  to  us — it  is  fometimes  even  necef- 
fary  to  liRen  to  the  remarks  of  our  enemies.  —  We  do  not 
mean  to  intimate,  that  the  Due  de  I..iancourt  is  an  enemy  to 
America;  on  the  contrary,  he  fpeaks  with  eileem  and  grati- 
tude yf  the  hofpitable  reception  which  he  received  in  almoil 
every  part  of  the  Union.) 

The  Perpetual  Motion. 
In  the  gaol  of  Gofhen,  in  N.  York,  two  men  are  confined 
on  fufpicion  of  counterfeiting  hard  dollars.  During  their 
imprifonment.withoat  any  ether  inilrument  thaii  a  pen-knife, 
they  have  fabricated  a  machine  of  cedar  wood  which  difco- 
vers  the  Perpetual  Motion.  The  machine  confifts  of  about  36 
cog  and  fpur  v,heels,  cf  various  dimenlions,  and  is  let  in 
motion  by  weights.  It  can  be  adapted  to  a  clock,  faw-mill, 
jrrifl-min,  or  any  other  piece  cf  machinery  that  moves  by 
Vv'cights,  water,  cr  windj  and  Avill  continue  them  in  motion 
fo  long  as  the  machinery  will  lail. 


KORTH     CAROLINA.  185 

State  of  North  Carolina^ 
Governor,  his  Excellency  Benjamin  Williams; 
Secretary  of  State,  Wm.  White  ; 
Private  Secretary  to  the  Governor,  J.W.Grifon; 

Trealurer,  J.ohn  i-'aywoodj ompcroller,  johr.  Crave.i. 

Councilors  to  the  Governor,  John  i-iinton,   Br) an  V/hitKeld, 

Reu.  Wood,  jas.  Giilelpie,  Law. Smith,   Jofeph  J.  Aillon, 

Rob.  Burton. 
Judges  of  the  Superior  Courts,   John  L.  Taylor,  Spr.  Macay, 

Sam.  Johmlon,  John  Hall. 
Attorney  General  BlakeBa-ker — Solicitor  Gcr\.  Ed.Jones, 
Oiiictrs  of  the  United  States  for  North  Carolina. 
John  Sitgreaves,  judge  — Benj.  V/ocds,  Attorwey — J.S.Wcfi-, 

Iviarfhal— Wm.Polk,   Surveyor  of  the  Revenue — Sherwood 

haywood,  Commiffioner  of  Loans. 

Officers  for  the  Colle<ftion  of  the   iutern&l  Revenue. 
V/m.Polk,  Supervifar — Tho.  Averton,    Infpe<ftor  of  Survey, 

No.  T. — Hardy  Murfree,  do.  No. 2. — Wni.  Polk,   No.  3. — 

JohnWhitaker,  N0.4  — Dan.M'Kinack,  No. 5. 

Oir.cers  for  the  Cwliedion  of  the  exterral  Revenue. 
Oris.  JohvirvI'Ree,  ColieiW  of  the  Dlilrid  of  "Vvihning^on — 

Fra.  Hawkes,  do.    Newbern— ^Vni.  K.eas,  do.  V.  afhington 

— Sam.Tredvveil,  do.  Edenton — En. Sawyer,  do.  Cajr.din. 

iV   EMBERS    of    Co;.GaE.EE. 

Senators,  JefTe Franklin,  David  Sloiie. 

Keprefentaiives,  Arch.Henuerfon,  Wm.B. Grove,  N.Macon, 

Rob.  Williams,  Wn*.K.:-.iLl,  John  vV.  Stanley,  atan- 

foid,  Willis  Ahlon,  janiis  iic'Uaud,  David  Scone  — (elet^ed 

Senator,  no  elec\ion  ftnce.) 
Major  Generals  o£  A  jiitia,  The  Bracon,  Wm. Lenoir,  Rob. 

S.-nith,  Stephen  W.  Caj-ney,  Reading  Blount. 
Brigadiers,  James  «  ilier,  Rcb  Irwin,  joret)h   v  'Bowel,  John 

*;amiiton,  Benj.  Smith,.  John  Willis,  ba.n.  Benton,  jofeph 

Keddick,  V/m.V*'iIliams. 

A  Court  of  Conference  is  held  at  the  city  ef  Raleigh  by 
tlie  judges  cf  the  Superior  Courts,  in  order  to  fettle  queilions 
of  Law  or  Equity  wl  «  h  have  occurred  in  the  Circuit,  on 
the  loth  01  Jansary  ana  ioih  cf  June  in  every  year. — Dun. 
Cameron,   lidlfborcugh,  Clerk. 

Tiiere  tv/o  new  Counties  erefted  in  Noilh  Carolina,  viz. 
Afhe  and  VVaiiiington. 

( For  jurthtr  p.irtt'.itiars  relcttke  to  the  State  of  Noitb  Ccn-olina, 
set  pa^e  zy  of  the  Almanack.  J 

The  Legifiature  of  the  territory  North-Weft  of  the  Ohio, 
convened  at  Ghillicothc,  and  on  the  6th  chofe  two  Delegates 
to  reprcfen';  the  Territory  in  the  U. States,  viz.  W.M'Miilon 
in  the  room  of  W.  H.  rjarrifon,  to  ferve  till  4th  of  .varch; 
and  Paul  Fearin  to  leiTe  for  two  years  from  that  day. 


NORTH     CAROLINA.                        18S 

ST  of  the  Cfficeks  of  the 

Grand  Lotge  of  Nortjt 

Carcli 

ZnA. 

wan 

ajji  Po/i,              Grand 

r^- ailer  ; 

ychn 

Z^u/c?  Taylor,    Deputy 

Grand  IVTafter  ; 

Jfoni 

y^;?  Stokes,          Grand  Senior  Warden  ; 

'robn 

Wiiislcrcj,             Grand 

junior  Warden; 

W::t. 

Duffy,                 Grand  i 

^  cnior  Deacon  ; 

Carg, 

ill  Miu-senturgy    Grand 

junior  Deacon  ; 

Stephen  jr.Canisj'      Gvaiid  Marfl^.all  ; 

^/'iirl 

'.  Alsxaiida-,         Grand 

Pui-ruivant ; 

Fetcr 

CiW6,                   Grand 

Steward ; 

Tio.  Fcu:ia,                   Giand 

Tyler. 

ST  of  Lodges  under  the  Jurifdiaion  of  the  GrandLod|^ 

of  Ncnh  C 

arolina. 

I 

St.  yohn. 

Wilmington. 

2 

JRo,.:l  White  Hart, 

Halifax. 

3 

St.  John, 

Newbern. 

4 

St,  John, 

Kinglton, 

ti 

Boy  ill  EJ-win, 

Windfcr. . 

6 

(L*IjSOLV£I>) 

7 

(1:0.) 

u 

Fbce:Ax, 

Favettevilfe. 

9 

Old  Core, 

Salifbury. 

lO 

yobv.iion  Casmell, 

Warrentcn. 

II 

(Dis.) 

12 

(Do.) 

13 

St.  y^bn. 

Dupiin  County. 

14 

(Dis.) 

*3 

tVas.'jir.^tan, 

Beaufort  Co. 

i6 

St.  Tiitniny, 

T>  artin  Co. 

17 

AivCfiCun  George^ 

IMurfreefbcrough. 

i8 

Ki  i»  Sclo7non, 

Jones  Co. 

ip 

(Li..) 

20 

(:c-c.) 

21 

(Do.) 

22. 

(Dei 

23 

(.00.) 

=4. 

Jxiram, 

Williamfljur^.- 

*j 

j/zr.jcrjyia, 

Mocre  Co. 

20 

D  i'iic  Gics-^cm}, 

Green  Co. 

27 

Jlsicr.t  I-Zcria, 

Iredell  Co. 

23 

Cohimiiav, 

Wayne  Co. 

29 

Harmony, 

Naftiyille,   Teneree. 

2'3 

St.  Tivniry, 

Wilmington. 

31 

FLalaKX," 

Charlotte. 

3i 

Stokes, 

Cabarras  Co. 

33 

Ftse-laitd, 

Kov/an  Co. 

34- 

Unanimity, 

Rctkferd. 

NORTH 

CAROLINA. 

35 

Jerusalem, 

Carteret  Co. 

3^ 

Friends/jifi, 

Fort  Barnwell. 

37 

Wm.  R.  Daxhy 

Lexington. 

33 

Rising  Sia:, 

Moyanton. 

39 

Davie, 

Bertie  Co. 

4o 

Hiram, 

Raleigh. 

41 

Te.tessce, 

Kiioxville. 

42 

Lincoln, 

Lmcolnton^ 

187 


MEDICAL     fcOCIETY. 

Rai.eigh,  Dec.  9,  i8co.  The  Medical  Society  of  Nortli- 
Carolina  met  in  this  city  on  Monda}'  iaft,  aiid  clofed  their 
fleeting  on  Wednefday. 

Docftors  Ofljorn,  Mitchel,  Sibley,  ArmfLead  n.nd  FreKch^ 
■were  admitted  members,  j^n  Eflay  on  the  caufes,  fymptoms 
and  treatment  of  Gout  and  Rheumatifm,  was  jnefenied  bj 
Dodor  J.  Webb,  of  Hirii'borv'^iigh,  wliich  merited  the- wanrrJ'i 
commendation  of  the  Society. — Do(?^or  Webb  aU'o  appeared 
as  a  writer  on  the  dyfentery  (the  Ivbiecl  given  at  ihe  lafl 
annual  meeting  for  competition)  with  conlpicuou.s  merit. 
The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  av;arded  him  for  the  zeal 
and  talents  di^p]a^  cd  iu  his  exertion  for  the  advancement  of 
the  objecls  of  the  inrtiiution. 

Mr.  Charles  Smith  preicnted  himAlf  as  a  candidate  for 
admifiion,  was  examined  by  the  CerJors  in  the  prefence  of 
the  Society,  and  admitted  a  member. 

It  was  refclved,  that  the  ^•edicai  Geri'lercen  of  each  dif- 
tri8t  within  this  State,  be  invited  to  form  themfelvcs  into 
AiTociations,  tn  meet  at  fuch  time  and  place  in  their  rcfpec- 
tive  diflric^s,  as  they  may  think  proper,  to  confer  on  tiie 
mean:,  of  promoting  the  cbjccls  of  tins  Jrociety. 

'i'he  fuliov/irg  premiums  are  ottered  for  the  culture  of  the 
following  !v  edicinal  Articles  in  this  State:  For  the  largeft 
tpaan'.ity  not  lefs  than  ten  pounds,  of  Foxglove,  tcu  dollars  ; 
fijr  the  largeft  quantity,  not  lefs  th^.a  hve  pouacis,  of  Opium, 
tweuty-Hve  dollars  (to  be  e>.hii«iied  at  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Scciery)  for  the  Inrgtll  quantity,  not  leis  than  ten  pounds., 
of  Rhubuvb,  exhibiiea  to  the  Society  in  four  years,  thirty 
dollars;  for  the  largeii  qiir.nti^y  of  Caftor  Oil,  not  lefs  than 
five  g.i.llo.13,  to  be  obtained  v.-i;hout  l^eat,  ten  dcliaisj  and 
for  the  larfj-eit  qumtiry,  not  iels  than  fifty  pounds,  of  Senna, 
ten  doilarr,.  Each  of  v;hich  is  to  be  of  as  good  quality  as 
thcfc  articles  ufually  are  v.-hen  imported,  and  they  mult  tje 
exhibited  to  the  Society  accompar.ied  v/ith  certiiicates  on 
cath,  that  it  is  the  prouifi:  of  this  State,  and  except  Rhu- 
barb, the  ])rodu£L  of  one  year,  and  cultivated  by  one  perlon. 
Tiie  premium  v/ill  be  paid  in  money,  and  the  aiticles  will  be 
pnrchafed  at  twelve  and  a  half  per  centum  advance  of  the 
uiual  f^ilin^;  prices  in  N^w-York  -ciidi  Piiilcciclrihia, 

Tho 


itt  l^ORTH     CAROLINA. 

The  Society  propofe  the  Cholera  Infantum  as  a  fubjeft  for 
competition  in  tiie  enfuing  year,  and  hivire  Medical  Gentle- 
men to  a  communication  of  remarks  on  that  difeafe,  at  their 
meeting'  on  the  Hril  day  of  L'ecemljer  next.  The  difTertation 
may  be  conveyed  to  the  Correfponding  Secretary,  at  any  jjeri- 
od  previous  to  the  meeting  of  the  Society,  accompanied  by  a 
fealed  letter,  containing  the  nam.e  and  place  of  refidence  of 
the  author,  infcribed  with  a  motto,  which  fliall  be  the  fame 
with  that  periixed  to  the  eCay.  The  letter  of  the  fucccl'sful 
candidate  will  be  opened  in  the  prefence  of  the  Society,  and 
tliofe  of  the  unl'uccefsful  ones  deilroyed. 

Doners:  Palleur,  Wheaton,  Loomis,  and  I^'and,  were  ap- 
pointed to  deliver  Eilays  on  fome  medical  iubjeifl  at  the  next 
anr.iial  meeting  of  iVxc  tociety. 

The  following  Gentlemen'  v/ere  eleded  Ofncers  for  the  en- 
fuing year: 

John  C.  Cfoorn,  Prefident ; 

Thomas  Mitchell  and  Richard  Fenner,  Vice-Prefidents^  ■ 

James  Webb  and  John  i  ibiey,  Cenfors  ; 

Sterlins- ^Vheaton,  3^ec.  Secretary ; 

Calvin  Jones,  Correfponding  £ec;, 

C  Maiknburg,  Treaiuier. 

FREv:lUMS. 

To  induce  the  culture  of  Medicinal 'Articles  in  this  Statr,. 
the  T-'edical  Society  clTer  the  loilcvv-ing  Premiums  : 
lor  the  largCit  Qt'.amity,  not  lefs  than  five  pounds  of 

Gpium,  —  —  25 

Fertile  ia-rrgft  Calamity,  not  lefs  than  ten  pemids,  of 

Fox-glove,  1  o 

For  the  larger!:  Qiiantity,  net  lefs  than  fve  Gallons  (to 

be  prepared  v/ithout  Hetir)  of  Cai^jor  Oil,  i© 

For  the  targtit  Qr.antity,  not  lefs  than  £fty  pounds,  of 

henna,  —  —  lo 

To  be  exhibited  at  the  next  annual  meeting  of  the  Socie- 
ty, v.'hich  wiU  be  on  the  firft  Monday  in- December  next. 
Fcr  the  largeft  Qimmity  of  Rhubarb,  not  lefs   thaa 

ten  pounds,  —  —  30 

To  be  exhibited  to  the  Society  in  four  years. 

The  Articles  are  to  be  of  as  good:  (juality  as  thcfe  ufually 
are  when  imported,  and  to  be  accompanied  wirh  fufScient 
proof  that  they  are  the  j)rodudr  of  this  State,  and  cultivated 
by  one  perfon,  and  (except  the  Rhubarb)  arc  the  product  of 
one  year. 

The  Premiums  will  be  paid  in  cafti,  and  the  articles  pur- 
chafed  at  twelve  and  a  half  per  cent,  advr.nce  on  the  ufual 
felling  prices  in  Philadelphia  and  New  York. 

C.  Massekburg,  Treaf. 
.  Raleigh,  Tec.  13,  1800. 


>T(>IITH     CAROLINA.  i?^ 

X^  y:  noirespondr.it  takes  this  ofrportinity  of  expressing  his 
■hearty  cppyobation  rf  the  foregoing  lustitution  ;  it  reflects  credit 
on  the  GentLCwen  'taho  have  set  it  on  foot,  and  he  has  no  doubt  it 
myill  be  productive  of  aahitary  advantages  —  At  the  same  time,  he 
cannot  help  expressing  his  surprize  and  regret,  that  no  siniilar 
insr  htttion  exists  in  Viirlnia  —  Are  cvr  Profe,^sors  <f  Medicir.c  so 
'oery  slUfi.l,  that  they  reqriire  no  further  himvledge,  cr  are  tb 
Hies  of  the  Citizens  cf  this  State  less  valuable  than  those  of  N^. 
Carolina? — As  it  has  long  been  tegretted,  that  there  is  no  regxdar 
School  of  3fedicive  established  on  the  Continent,  even  the  sem- 
blance of  such  institutions  xoould  shexo,  that  oxtr  Doctors  were  ivu'l- 
ir.g  to  ai'ginent  their  knovjleJgc;  and,  by  frequent  associaticnis  cf 
the  kind,  c  School  might  at  length  be  formed,  conducive,  as  in  other 
■countries,  to  the  dignity  of  the  Fr^^cssors,  arul  the  health  cf  the 
^Feople.]   * 

.    R.ALE1GH,  Nov.   i3.      Ye^lerday  the  General  AiTembly  of 
th\P  State  commenced  its  leflicn. 

In  the  Sesiate,  there  were  tv/o  candidates  for  the  chair, 
vi:^.  Mr.  Reddick  and  Mr.  Carney.  On  a  ballot,  thei-e  ap- 
peared for  the  firil  gentleman  32,  for  the  fecund  17. —  Meif. 
Stokes  and  Williams  were  elected  Clerks,  and  N.  Murphy 
and  John  Wifon,  door-keepers. 

In  the  Houfe  of  Commons  there  wpre  three  candidates 
for  the  chair,  viz.  ^•e^'.  Cabarras,  Moore,  and  Benton.  On 
the  fecond  ballot  the  votes  ilocd  thus  :  For  jMr. Cabarras  64, 
for  kr.Moore  3a,  for  Mr. Benton  13. — Mefl'.  Jolm  Bunt  and 
P.  rcnderfou  were  chofen  Clerks,  and  I'ho.  Pound  and  John 
Lumfden  door-keepers. 

Dec.  23.  —  On  Saturday  evering,  the  General  AiTembly 
clofed  their  felF.on,  during- v/hlch  they  paGed  98  Bills. 
.  Agreeably  to  the  vote  01  the  Senate,  Dnncan  M'Farland, 
the  mejT.ber  from  Richmond  county,  whofe  ieat  had  been 
contefled  (on  a  enlarge  <>f  having  fuled  with  the  enemies  01 
the  Revolution)  api)eared  with  his  w  itnefies  ;  but  the  fef^ion 
being  fo  near  a  clote,  a  motion  was  made  by  Mr.Caller,  that 
the  report  of  the  Cornmittee  on  the  memcrial  rf  llcb.  Webb 
4>e  laid  over  till  next  Aiiembly,  which  was  carried. 


SICILY  WHEAT. 
Two  barrels  of  SicUy  Wlieat  have  lately  been  imported 
by  .f^  eilr*.  Ilofier  and  llowlet,  and  by  tl-.cm  piefen^ed  to  the 
Alban}- Society  of  AgriiHiiinrc,  fee.  felicia'ing  thersfelvcs 
that  it  may  one  day  be  ])rodu6ivc  of  adv?.n'ar;es  to  the  Uni- 
ted State;-..  One  of  tne  fjKjciesis  very  har.l,  tranfpar.;nt, 
ar.d  large;  iL  i;s  called  i>i  that  country,  Graiiti  dir  di  I'cnnhv,' 
Termini  is  the  name  of  the  town  near  which  it  grows  in  a- 
bundance; —  the  other  is  called  Ricellidi  Tctmini,  which  is  a 
fofier  grain. 

*     ice  Liancourt's  Travels,  vol.  7,  pc'gc  42;. 


tpD 


N.  CAROLINA PETERSBURG. 


The  fellow ing  Gentlemen  were  chofen  Electors  for  North 
Carolina  for  Frefident  and  Vice-Prefident  of  tlie  U. States  : 


For  Edenton  Diftria, 
Newbern, 

Northampton,  - 
Halifax, 

Raleigh,  - 

flillflDorouFh,  - 

Jlcckingham,  — 

Morgan,  - 

Kdgecumbe,  - 

V/iimnigton,  - 

Fayetteville,  - 
ScJiihuvv, 


John  Hamilton  ; 
Evv-an  WhJtf.dd ; 
Thomas  V/ynnc  ; 
Gideon  y^lilcn; 
Jofeph  Taylor; 
Abfalom  Tatem ; 
Joleph  Winilon  ; 
V/iliiam  Tate  ; 
Nathan  A  aro  ; 
Thomas  Brown ; 
V/illiam  TV  artin  ; 
Spruce  ?.'acay. 


N  B.  Tile  fivft-named  eight  voted  for  Mr. Jenerfon  —  tlie 
a'A  four  icr  Mr.  Adams.  — See  page  io8.  . 


PETEkSEUllG. 
Sept.  I,  1800. — This  dny  the  annual  eleaion  fcr  this  Cor- 
>ration  took  place   at    the  Cf^nrt-houfe.     Upon  the  clcfe  cf 

had  the  greateft  ruiniber 


\\\e  poll,  the  fclloNving  Gentlemen 
of  votes,  viz. 

John  WiMer, 

I)?.vid  Maitland 

Wm.  Prentis, 

Jofeph  Harding:, 


Geo   Pegram, 
Wm.  Durell, 
Dan.  Dodfon, 
V/m.  Coriing, 


Robert  Mocre, 
Eben   Stott, 
Dan.  Mackinzie, 
Alex.  Brown, 
Edw.  JeiTcrs, 
John  r»'orriibn, 
jam^es  Knox, 
Greg.  Johnibu. 


From  them  the  following  OiTicers  v.'ere  cnolen  : — 
EavJd  Maitland,   Eiq,    I^  ayor  —  Wm..  Prentis,  Recorder — 

Rob. Moore,  D.^  ackjnzie,  Dan  Dodlon,  Wm. Durell,  John 

Morrifon,  and  Geo.  Pegram,  Aldermen  —  Edward  JefFers, 

Chamberlain— Rob.  Lanier,  Serjeant. 

APPOMATTOX      CANAL. 
Truftees.    Jofeph  Eggleitcn,  Edm..  Harrifon,  Edw.  >^umford. 

Rich.  W.  Venable,    jot^n  Epperfcn,  Ncl.  Patterfon,    John 

'^Viley,  John  Royal,  Peter  ?.  Archer,  John  Arclier,    Vt  m. 

]V.  urr'ay,  Fra.Eppes,  and  Rob.  Belling  —  Enginetr,  V,  m. 

Booker;  Then  um.ford,  Clerk  and  Treafnrer. 


THe  five  Gentlemen  firil  named   are  Maiagers  chofen 


to 
fuperinterct  the  wcr!;?. 

Since  the  navigation  was  rj)ened,  about  a  year  fince,  the 
following  quami'ies  of  produce  have  been  brcught  down  the 
rlvcv: —     '     Tobacco,  —  500  hds. 

Flcnr  —  1,500  bis. 

Wheat  —  4,cro  bufh?. 

It  is  expeded  that  the  Canai  vriil  be  £nii1;ed  i:i  four  years 
— lialf  toll  ccmmencedthe  lA  of  Ofiober  lui^. 


PETERSBURG.  15^1 

Aggregate  Statement  of  the  Corporation  Accounts  as  they 

ftood  on  the  T4th  of  July  1800,  when  Mr,  C.  Stimpfcn  re- 

•iigned  the  Chamberlainliiip  to  Mr.  Edw.  JeSers. 

Corporation  Fund  —         6-T  li     8 

Court  Do.  —  3^55 

Watch  Do.  —         3T1   19     9 

97  3  17   10 
CaHi  —  —  171    15     6 — ii*J5  13     4 

Advances  of  Cafn  to  Watch  and  Ct^Fuads  n,8  iz     o 


1:184     5     4 
Due  from  the  Town  —  j  21   11     8 


BalaiiCi-  —  Z.   1161   13     8 

Me{^vs.'^Toorc  and  Maltlnnd  examined  thc.'e  Account.*?,  and 
reported,  "  tliat  they  found  the  fame  ]?erfe£llyccrre<^t,  leavip;'^ 
a  balance  to  lie  transferred  to  the  new  Ciiamherlam  of  171I, 
15s.  6d."  which  was  h&nd3d  over  to  Mr.jeilers  accordingly. 

CENSUS   of  the  Towx  of  PETERSBURG. 
Cenfus  of 'be  Year  T790,  —  —  2,734 

ji»oo— White  ^'^^ale?  under  10  years  —     180 

— —  of  10  and  under  16  —-83 

of  16  and  under  26  —     286 

•  of  26  and  under  45  —     304    -j 

— —  cf  45  and  upwards  —       71 

AVhite  Ferp-ale?  under  10  years  —     ibH 

of  10  and  under  16  —       C6 

of  i*^  and  under  .26  —     173 

of  J.6  and  under  45  —     184 

— ~  of  45  and  upwards  —       66 

Total  White  People   of  both  Sexes  150T 

Free  Perfons  of  Colour  —  428 

-Slaves  —  —  —  1 49 1 

Total  Inhabitants  —  .  -3,520 

COURTS. 

A  Diraict  Cou:t  is  held  in  Petersburg-  for  the  Counties  of 
Dinwiddie,  Amelia,  Nwov.ay,  Prince  George,  and  Suilex  ; 
it  fur.  twice  a  year,  the  i^xh  April  and  15th  .Sept.  and  jna/- 
•co-!rinue  12  or  14  days.  The  Court  is  comjjofed  o?  tv.- > 
Jnd-^fcs  from  the  General  .Court,  who  take  their  tcur  of  dut/ 
by  lot. iralker  Cmtcbfield,  Clerk. 

A  ultiug's  Court  for  the  Town  is  lield  monthly,  and  by 
quar*:eriy  Seilions  ;  fame  jiiriidiflion  as  ilie  count}  Courts  be- 
tween residents  of  -lie  tow.i.  Tne  Court  compoled  of  the 
r  ayor.  Recorder,  and  lix  Alderm-n,  or  any  four  oi  them. — 
yjjH  Gramriup ,  Clerk. 


,6a  PETERSBimO. 

TOBACC3  infpefted  at  the  Petersburg  Warehoufes    m  the 
two  laft  Years  ending  Sept.   1800 


Boyd's  Warehoufe,    in  17-99, 

,  2309 

in  i8co,  1414  bMs. 

Davis's 

— 

2363 

159^ 

Blandfcrd 

.» 

2130 

1798 

BoUingbrook 

•~ 

1979 

1408 

Welibrook 

1^ 

2126 

1478 

Wcilhill 

— 

2599 

25C0 

Cedar  Point 

.~ 

1779 

1526 

Earksdale 

— 

2601 

1478 

High-ftreet 

— 

2415 

1803 

Petersburg 

— 

2152 

2146 

J.  Bollir.g"s 

— 

1507 

IC65 

R.  Boiling's 

— 

1920 

BlOKt 

Total  —  25,880  18,207 

FLOUR  infpecVed  by  D,  Moore  from 

Sept.  179910  Sept.  i8oo,         —      Els.  35,102 
Difi'erent  other  Infpeftions,  about     10,000  —  45,102 

Inipeded  the  preceding  Year  —  4'^, 6^-^ 

Cufcom-houfe — Wm.  Keath,  Efq.  Colle(flor  ; 

And,  Torbcrn,  Surveyor  City  Point. 

E.  B.  Holloway,  Edwin  Fcrt,  and  Rob.Hincs,  Commiffioners 
of  Bankrupt  inrbe  djftrid  included  between  James  River 
and  the  North  Carclina  boundary,  except  Koii'olk,    Ports- 
mouth,  and  their  adjacent  counties. 
Conrad  Webb,  Attorney  at  I-..a\^',  Solicitor  to  faid  Commif- 

ficnerc. Sam,  Davies,  Notary  Public. 

033EnvATio:>-5. Oiir  cbfervatlons  cannot  differ  m-uch 

fr'^m  thofe  v.'e  liad  occafion  to  make  lail  year.  We  then  faid 
"  that  the  town  of  Petersburg  Hood  in  need  of  many  in- 
l-roxhneMs''' — it  now  Hands  in  nearly  the  fame  condicion  ;  a 
laud'able  exertifin  was  indeed  made  laitfummer  towards  mend- 
ing the  main  ftreet ;  it  cert2,inly  is  the  better  of  it.  and  the 
f'de-path",  bele  and  thex-e,  are  ra  her  more  palVable.  '^Ve 
then  adivifed,  and  do  again  adviib,  that  the  fide  paths  be 
cowple'.ed,  botli  for  the  convenience  pf  ioclal  interccurfear.d 
the  benefit  of  trade ;  and  let  th-^re  be,  on  both  fides  cf  the 
i:.ree':,  a  row  of  Poplars,  not  only  to  cover  houfes  not  very 
handfcme,  but  for  the  fake  of  flmde  and  of  he..lth,  as  tlie 
trees  v/ould  aft  as  powerful  condudtcrs  to  ccrry  off  difagree- 
able  vapours  and  impure  air  :  The  inhabr-ants  wcnid  do  vrcll 
to  attend  to  this  circirm (lance,  of  having  more  trees  about 
their  dvellings. — An  Aft  cf  Afl'erably  was  obtained  to  brin<; 
v,'ater-jnto  the  ilreets  and  hrufes,  th.ar  mofl  necefiary  of  all 
elcment-s,  particularly  in  a  vvarm  clin.i^.e,  and  in  a  wooden 
town  ;  but  no  flei>s  have  yet  been  taken  to  cany  this  iaiutarjr 
lavi?  into  effefl. 


PETERSBURG.  793 

On  the  fubje;5l  cif  improvements,  wc  have  only  to  add,  that 
•ther;  is  nothing  ab  nit  the  town  of  Peterfturg  that  fo  much 
xequir'es  to  be  improved,  i.e.  new  built,  as  Pocohunta  bridge. 
— or  all  the  bad  bridges  in  the  coiuitry,  this  fcems  to  be  the 
worll. — Leading  into  a  place  of  confiderable  commercial  con- 
fequence,  and  placed  en  the  great  fourhern  road,  its  prefent 
condition  is  both  Icandalous  and  dangerous. —  If  the  Princefs 
could  raifeher  head,  her  Highnefs  would  be  afharaed  of  the 
prefent  iiofTeiTors  of  her  property,  for  the  very  little  refpeft 
paid  to  her  memory,  and  the  very  little  regard  held  for  the 
public  convenience  and  proiperity. 

It  is  faid,  we  do  not  know  upon  what  gi-ounds,  that  the 
owners  of  property  in  and  about  Feterlburg,  by  a  churlilli, 
rmpolitic  difpofition,  are  very  far   from   being  cncouragers 

of  improvement We  can  fcarcely  believe  this  report — Be- 

fides  the  wifli  of  feeing  a  refpec^able  and  flourifhing  com- 
mwnity  rifnig  around  the;n,  the  idea  cf  being  confidered  tbe 
promoters  of  public  profperity  and  happineCs,  and  the  fu- 
preme  pleafurc  of  being  cJteemed  and  beloved  by  all  their  fel- 
low citizens — they  mult  know,  tha'  every  improvement  made 
by  others,  augments  the  value  of  f^t'/r  property,  and  that 
they  themfelves,  ulrimately,  will  be  the  greatell  gainers. 

There  is  ore  other  obfervatlon  which  we  think  it  not  un- 
fit to  make Akho'  the  inhabitants  of  Peterfourg  are  made 

up  from  various  nations,  American.-:,  Engliili,  ^J^cotch,  Irifli, 
French,  &c.  and  entertain  very  ditTerent  opinions,  yet  there 
Is  lefs  pt  lis  icul  afpericy  difplayed  among  ihvm,  tlsan  perhaps 
in  any  town  on  the  continent ;  "peace  and  good  neighbour- 
hccd"  feems  to  be  their  favourite  maxim.  W  ithoni;  attempt- 
ing to  fcarch  for  the  caufc5  of  this  pleafnig  efTecl,  we,  at 
once,  afcribe  it  to  the  good  fenfe  of  this  people. ~Long  may 
tai 3  amiable  fuavity  continue  to  be  the  diUmguiilnng  cba- 
ra.^-eriitic  of  the  town  of  Pete-tljurg  —  God  knows  %ve  have 
enough  of  the  real  troubles  of  life,  without  creating  artificial 
cties — let  us  ncrt  embitter  the  bieiTnigs  we  enjoy,  by  unnecef- 
fary  difculTions,  nor  difturb  the  public  harmony  with  foolifh 
<|.»arrels  aUuut  "  the  colour  cf  beards,  or  the  length  of  nofca." 

THREK  irJNS. 
On  the  1 2th  of  January  laft,  about  8  in  the  riorring,  feve- 
ral  pevfons  in  Soutliern  Prufna  law  three  Suns  appear  on  n. 
Jadien.  They  rofe  majeftically  from  the  horizon.  ''Ax.  feven 
o'clock  the  ficy  was  clear  and  ferene;  a  few  minut^es  after  it 
was  covered  with  clouds;  and  at  iialf  pail  eight,  there  were 
leen  in  the  E  ift  three  columns  of  firer  tlie  ;nid'^''le  one  of 
which  rofe  to  the  height  of  45  degrees.  The  two  others, 
formed  by  the  other  two  funs,  were  only  a  third  as  big  as 
the  middle  o  le  ;  they  feejned  to  burn  like  a  blazing  Hre,  and 
as  they  loie  produced  a  very  majeHic  and  awful  efi'ed. 
K 


".r  lo\oest. 

I'ker. 

highest 

Af- 

Wind. 

Mo 

'.  V: 

Wb:d. 

3^ 

N.Eafterly 

14—50 

65 

Sou  till. 

40 

Eafterly 

24—55 

67 

S.W. 

33 

E. 

17-62 

80 

s. 

63 

E. 

75 

S.W.  * 

55 

E. 

15—72 

87 

s. 

77 

Wefterly 

15—80 

89 

s'. 

77 

Noitherly 

i6— 82 

9^ 

S.W, 

80 

N. 

^2«  — 78 

88 

s. 

77 

N.^.r. 

— 14—75 

80 

S.W. 

63 

w. 

83 

s. 

3>> 

w. 

i— 60 

66 

S.W. 

44 

N.W. 

— 27-65 

67 

s. 

J  54  PETERSBURG. 

ABSTRACT  of  the  Deghees  of  the  TiiERivroireTER 
for  the  Year  1800. 
Not  having  room  for  the  Monthly  Tables  at  Icr.gth,  we  are 
under  the  neceffiiy  of  only  giving  the  follov.inj  Abflra«ft  cf 

the  Year's  Obfervations  as  tai.en  at  Blandfoicir The  firH 

part  contains  the  days  of  each  month  M-l.en    the  IVJercur/ 
was  at  the  ianest ;  the  fecond,  when  it  was  the  highest. 

Therriioiiw. 
Month.  M-O. 
Jan.  29 — 22 
f'eb.  1—33 
>?ar,  7—28 
April  22 — ^45 
May  10 — 52 
June  20 — 62 
July  2—68 
nx\g.  7 — 68 
Sept.  12 — 62 

oL  25-45 

Nov.  24—30 
Dec.     2—28 

It  need  fcarcely  be  mentioned,  that  there  v/as  much  more 
rain  th.is  yerr  than  ufual^  that  it  injured  the  wheat  crop,  and 
that  the  fall  fcaibn  was  very  unhealtliy. 

[If  th  -         -  - 

fiirniflied  with  the  proper  inftruments,  who  keeps  a  regular 
account  of  the  weather,  &.c.  we  fliall  be  glad  to  profit  by  his 
remarks,  being  v.^illing,  as  far  as  it  may  be  in  our  power,  to 
encourage  a  fpiriv  of  inveiiigation  into  whatever  may  tend 
to  elucidate  the  phyPical  ^as  \a  ell  as  the  moral)  ftatc  of  .he 
couiury,  and  of  producing  correal  meteorological  tables  and 
obfervaticns.] 

*  In  this  month,  about  the  12th  or  T3rh,  an  uncommon 
cirGKmftance  took  place,  vi;:.  the  fail  cf  very  ccniiderable 
quantities  of  a  yellow  powder  refembJing  brimllone.  In  the 
walks  of  the  gaiden  where  the  writer  of  this  article  faw  it, 
it  could  be  lifted  up  in  tea-fpoonfids.  On  this  fubjedt,  we 
refer  to  a  paragraph  in  the  New  York  paper,  defcribing  the 
fame  phenomenon,  and  which  ll.ews  that  the  defceat  of  this 
powder  mulljhave  been  very  exteriive  indeed. 

Nr.wYoRK,  Apn)  17,  1800.  On  Saturday  evening,  i»e- 
tween  10  and  12,  a  fevere  lloim  of  rain  was  experienced  m 
this  city,  accompanied  with  vefy  vivid  flaflies  of  lightening 
atid  fome  thunder.  The  wind  v/as  foutherly,  and  the  at- 
mofphere  was  remarked  to  be  very  thick  and  fi.ltry,  yielding 
a  fiilphurous  f-nell.  Yciteiday  nurniiig,  after  ';)ie  ftorai  had 
abiv^cd^an  impalpable  powder  m&z  pcrcwi»ed  ia  the  itreers.f^t- 


PETERSEtJRG.  105 

pecially  In  thofe  parts  where  the  water  had  fubfided,  and  in 
the  rain-water  ca!k.->,  refer^hling  brimilone.  iiovrie  Ingenious 
gentlemen  have  made  a  colleftion  of  this  i'ubilance,  for  iJu; 
purpofe  of  experiment  ;  by  one  of  thole  gentlemen  we  are 
aiTured,  that  he  riielted  a  i'mall  quantity  of  it,  and  found  it 
anfwer  the  purpofes  of  common  brimftone  in  the  making  of 
matches.—  1  his  circumftance  is,  perhaps,  unprecedenter!  ; 
and  we  mention  it  with  a  hope,  that  wherever  ic  may  have 
occurred,  it  will  atlia^t  the  notice  of  philofophy,  as  a  lub- 
jea  in  evevy  refped  deferving  a  minute  inveiiigation. 

Before  we  conclude  the  articles  relative  to  Vivgriia,  we 
muft  mention,  but  very  briefly,  that  a  confpiracy  of  the  Ne- 
groes was  difcovered  in  the  momh  of  Anguit  lah.  The  dil- 
covcry  was  firll  made  at  Peterlburg,  where  Uttie  credit  was 
given  to  it — it  was  fhortly  fefter  more  fully  difclofed  at  Rich- 
mond, Avhere  20  or  30  of  thefe  unfortunate  wretches  wtre 
tried,  condemned,  and  executed. 

This  is  one  of  thofe  fubjeas  in  which  "more  muft  be  meant 

than  meets  the  eye." We  Ih all  therefore  only  fny,  vliat  a 

great  evilexills  in  the  fouthern  States,  deeply  aife^ing  their 
charafter,  their  fafety,  and  their  profperity — The  Virj/inians 
are  men  too  fenilble  and  too  quick-fightcd  not  to  know,  th?.t 
the  tranfaftions  which  have  lately  taken  place  in  the  Weil 
Indies,  and  what  is  daily  doing  in  the  nonhero States,  cannot 
be  hidden  from  the  people  alluded  to. — It  Is  imjwlhble  to  re- 
move the  evil  all  at  once,  but  it  is  very  poffible  to  do  it   by 

gradual  moarures Look  to  it  in  time,  ye  L'.xw-makers  and 

Proprietors,  or  the  Itorm  v/ill  one  day  bmit  npon  ve  in  thun- 
der.  [Couiuk  I.iancourt  and  other  Travellers.] 


LOMBARDY  POPLAR. 

A  gentleman  from  Uaiy,  who  lately  tiavelled  through  the 
United   States,  gives  the  following  account  of  this  Tree  : — 

1  It  moderaies  the  heat  of  the  funimer  fun  in  meadows, 
and  protects  and  encreafe.o  the  quantity  of  hay  arid  paltuvc. 

2  The  body  of  the  tree,  when  full  grown,  after  its  bark  is, 
taken  off  and  it  is  thoroughly  dried,  makes  good  rails. 

3  Its  brancV.rr.,  when  cut  down  and  dried,  aflbrd  excellent 
fire -wood,  particularly  for  cooking  in  fummpr. 

4  The  leaves  and  fmall  twigs  of  the  tree,  when  plucked 
©r  cut  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  and  dried,  make  a  whckfcme 
fodder  for  catile  and  fneep  during  the  winter. 

It  is  hoped  our  Gentlemen  farmers,  where  their  naMve 
foreft  trees  have  become  fcarce  and  dear,  will  attend  to 
thefe  fads,  and  hereafter  cultivate  the  Lombardy  tree  with 
more  afliduity. 

(Mr.Walpole  fays,  a  gentleman  brought  the  full  L.  poplar 
tc  England  in  his  chaife — bat  whether  it  came  to  America. 
from  England  or  Italy,  we  do  not  know.)  K  2 


C     ^9^     ) 

BRITISH     NAVAL     FORCE. 
In  pert  and  fitting  —         73       7       04 

Guard  Ships  —  4. 

In  the  Englifh  k  IrifnChannels  o 
In  the  Downs  and  North  Sea  2 
^^^eil  India  Iflands,  &c.  3 

At  Jamaica  —  7 

America  and  Newfoundland  2 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  E.Indies,  8 
Cnaft  of  Africa  —  o 

Gibraltar,  Portiiga)-,  ?'ed!ter.  12  2 
Hofijital  and  Prifon  Ships  30  3 
K.ecciving  Ships  —  71 

?er\iceable  and  repairing  5       o 

111  Ordinary  .^         20       z 

Building  -«         —         21       a 


^3 
II 
iS 
17 
5 
10 

3 

27 
o 
6 
I 
20 
9 


132 

o 

41 

31 

16 

17 
16 

7 
o 

o 
o 


Total 
Snips  taken  from  France 
Spain 
iJutch 

Total 
Privateers  of  all  Nations 


194     25     24.5     331 


51 
8 

17 


131     1^5 
12       19 

32       32 


30^' 
5 
64 
44 
37' 
42 
16 
40 

5 
68 

23 

14 

6 

S3 

32 


8     J75     176 
000 


795 
308 

39 
88 

435 
751 


Total  Britifh  Naval  Force  —  1192  ! 

Along  with  this  aftcnifliing  naval  force,  England  main- 
tarns  above  300,000  men  in  arms  (befides  her  fureig^n  fubfi- 
dies)  ;  fo  that  her  Nax'y  and  Army  alone  coil  her  25  millions- 
:fterljng — Her  expenditure  for  the  year  1800,  as  ILared  by  ;'  r. 
Tierney,  and  accedexl  to  by  Mr.  Fitt  with  not  miK:h  differ- 
ence, was  64  millions  and  a  half! — Her  peace  eftabljfhmenr, 
fiippofing  peace  to  take  place  this  winter,  will  be  at  leaft  36* 
jniilions  and  a  half  ! -Thefe  few  lines  will  iiew  the  amaz- 
ing power  and  refonrces  of  this  wonderful  nation  ! 

Mr.  Tierney  fays,  that  the  odious  and  oppreilive  Income 
Tax  mull  continue  ten  years  after  peace  is  concluded — Un- 
fortunately, the  late^T;  ixcccunts  from  Europe  ftate,  that  in- 
ilead  of  peace  taking  pjlace,  as  w^e  had  fondly  hoped,  the 
v?ar  had  been  reuev/ed  with  frefii  vigour,  and  on  a  broader 
fcale — and,  that  the  Em.peror  of  Ruffia,  befldes  detaining  all 
the  Englifh  fhips  in  his  ports,  had  entered  into  what  is  call- 
ed a-a  Armed  Neutial icy  with  the  Northern  Powers,  in  order 
to  check  the  exorbitant  infcience  of  the  Britilh  Navy. 

From  the  firft  day  of  the  prefent  year,  the  King  of  Eng- 
land was  to  crop  the  vain  tide  of  Kir.g  of  France,  and  is  to 
be  henceforth  called  Kir.g  of  the  British  —  Is  there  any  thing 
ominous  in  the  change  ? — Louis  XVI.  changed  his  title,  and 
then  how  fhort  and  unfortunate  was  his  reign ! 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  197 

FRENCH     TREATY. 

Washington,  Jan.  24. — Yellerday  the  Senate  proceeded 
to  conlicler  the  form  of  ratification  of  the  Treaty  reported  bv 
a  felefl  Committee,  which  was  fubftantially  that  the  Treaty 
be  ratified  widit'ae  exception  of  the  2nd,  and  3rd  Anicles, 
and  with  the  addition  of  two  new  Article?,  one  declaring 
that  the  Treaty  fliould  not  be  conllrued  in  any  of  its  propofi- 
ons  to  afied  any  pre-exifling  treaties  formed  with  other  ir*- 
tions,  and  the  other  lirtiiting  its  duration  to  eight  years. 

A  diyifion  of  the  diftinft  queftions  contained  in  the  form 
of  ratification  was  called  for,  when  the  following  qiiellions 
were  taken: — 

ift.  Shall  the  2nd  article  of  the  treaty  be  excepted? — Two 
tliirds  of  tiie  members  not  concurring,  the  queftion  was  loil, 
and   of  confcquence  the  id  article  was  not  excepted. 

2.  Sliall  the  3d  article  of  the  treaty  be  excepted?  —  Tv.'o 
thirds  of  the  members  not  concurring  the  queftion  was  loft, 
and  of  confequence  the  3d  article  was  not  excepted. 

3.  Shall  the  article  declaring  that  this  Treaty  lliall  not  af- 
fcSi  any  prc-exifting  Treaties  be  agreed  to? — Two  thirds 
of  the  members  not  concurring,  the  queftion  w^as  loft,  and  of 
confequence  the  n^w  article  was  not  agreed  to. 

4.  Shall  the  article-,  limiting  the  Treaty  to  eight  years  be 
agreed  to  ? — This  queftion  was  agreed  .to  by  nearly  an  unani- 
mous vote. 

The  firft  three  members  of  the-  form  of  Ratification  beirg 
virtually  difagreed  to,  theRatification  remained  uncondition. 
al,  except  as  to  the  limitation  of  the  Treaty  to  eight  years. 

On  agreeing  to  this  form  of  ratification  there  were  16 
Yeas,  14  Nays.- — The  ratification  was  therefore  loft,  there 
not  being  two  thirds  of  the  members  in  favour  of  it. 

The  Yeas  and  Nays  were  as  follow : — 
Yeas — '\  CiTrs.  Langdon,  Livermcre,  T.  Fofter,  Green,  Paine, 

Chipman,    .Armftrong,    S.   T.  Mafon,    Nicholas,    Blord- 

vfovth,  Fvartkiin,  Marlhall,  Brown,  Baldwin,  Cocke,  An- 

deifon, — 16. 
Nay.s— Meffrs.  J.  Mafbn,  D.   Fofter,  Tracy,  Hillhoufe,  Mor. 

ris,  Dayton,  Schureman,  Bingham,  Rofs,  Latimer,  Weils, 

fiindman,  Howard,  Read — 14. 

'  Feb.  3  — This  day  was  brought  on  in  the  Senate  the  re- 
conslleration  of  the  treaty  with  the  French  Republic.  The 
form  of  Rai:ifica«:ion  propofed  an  exception  of  the  2d  arcicle 
and  a  claufe  of  limitation  in  point  of  time,  to  eight  years* 
and  in  this  fliape  it  was  aflented  to,  22  for  it,  10  againft  it' 
(See  p.  1 1 1 . ) 

On  Tutfday,  Feb.  10,  Mr.  S.  Smith,  chairman  of  the 
Committee  rf  Commerce  and  Munu failures,  reported,  ac- 
cording to  order,  ♦'  A  bill  to  continue  in  force  an  z£i  furthf  r 
to  fufj'end  the  con^mercial  interc- urfe  between  the  United 
States  and  Fiance  ..nd  the  dependauces  thereof." 

K  3  The 


ipS  CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS- 

The  exiAing  a<S  is  limited  to  continue  in   force  till  the  3(3 
day  of  March  next,  the  bill  now  reported,  re-enacts  to  conii- 
iiue  it  till  the  3d  day  of  Pvlarch,  1S02.     It  was  once  read,  and 
on   the  fjUculon    whedier  it   fliould  be  read  a  fecond  time,  a 
motion  was  made  by  Mr.  Davis  to  rejeft  the  bill. 
Yeas— MelFrs.   Allton,    Baer,    Bird,    Bifaop,    I.  Brown,    R. 
Brown,  Cabell,  Cliriftie,  Clay,  Claiborne,  Condit,  Craik, 
Davis,    Dawfon,    Dennis,    Dennis,    Dickfon,  EggleHon, 
Elmendorf,  Fowler,  Gallatin,  Gocde,  Gray,  Gregg,  Grove, 
Hanna,  Heiiler,  Holmes,  Hill,  Jackfon,  Kitchell,  H.  Lee, 
Leib,     Lincoln,     Lyon,    Llvingtlon,  Macon,  IViuhlenburg, 
New,    Nicholas,    Page,    Powell,    Randolph,    Smilie,    J. 
Smith,  S.  Smith,  Spaight,  Stanford,  Stone,  Stewart,  Ta- 
liaferro, J.    C.    Thomas,  Thompfon,  A.  Trigg,  J.  Trigg, 
Van  Cortlandt»  Tazewell,  Varninn,  R.  V/illiams — 59. 
Nays— Meffrs.  Bartlett,  Ba}-ard,  Charaplin,  Cooper,  J.  Da- 
venport, F.  Davenport,  Edmond,  Evans,  Foller,  Freeman, 
Glen,  C.  Goodrich,  E.   Goodrich,  Grifwold,  Hai-per,  Ren- 
derfon,    ijiiger,    j\  attoon,    Morris,    Nott,    Otis,    Parker, 
Pinckney,  Piatt,  Read,  N.  Read,  Rutledge,  Sheppard,  J. 
C.  Smith,  Sheafe,  Tenney,  Thatcher,  R  Thomas,  Wadi- 
w»rth,  \Valn,  L.   Williams,  Woods— 37. 


SEDITION  BILL. 

Feb.  21.— The  Houfe  v^ent  into  Committee  of  the  whole, 
Mr.  Morris  in  the  chair,  on  the  Sedition  Bill. 

The  Committee  reported  the  Bill  v/ithout  amendment,  and 
on  the  queftion  of  engroflment  for  a  third  reading,  it  was  de- 
cided in  the  negative,  and  of  courle  the  bill  v^ao  loft — The 
yeas  and  nays  were  as  follow  : 

Yeas — Meflrs.  Baer,  Bartlett,  Bayard,  J.  Brown,  Champ) in, 
Cooper,  Craik,  Dana,  J.  Davenport,  Dennis,  Dickfon, 
Edmond,  Kvaus,  Poller,  Freeman,  Glen,  C.Goodrich,  E. 
Goodrich,  Grifwold,  Grove,  Harper,  Henderfon,  Hill, 
Imlay,  Kittera,  H.  Lee,  S.  Lee,  Mattoon,  Morris,  Otis, 
Page,  Pinckney,  Piatt,  Powel,  J  Read,  N.  Read,  Rut- 
ledge,  Sheppard,  J.  C.  Smith,  Sheaf,  Tenney,  Thatcher, 
J.  Thomas,  R.  Thomas,  Wadfworth,  Wain,  L.  M  i!i:ams. 
Woods — 49. 
I^ays — MeflVs.  Alfton,  Bailey,  Bifhop,  R.  Brown,  Cabell. 
Chriliie,  Clay,  Claiborne,  Condit,  Davis,  Dawfon,  Dent, 
Egglefton,  Elmendorf,  Fowler,  Gallatin,  Goode,  Gray, 
Gregg,  Fanna,  Heiiler,  Holmes,  Hiiger,  Jackfon,  Kitch- 
ell, Leib,  Lincoln,  Lyon,  Linn,  Livingilon,  ^.acon, 
Muhlenbui-g,  New,  Nicholas,  Nichclfon,  Parker,  Ran- 
dolph, Smilie,  J.  Smith,  S.  Smith,  Spaight,  Stanford, 
Stone,  Sumpter,  Stewart,  Taliaferro,  Thompfon,  A.  Trigg, 
J.  Trigg,    Tuzewell,    Van  Cortlandt,  Vanium,  R.    Willi- 

&ms-53. 

After 


CONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  i^v. 

After  which,  PIr.  Eaynrd  made  ti^e  following  r.iotio'i,  and 
ordered  to  lie  on  the  table  : 

Refojvc  d,  That  a  Committee  be  ajjpointed  to  prepare  and 
brir^  in  a  bill  to  ameml  tU  dymnhm  Lave,  To  as  to  denne  and: 
limit  the  puviiQiment  upon  profecutions  for  libels,  and  to  ena- 
ble a  defendant,  upon  fuch  i)roreciiiion,  to  give  the  triith  of 
the  matter  charged  as  a  libel,  in  evidence,  in  his  defence. 

Thus,  a  Law  has  at  hngtli  been  got  rid  of,  whicli  never. 
ou^ht  to  have  beea  enacfled,  if,  as  its  advocates  alledge,  the 
Common  Law  v.-as  fiiily  competent  to  the  evil  complained 
of — As  to  Mr.  Bayard's  exj)!ai-!ation,  it  has  the  api>carancc; 
of  fairnefs,  viz.  to  enable  tlie  Defendant  to  plead  the  truth 
of  the  alledged  libel  — Mr.Couper  fays,  he  v/as  not  permitted 
ro  prove  the  truth  of /5/a' allertions,  as  judge  Ciiafe  would 
not  allow  him  to  fammon  Mr.  Adams  as  a  witnefs. 


LLECI'ION    of    PRESIDENT. 


Washixoton,   Feb.  ti,   iSot. 

This  day  at  ii  o'clock,  the  Honfe  of  P^e])i-er.mtatives  re- 
paired to  the  Senate  chamber,  where  the  votes  for  Preiident 
and  Vice-Prefident  were  counted,  when  it  appeared,  that 
Tbomcj  ycjferson  and  Aaion  Burr  had  an  equal  number  of 
votes— (See  pagi;  1 08.)— The  Houle  ♦:hen  returned  to  its  owu 
chamber,  and,  with  clofed  doors,  jn-oceeded  to  ballot. 

U])on  the  ballots  being  counted,  they  f.ood  thus  :  — 
>"'or  Mr.  JeR'erfon.  —  8     States. 

Mr.  Burr  —  6 

Divided  — -  z    IVTaryl.  U  Vermont. 

There  being  no  ele.ftion,  the  Houfe  immediately  proceeded 
to  a  fecond  ballot,  Vvhcn  the  refnlt  was  tlie  lame— and  thus 
they  contnnied  baUoting  till  Thurfday  morning  at  9  o'clock; 
after  the  27th  ballots,  the  e^hauHed  members  agreed  to  p^ft- 
pone  bulinefs  till  12  o'clock. 

At  12,  the  28th  ballot  was  taken,  and  the  refult  was  the 
fame— After  whicli,  all  further  balloting  was  fufpended  till 
next  day,  Friday. 

At  12  o'clock  on  Friday,  tlie  29th  ballot,  and  at  i,  the 
3Dth  baliot  were  taken,  and  the  refult  the  fame.  It  was  then 
determined  to  adjourn  till  next  day. 

On  Saturday,  at  12  o'clocJ;,  the  Moule  went  into  the  31ft 
ballot,  and  the  refult  was  tlie  fame. 

Af.er  the  32d  ballot,  Mr.  Dickfon  of  North  Carolina  de- 
clared, that  it  was  hip;h  time  to  put  an  end  to  the  conteft,  • 
aiid  that  h.enceforth  he  ihould  vote  for  Mr.  Tetierfon. 

At  2  o'clock,  the  33d  ballot  was  taken,  and  the  refult. the 
fame— It  was  then  refoived,  to  poP.iwne  further  balioting  till 
Tuefday.  ^  ^ 

This 


100  CO^TGRESSIONAL    AFFAIRS. 

This  aay,  Tueulay  the  i8th,  at  i  o'clock,  after  an  awFul 
fiiipenfe  which  had  excited  the  fears  of  all  America,  and  the 
malicious  hopes  of  her  enemies,  7?e/«Z'iVc<2.'2/5/ji  w 5 s  triumph- 
ant— on  the  36tli  ballot,  it  a})pearcd,  that  ?- r.  Jelferfon  had 
TO  States  for  him,  4  for  A  r.  Burr,  and  two  were  blank. 
For  IMr.  ieiTerfon,  Vermont.  New  York,  New  Jerfey,    Penn- 

fylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,    North    Carolina,   Georgia, 

Kentucky,  and  Tennelfee. 
Fcr  Mr.  Burr,  Rhode  lUand,  \  aflachufets,  New  Harrplhire, 

and  Ccnne.5licut. — ^/a/j/^ States,  Delaware  ai^id  S  Carolina. 

For  Vermont,  Mr.  ISicrvis  abfented  himlelf — For  South 
Carolina,  Mr.  Knger,  who  had  always  voted  for  Mr.  jeHer- 
lon,  from  a  fpirit  of  accommodation,  alfo  withdrew,  which 
enabled  South  Carolina  to  give  a  blmik  vote — For  Iv  aryland, 
there  were  four  blank  votes,  and  four  for  Mr.  Jeifevfon. 


That  tlie  People  of  the  United  States  may  know  how  their 
Bepreientatives  \oted  upon  this  important  occafion,  we  give 
the  fcUo wmg  llateraent :  — 

NeKv  HaiMpshhe — 4  for  Mr.  Burr,  viz.  MelTrs.  Fofter,  Sheafe^ 
Tenney,  and  Freeman. 

Massachusetts — 11  for  Eurr  viz.  T.^'clTrs.  S.  Lee,  Otis,  N. 
Read,  3.1.  Shepard,  Thatcher,  Wadfv/orth,  L.  Williams, 

liartiett,  Niattoon,  J.  Read,  fcedgewick. 3  for  f.Cr.  jef-' 

ferfon,  viz.  Mefirs.  Bifiiop,  Varnum,  Lincoln.  ^ 

Rhode-Island — 1  for  Burr,  viz.  Mefirs, Champlin  and  Brownr. 

Connecticut — 7  for  Burr,  viz.  Melfrs. Goodrich,  E. Goodrich, 
Griiv.'old,  Dana,  J.  Davenport,  Edmond,  J. C. Smith. 

Vermont — i  for  jefferion,  viz.  Mr.  Lyon— — i  fcr  Burr,  viz. 
Mr.  r. Jon-is. 

ji^s^x-York — 6   for  Mr.  Jefierfon,  viz   Mefirs   Bailey,  Thomp- 
fon,  Livingfton,  Eimendfrf,  Van  Cortland,  J.  Smith 
4  for  ?.Ir.  Burr,  viz.  ?v"e{Trs.  Bird,  Glen,  Cooper,  Plate. 

Nc^.yersey ^1  for  Mr.  Jefterfon,  viz.  MelTrs.  Kitchell,  Con- 
dit,  Linn 2    for  Burr,  viz.    iS  elTrs.  Davenport,  Imlay. 

Fenns)ii=riama~<)  for  Hr.  jctierfon,  viz.  PyJeiTrs  Gallatin, 
Grearg,  Hanna,  Leib,  Smilie,  Muhlenberg,  Heiller,  Stew- 
art, R.  Brown 4  for  Burr,  viz.  Mellrs.  Wain,  Kittera, 

Thomas,  Woods. 

J?3iawaf2-^  I  for  Mr.  Burr,  viz.  Vr.  Bayard. 

Maryland—^  for  ..  r.  Jefferfor,  viz.  Mefirs.  S.  Smith,  Dent, 

Nichciroii,  ekriftie 4  for  Mr.  Burr,  viz.  Iv.elirs.  J.  C. 

Thcmas,   Craik,  Dennis,  and  Baer. 

VVffuU'O. — 14  invariably  fcr  Mr.  Jefferfon,  viz.  Mefli-s-  Ni- 
ctioias,  Clav,  Cabell,  Dawfon,  Eggieiton,  Goode,  Gray, 
Holmes,  Jackfon,    New,    Randolph,  A.    Trigg,  J.  Trigg, 

Tazewell 5  for  Mr.  Buironfome  ballots,  z    of  whom 

on   the  rirft  ballot   voted  for  Mr.  JelTerfon,)  viz.  Mefirs.  E- 
VJins,  lL.  Lee,  Page,  Parker,  Powel. 

Kortb 


CONGRSSIONAL  AFFAIRS.  2of. 

N'orth -Caroline — 6  invariably  for  I\'r.  Jefferfon,  viz.  MciTrs. 
Aillon,  aiacon,  Stanford,  Stone,  R.  Williams,  b'paight — 
— 4  for  'Vir.  Burr  on  feme  ballots,  3  of  whom  on  the  firfl 
ballot  voted  for  Cr.  jeilerion,  viz  oacflVs  Hill,  ilenderfon, 
Bickfon,  Grove. 

SoT.tb-Caroliiia — The  individual  votes  of  the  Reprefentatives 
of  this  State  are  not  accurately  known,  but  it  is  generally 
believed  that  Mr.  Kuger  votes  for  Mr.  Jcfferfon,  and  r.Ir. 
Rutledge  .\  r.  Pinckney,  and  Mr.  Harper  vote  for  Mr, 
Burr.     Mr.  Nott's  vote  is  doubtful.     He  has  g-one  home. 

Georgia — i    for    I'^r.  Jefierfon,    viz.   IV^r.    Taliaferro .\  r. 

Jones,  who  is  dead,  would  have  voted  the  fame  way. 

Kentucky — 2  for  Mr.  Jefferfcn,  vi?..  MelTrs.  Davis  and  Fowler. 

Tennessee  —  1  for  Mr.  jefferfon,  viz.  i\.r.  Claiborne. 

On  the  firfl  ballot,  the  individual  votes  were,  55  for  Mr. 
JefFerlbn,  and  49  for  Mr.  Burr. "'/r. Jones  dead — Mr. Sum- 
ter fjck — .\;r  Nicholibn  was  alfo  very  fick,  but  he  had  him- 
felf  carried  on  his  bed  and  laid  upon  tlie  fioor  of  the  HalJ, 
where  he  conftantly  ballortcd  for  Iv.r.  jefierfon. 


Thus  happily  terminated  a  contcft  which  had  excited  fo 
much  alarm  among  the  people  of  then-  States — May  the  great 
Difpofer  of  all  human  aclions,  infpiie  the  perfon  chofcn  to 
fdhli  his  important  oaice  with  fuch  purity,  dignity,  and 
ftrength   of  underftanding,  as    may  infure   to  ihefe  couniries 

peace,  liberty,  and  happineis The   eyes  of  the  opprthVil 

of  e*ery  nation  in  the  woild,  are  anxiouily  caft  upon  the  peo- 
ple of  America— if  they  are  inc:xpabie  of  realizing  the  blef- 
iingo  of  a  Repv.blican  Gcverr.ment.  it  is  a  vain  purfuit,  and 
there  is  no  political  redemption  for  the  human  race  ! 

Before  we  ccnchid-e  thip  fi'.bjeft,  \v^  juit  remark,  tha^,  on 
this  occasion,  the  Fed-rrai  paity  left  a  nohle  opportui.ity  of 
Ihewing  their  mugnammity,  by  unanimouily  voting,  after  the 
itrft  or  feccnd  ballot,  for  Mr.  Jefferfon — Inftead  of  Avhich, 
they  percinaclouily  withttood  the  Vvfifn  of  the  majority,  and 
peeviihiy  continued  to  vote  for  a  man  they  diiliked,  and 
whom,  they  well  knev/,  was  only  fticond  in  the  public  choice 
— They  have  "  fear'tl  tlieir  reputation,"  and  given  room  for' 
verv  injurious  Imputations.  —  It  had  been  well  for  their  cha- 
iT.<Se;,  if  t-iey  had  copied  frofu  the  laudable  extimple  of  y^r. 
|ay  CI  New  York,  who  fubmitted  at  once  to  the  gcner^;!  will, 
proving  himfelf  to  be  a  good  Citi/.en,  a  Republican  in  the 
true  fenfe  of  the  word.^ — ■ — (i^ee  his  very  leniible  anivver  to 
the  addrefs  of   the  Fedeial  party  in  New  York.) 

At  the  fame  time,  however  blameable  the  ill-timed  rbRi- 
nacy  of  the  Fcderalifts  in  Congrefs  have  been  in  the  o))inioa 
of  many  people,  it  is  ri;ifht  to  fay,  that  the  moil  refpeflable 
of  that  party  out  of  Congrefs  decidedly  diiapproved  of  their 
conduiSl,  and  quietly  acceded  to  the  general  will. 


232  CrONGRESSIONAL  AFFAIRS. 

The  Ccnimittee  (i\  eflVs.  Pinkney,  Tazewell,  and  Baj-ardf) 
in(lru«!led  to  wait  on  the  Frefident  Eleft,  and  notify  him  of 
his  Eledlion,  —  Report.  That  they  have,  acccrdinj  to  order, 
peiforined  that  fervice,  and  addrelled  the  Frefidej-it  ElcA  in 
the  following  words,   to  wit  : 

"  The  Committee  beg  leave  toexprefs  their  wifhes  for  the 
profperity  of  your  adminiRration  ;  and  their  lincere  defire 
that  it  may  promote  your  own  liappinefs  and  the  welfare  of 
your  country." 

To  which  the  Prefident  Eleft  was  pleafed  to  make  the  fol- 
io^.ving  reply  : 

"  I  receive,  gentlemen,  with  profound  thankfulnefs,  this 
teilimony  of  confidence  from  tlie  gi-eat  repvefcntative  council 
of  our  nation.  It  fills  up  the  meafure  of  that  grateful  fatis- 
fa^lion,  v.'hich  had  already  been  derived  from  the  fuffrages 
of  my  fellow-citizens  themfelves,-  defignating  me  as  one  of 
thofe  to  whom  they  were  willing  to  commit  this  charge,  the 
moll  important  of  ail  others  to  them.  In  deciding  between 
the  candidates,  whom  their  equal  vote  pre  Tented  to  your 
choice,  I  am  fenfible  that  age  has  been  refpefted,  rather  than 
more  aftive  and  ufeful  qjaaliii  cat  ions.  I  know  the  difficulties- 
of  the  ftaiicn  to  which  I  am  c?Jled,  and  feel  and  acknow- 
ledge my  incompetence  to  them.  But  whatfcever  of  under- 
Handing,  whatfoever  of  diligence,  whatfcever  of  juftice,  ot^ 
of  affeifcionate  coricern  for  the  happinefs  of  man,  it  has 
pleafed  Providence  to  place  within  the  compafs  of  my  fa- 
ciikies,  fliall  be  called  forth  for  the  difcharge  of  the  duties 
confided  to  me,  and  for  proctTring  to  my  fellow-ciiizens  all 
the  benefits  v/hich  ourConiliturion  has  placed  under  theguar- 
dianfhip  cf  the  general  Government.  Guided  by  the  wifdcm. 
and  patiiotiim  of  tiicfe  to  whom  it  belongs  to  exprefs  the  le- 
giiladve  will  of  ibe  nation,  i  will  give  to  that  will  a  faithful 
execution,  I  pray  you  to  convey  to  the  houoinable  body 
from  which  you  are  deputed  the  homage  of  my  humble  ack- 
nowledgements, and  the  fentiments  cf  zeal  and  fidelity,  by 
which  I  ihall  endeavor  to  merit  thefe  proofs  of  confidence 
from  the  nation  and  its  repi-efentaiives. 

"Accept  yourfelves,  gentlemen,  my  particular  thanks  for 
the  obliging  terms  in  which  you  have  been  pleafed  to  com.- 
»unicar.e  tneir  wHl. 

February  20,  i8ci.  THOMAS  JEFFERSON. "> 

BRITISH     SPOILATIONS. 

CongTefs  hcis  puiTed  a  Refolution  to  the  following  eire«a:— 
"  Tha;  the  Prciident  of  the  United  States  be  direaed  to  have 
laid  before  this  Houfe,  an  account  of  toe  dcpredatiaiis  com- 
mitted on  the  commerce  of  these  States  by  Briiish  ships  of  war,  of 

which  complaint  has  been  made  to  Gcvernmeat  " We  are 

ferry   to   hear,   that  thefe  depredations  are  becoming   more 
fc-Uinfive  and  moi-e  ^-ievous  every  day. 


E}!PORTS,     S:c. 


ao3 


•  ■  As  our  work  was  nta.rly  brought  to  a  clofe,  the  following 
•Sta.temeiu  made  its  apjjearance,  and  v.e  thought  i:  too  im- 
portant to  be  deferred  till  next  volume.  —  Our  Readers  will 
tnrn  to  page  147,  and  lee  the  amount  of  American  Exports 
for  the  years  1797,  98,  and  99. 

Summary  Vamte  of  the  Exports  for  the  Year  j8oo. 


From  N.Hampfhire 
Vermont 
MaOachufets 
■^hode  lilaiid 
Conne«5iicut 
New  York 
New  Jerfey 
Pennfvivania 


431,836 

57.041 

11,316,876 

J, 3  i-. 94  5 

1.114.7+3 

14,045,07V 

11,949,679 

List  of  the  moil  conJlderaMi 
To   England  and  her  Dependencies 
France  (fee  the  year  1797) 

French  Well  Indies 
Spain  and  hev  Dependencies 
Portugal  and  her  Dependencies 
The  Italian  Ports  — 

Netherlands  and  Dutch  Well  I.  Iflands 
Hamburgh,  Bremen,  &c.  — 

iiAveden  and  her  Dependencies 
China  and  the  EaPt  Indies  generally 
Noriih-weil  Coafi  of  America 


From  Delaware  418,695 

rv'arvland  j  2,264,331 

Virginia  4,430,1^89 

North  Carolina  769,799 
South  Carolina'  10,663,510 
Georgia  2,174,268 

Total,    Drs.  70,971,780 

xPORTS  to  foreign  Nations. 

—  27,310,289 

—  40,000 

—  5.T23.433 

—  15,660,606 

—  1,265,844 

—  2/)o7,9<'.»t^ 

5,  66  9,0  Ik) 

8,013,846 

563,685 

1,047,385 

940,153 


STATE      BALANCES. 

The  Committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  expediency 
of  extinguiihing  cercain  Stare  balances, 

Reijort,  That  the  ConrmiiRoners  reported  there  were  yet 
due  certain  balances,  that  is  to  fay,  from 


New  York      Dols.   2,074,846 
Pennfylvania  70,707 

Ddaware  612,428 


Maryland. 
Virginia 
North  Carolina 


151,640 

100,879 
501,082, 


M  I  N  T. 
The  Report  on  the  Mint   ltate.>,  that  its  expendi;ures  for 
the  year  1800  amount  to  20,686  dols.  'iocentr, ;  and,  during 
that  period,  tlie  fuiiowing  Coins  have  been  llruck,  vii. 

Fa!wc.  .  l)s.     a- 

25,965  Eagle.B,  and  1 1,611  half  do.  —         317,760 

:220,920  13oilars,  21,760  Dimes,  24,000  half  do.   224,296 
2^8  22,j  75  Cents,  21,1,580  half  do.  —  20,279  40 

Total         --         Dols.  571.335  40 
During  the  fame  perio<l,  a  gain  ha.s  been  made  by  theTyllifit 
on  copper  coined,  c£  5,030  dollars  68  cents  5  miKs. 


S04  AIVIERICAN   NAVY. 

A  vevy  impcrtant  State  Paper  has  juft  made  Its  appear- 
ance, figned  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  Department, 
which  are  the  iirft  fruits  of  oi-r  accommodation  with  France, 
and  gives  a  profpedi;  of  a  redu«!^ion  of  our  war  expences  in 
the  naval  line.— JS'Sr.  Stoddart  prcpofes  to  fell  all  the  veirels 
of  war  now  belonging  to  the  United  States,  except  the  fol- 
lowing 13  frigates,  viz,  the  U.States,  Frefident,  Confiitution, 
Chefapeak,  Philadelphia,  NewYork,  Ccnfiellaticr,,  Congrefs, 
Eliex,  .1  o lion,  /.dams,  John.AcUirns,  arid  Gen. Green. 
-..  Ke  then  recommends  the  building  a  nurabev  of  74  gmx 
men  of  war,  and  the  erection  of  dock-yards  at  the  foUov»ing 
places,  viz.  at  Portfmouth,  NewRampfnire,  BoRon,  Phila- 
delphia, Wafhington,  and  Norfolk  —  "  and  meafares  have 
been  taken  to  procure  gTotind  at  Ne>v  York  for  capacious 
dock-yards,  &c.  contracts  have  been  made  for  cannon,  &c. 

"  When  the  United  States  (fays  j\Ir.  Stoddart)  ftiall  own 
a  nnnber  of  74  gun  fnips,  and  a  fuflicient  number  of  {trong 
frigates,  and  that  it  is  known  they  have  the  means  of  en- 
cif  aiing,  with  facility,  their  naval  force,  it  is  ho])ed  \\t  may 
then  avoid  thcfe  wars  in  which  we  have  no  intereil,  and  not 
iufter  ourfelves  to  be  plundered  cr  inful.ed.  An  amuial  fum 
ni'  only  117,387  dollars,  would,  in  a  lev/  years,  raife  us  to 
this  deiirable  fiate  of  fecurity." 

We  are  forry  we  have  not  room  for  tliis  letter,  as  it  con- 
tains much  information.  We  recommend  it  to  the  pcrufal 
cf  the  public,  .us  in  it  will  be  feen  the  dawnings  of  a  Naval 
force,  which  is  one  day  to  lift  the  Stares  cf  /jmerica  up  to 
an  expenlive,  yet,  periiaps,  unavoidable  rivalfliip  with  the 
great  Naval  Pov/ers  of  Eurcpe. 


[  '^*  IFe  ha-k?  at  /ergtb  brcugbt  our  Work  to  a  clo^c,  iiot  f}hb- 
cvt  cmiuing  "jety  mavy  articles  'wbich  tut  thoiight  either  useful  or 
rMatuir.irg — arnoi^gst  otber^f,  a  Description  (^' the  Public  Bjiild- 
iriga,  ilfc.  at  Richmond — This  cmissioji  -joas  occasioirtd  fry  a  very 
7iyjbreiX'cn  and  unpleasant  accidert  fa7^d  i:bich  Hvas  one  of  the 
causes  of'  retarding  an  earlier  fvibiicaiiot)  J ,  the  It  jus  of  the  iiibo'e 
impyesswn  of  a  Ccpper-platc  liepresdiJtation  cf  tlse  Cajiitol  trbicb 
bad  been  ergntved  at  Philadelphia ,  avd  sent  by  tve  hiou-  not  what 
coiroeyance,  as  tijcy  ba'oe  swt  yet  caure  to  band — Perhaps  th>ey  may 
come  in  time  for  X\\\fy  year's  Pcgister.'] 


E  R  R  A  r  U  M: 

Ir  pa[^e  64,  line  10,  dele  the  word  "  lirfidcs,"  and  begin  the 
fcnience  thus: — "Conllancy,  in  its  ge.ieiiil  fenfe,  &.c." 


[      205      ] 

PRESIDENT'S  SPEECH. 


Washington'  City,  V/ednesday,  March  4,  1801, 


THIS  day  at  iz  o'clock,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON,  Prefi- 
deni  ofihelTniTED  Si'ArES^  took  the  oath  cf  o;^ce  re-: 
quired  by  the  Conjiitiition,  in  the  Seriate  Chamber^  in  ths' 
prrfence  ofihe  Senate^  the  members  of  the  Hoiife  of  Re- 
^refentaiives,  the  public  Officers,  and  a  latge  cor.courfe  of 
Citizem  —  Previously  to  lubkh  he  delivered  the  following 
Address  : 

Friends  and  Fellow  Citizens, 

CALLED  upon  to  undertake  the  duties  of  the  firft  Ex-- 
ecutive  Office  of  our  Country,  I  avail  inyftlFof  the  prefence 
of  that  portion  of  my  Fellow  Citi?;ens  which  is  here  afl'em- 
bled,  to  exprefs  my  grateful  thanks  for  the  favor  with  which, 
they  have  beea  pleafed  to  look  towards  me,  to  declare  a  fin- 
cere  confcioufnefs  that  the  ta(k  is  above  my  talents,  and  that 
I  approach  it  with  thofe  anxious  and  awful  prefentimcnfts 
which  the  greatnefs  of  the  charge  and  the  weaknefs  of  my 
powers  fo  juftly  infpire.  A  rifing  nation,  fpread  over  a  wide' 
and  fruitful  land,  traverfmg  all  the  feas  \vith  the  rich  pro- 
dufiions  of  their  induftry,  engaged  in  commerce  with  nati- 
ons who  feel  power  and  forget  right,  advancing  rapidly  to 
deftinies  beyond  the  reach  of  mortal  eye — when  I  contem- 
plate thefe  tranfcendent  objeds,  and  fee  the  honour,  the  hap- 
pinefs,  and  the  hopes  of  this  beloved  country,  committed 
to  the  ilTue  and  the  aufpices  of  this  day,  I  fnrink  from  the 
contemplation,  and  humble  myfelf  before  the  magnitude  o£ 
the  undertaking.  Utterly  indeed  fliould  I  defpair,  did  not 
the  prefence  of  many  whom  I  here  fee  remind  me,  that,  in 
the  other  high  authorities  provided  by  our  Conftitution,  I 
fliall  find  refources  of  wifdom,  of  virtue,  and  of  zeal,  on 
which  to  rely  under  all  difficulties.  To  youthen,  Gentlemen, 
who  are  charged  with  the  fovereign  functions  of  legiflation, 
and  to  thofe  affociated  with  you,  I  look  with  encouragement 
for  that  guidance  and  fupport  which  may  enable  us  to  fteer 
with  fafety  the  vefitl  in  which  we  are  all  embarked  amidll 
the  confli-fting  elements  of  a  troubled  world. 

Daring  the  conteft  of  opinion  thvo'  which  we  have  paft, 
the  animation  of  difcuflions  and  of  exertions,  has  fometimes 
worn  an  afpecTt  which  might  impofe  on  llvan^ers  unufed  to 
think  freely,  and  to  fpeak  and  to  write  wl^  at  they  think- 
but  this  being  now  decided  by  the  voice  of  the  nation,  an- 
nounced according  to  the  rules  of  the  Conftitution,  all  will 
of  courfe  arrange  themfelv^s  under  the  will  of  tiie  Law,  and 


so6  PRESIDENT'S  SPEECH. 

unite  in  common  efforts  for  the  common  good.  All  too  wHi 
bear  in  mind  this  facred  principle,  that  tho'  the  will  of  the 
majority  is  in  all  cafes  to  prevail,  thatwijl,  to  be  rigktfiri, 
muft  be  reafonablc  ;  that  the  minority  polTefa  their  eqml 
rights,  which  equal  laws  muft  proteft,  and  to  violate  would 
he  oppi-efiion.  Let  us  then,  Fellow  Cihv^ens,  unite  with  one 
heart  and  one  mind,  let  us  rcfiore  to  focJal  intcrcourfe  that 
harmony  and  afTedtion  without  which  liberty,  and  even  life 
itfelf,  are  but  dreaiy  things.  And  let  us  reiiedl,  that  having 
baniuiedfrom  our  land  tliat  religious  irAolerance  under  which 
mankind  fo  long  bled  and  fuSered,  we  have  yet  gained  iitde, 
if  we  countenance  a  political  intolerance,  as  defpotic,  as 
v/icked,  and  capable  of  as  bitter  and  bloody  periecutions. 
During  the  throes  and  convulfions  of  the  ancient  world,  du- 
ring tlie  agonifing  fpaiVn  5  of  infuriated  nu-m,  icekiiig  thro* 
blood  and  daughter  his  long-loft  liberry,  ir  v/as  not  wondci-- 
ful,  that  the  agitation  of  the  billows  ihould  reach  even  this 
dlftant  and  peaceful  fncre ;  that  tliis  fnculd  be  more  felt  and 
feared  by  feme  and  kis  by  others;  and  ftiould  divide  opini- 
ons as  to  meafurcs  of  fafety  ;  but  every  difference  of  oiv.niou 
is  not  a  difference  of  jjrinciple.  We  have  called  by  dilfer- 
ent  names  brethren  of  the  fame  principle.  We  are  all  Re- 
publkans  :  ice  are  all  Federalists.  If  there  be  any  among  us 
ivho  v/ould  wiih  to  diffolve  this  Union,  or  to  change  its  re- 
publican form,  let  them  ftand  undifturbed  as  monuments  of 
the  fafety  with  which  error  of  opinion  ma/  be  tolerated, 
where  reafon  is  left  free  to  combat  ir.  I  know  indeed  that 
fome  honeft  m.en  fear  that  a  republican  government  cannot 
be  ftrong  ;  that  this  government  is  not  ftrong  enough.  But 
would  the  honeft  patriot,  in  the  full  tide  of  fuccefsful  expe- 
riment, abandon  a  government  which  has  fo  far  kept  us  free 
and  fmn,  on  the  theoretic  and  vifionary  fear,  that  this  go- 
vernment, the  world's  beft  hcpe,  may,  by  pcIEbility,  v/ant 
energy  topreferve  iticlf  ? — I  truft  not.  I  believe  this,  on  the 
contrary,  the  ftrongeft  government  on  earth.  I  believe  it  the 
only  one,  where  every  man,  at  the  call  of  the  law,  would  fly- 
to  the  ftandai-d  of  the  law,  and  would  meet  invafions  of  the 
public  order  as  his  own  perfonal  concern.  —  Sometimes  it  is 
faid  that  man  cannot  be  trufted  with  the  government  of  him- 
i'eif.  Can  he  then  be  irufted  with  the  governmeur  of  others  ? 
Or  have  v;e  found  angels,  in  the  form  of  kings,  to  goveni 
him? — Let  hiftory  anfvver  this  queftion. 

Let  us  then,  with  courage  and  confidence,  purfue  our  own 
federal  and  republican  principles  ;  our  attachment  to  Union 
ar/d  reprefentative  Government.  Kindly  feparated  by  na- 
ture and  a  wide  ocean  from  the  exterminating  havoc  of  one 
qrarter  of  the  globe  ;  too  high  minded  to  endure  the  degi-a- 
dations  of  the  others,  poflefling  a  chofen  country,  with  room 
enough  for  our  defcendants  to  the'houfandth  and  dioufandth 
generation,  entertaining  a  due  fenfc  of  our  equal  right  to  the 


PRESIDENT'S  SPEECH.  afoy 

uCc  of  our  own  faculties,  to  the  acquifitions  of  our  own  in- 
tliiftry,  to  honor  and  confiderxe  from  our  Fellow  Citizens, 
rciulting-  not  from  birth,  but  fiom  cur  adiions  and  their  fenfe 
of  them,  enlightened  by  a  ben).g;n  religion,  profcCed  indeed 
and  pi-a«5lifed  in  various  forms,  >  et  all  of  them  inculcating; 
honcity,  truth,  tempf-rance,  gratitude,  and  the  love  of  man, 
acknowledging  av.d  adoring  an  over-ruling  rrovidence,whicU 
by  all  its  difpcnfations  proves  that  it  delights- in  the  bappi- 
nefs  of  man  here,  and  his  greater  happiuefs  hereafter  ;  with 
all  thcrcblellings,  what  more  is  neccirary  to  riake  us  a  happy 
y-nd  a  profperous  people  ? — ttiU  cne  thing  more,  Fellow  Ci-. 
tizens,  a  wife  and  frugal  government,  which  fnall  rcliraiu 
men  from  injuring  one  anotlicr,  finall  leave  them  otherwife 
free  to  regulate  their  own  purfuits  of  induftry  and  improve- 
ment, and  Ihail  not  take  from  the.  mcuth  of  labor  the  bread 
it  has  earned.  This  is  the  fum  of  good  government ;  and 
this  is  necefiary  to  clofe  tlie  circle  of  cur  felicities. 

About  to  enter,  Fellow  Citizens,  on  the  e,\ercife  of  du- 
ties Vvhich  comprehend  every  thing  dear  and  valuable  to  you, 
it  is  proper  you  fhould  undtrfiand  vvhat  I  deem  the  eflential 
principles  of  our  Government,  and  confequemly  thofe  which 
ought  to  flvape  its  adminiilration.  I  will  comjn-efs  them 
ivitliin  the  narroweil  ccmpafs  they  will  bear,  Hating  the  ge- 
jieral  principle,  but  not  all  its  limitations. — Equal  and  exacl 
j-uilice  to  all  men,  of  whatever  (late  or  perfua'ion,  religious 
or  political: — peace,  commerce,  and  honeil  friendfhip  with 
all  nations,  entangling  alliances  v/ith  none  r-^—the  fupport  of 
the  State  governments  in  all  their  rights,  as  tire  moil  compe- 
tent adminillrations  for  ourdomeilic  concerns,  and  the  fureft 
.bulwarks  againft  anti-republican  tendencies  : — the  preferva- 
tion  of  the  general  government  in  its  whole  conuitutional 
vigor,  as  tlic  facet  anchor  of  peace  at  home,  and  fafety 
abroad  : — a  jealous  care  of  the  right  of  election  by  the  peo- 
ple, a  mild  and  fafe  corrective  of  abufes  which  are  lopped 
by  the  fword.  of  revolution  v/here  peaceable  remedies  are  un- 
provided : — abfolute  acquiefcence  in  the  dtcifions  of  the  ma- 
jority, the  vital  principle  of  Republics,  from  v.  hich  is  no  ap- 
.pcal  but  to  force,  the  vital  principle  and  immediate  parent  of 
defpotifm  ; — a  well  difciplined  militia,  our  bell  reliance  in 
peace,  and  for  the  f  ril  n^oments  of  war,  till  regulars  may 
'relieve  them  :  — the  fupremacy  of  the  civil  over  the  military 
authority: — economy  in  the  public  expence,  that  labour  may 
.be  lightly  burtheued :— the  honeil  payment  of  our  debts  and 
facred  prefervation  of  the  public  faith  : — encouragement  of 
agriculture,  and  of  commerce  as  its  handmaid: — the  diifufi- 
on  of  information,  and  an-aignment  of  all  abufes  at  the  bar 
of  the  public  reafon  : — freedom  of  religion  ;  freedom  of  the 
prefs  ;  and  freedom  of  perfon,  ur.der  tne  prote^don  of  the 
Habeas  Corpxis :  —  aiifl  trial  by  juries  impartially  felecTted. 
Thcfe  principles   form   the  briglit  cciuUUation,  winch  has 


goite  before  us,  and, guided  our  iltps  throuj^li  an  age  of  revo- 
lution in<a/ reformation.  The  wifdom  of  our  fages,  and  blood- 
of  our  lieroes,  have  been  devoted  to  their  attainment  : — they 
fnould  be  the  creed. or  our  political  faith  ;  the  text  of  civic 
inftrucliou,  the  toucnftone  by  which  to  try  the  fervices  of 
thoie  we  truft  ;  and  fi:.oiild  we  wander  from  them  in  moments 
of  error  or  of  alarm,  let  us  hailen  to  retrace  our  Heps,  and  to 
regain  the  road  which  alane  leads  to  peace,  liberty,  and 
fafety. 

I  repair  then,  Fellow  Citizens,  to  the  poft  you  have  af- 
figned  me.  With  experience  enough  in  fubordinate  offices 
to  have  fecn  the  diffiCi.lties  of  this  the  greateft  of  ail,  I  have 
learnt  to  e.xped  that  it  will  rarely  fall  to  the  lot  of  imperfeft 
man  to  retire  from  this  flation  with  the  reputation,  and  the- 
favor,  which  bring  him  into  it.  Wiihoutpreteniions  to  that 
high  confidence  you  repoied  in  our  Erft  and  greateft  revolu- 
tionary Charafter,  whcfe  pre-eminent  fervices  had  entitled 
him  to  the  firft  place  in  his  country's  love,  and  deilined  for 
him  the  faireft  page  in  the  volume  of  faithful  hiftory,  I  aik" 
fo  much  confidence  only  as  may  give  finnneis  and  effect  to 
the  legal  adminiftration  of  your  affairs.  I  H-.all  often  go 
wrong  through  defect  of  judgment.  When  right,  I  friall  of- 
ten be  thought  wrong  by  thoie  whofe  portions  will  not  com* 
maud  a  view  of  the  v/hole  ground.  I  afk  your  indulgence  for 
my  own  errors,  which  v,-!!!  never  be  intentional ;  and  your 
liipport  againfh  the  errors  of  others,  wlio  may  condemn  what 
they  would  not  if  ittn  in  all  its  parts.  The  approbation  im* 
plied  by  your  fuffrage,  is  a  great  confolation  to  me  for  the 
pall ;  and  my  future  fclicitude  will  be,  to  retain  the  good 
opinion  of  thofe  v/ho  have  beftowed  it  in  advance,  to  conci" 
Hate  that  of  others  by  doing  them  all  the  good  in  my  power^ 
and  to  be  mftrumental  to  the  happinefs  and  freedom  of  all. 

Relying  then  on  the  patronage  of  your  good  will,  I  ad^ 
vance  with  obedience  to  the  work,  ready  to  retire  from  it 
whenever  you  become  fenfible  hov^r  much  better  choices  it  is 
in  your  power  to  make.  And  may  that  iniinite  Power, 
which  rules  tiiC  deftinies  of  the  univerfe,  lead  our  councils  to 
what  is  beft,  and  give  them  a  favorable  iiTae  for  your  peace 
and  profperity, 

C N.  B.  77:6  abcyve  very  adminible  Speech  did  not  come  to  hand 
nj.til  the  Register  vja>?  finished  and  part  of  the  infpression  sold, 
but  as  vje  thought  it  of  too  much  importance  to  tk^  liberty  and  hap- 
piness of  the  people  of  America,  to  lay  over  till  neict  year's  Register, 
iise  hastily  add  it  to  the  booh  not  yet  sold.  Any  purchaser  lufjo 
ivishes  to  have  a  copy  of  it  ivill  apply  at  the  Book -Store  in  Peters- 
burg. J 


